Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Handbook of the Sociology of Health, Illness, and Healing pp 173–199Cite as

Medicalization and Biomedicalization Revisited: Technoscience and Transformations of Health, Illness and American Medicine

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research ((HSSR))

Abstract

Medicalization theory has been at the heart of medical sociology or the sociology of health and illness for nearly 40 years (Zola 1972; Freidson 1970) and is also vital to medical anthropology (Hogle 2002; Lock 2001, 2004), the history of medicine (Nye 2003; Sinding 2004), medicine itself (Chervenak and McCullough 2005), bioethics (Bergeron 2007), and beyond. The still robust medicalization thesis is that the legitimate jurisdiction of Western or scientific medicine began expanding by including new domains of human life (such as alcoholism, drug addiction, and obesity) by redefining or reconstructing them as falling properly within medical (rather than legal, religious, etc.) domains (e.g., Ballard and Elston 2005; Conrad 1992, 2005, 2007; Conrad and Schneider 1980a, b).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Fully nine chapters of a total of 38 in The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies focus on medical topics (Hackett et al. 2007). While presentations on medical topics at the Society for Social Studies of Science meetings have gone from 11% in 1988 to 29% in 2001 (Amsterdamska and Hiddinga 2004), both broader and deeper knowledge across these disciplines remains rare.

  2. 2.

    How much these national differences might be attributable to living under radically different health systems remains unclear, but this debate is ongoing. See special section in Society 43(6):14–56, (2006).

  3. 3.

    Little has been written directly on race and (bio)medicalization, but see Clarke et al. (2009b), Kahn (2009), and Shim (2002, 2009).

  4. 4.

    See Armstrong (1983, 2002), Jordanova (2004), Hess (1997), Wright and Treacher (1982), Restivo and Croissant (2007), and Hackett et al. (2007). On medical technologies, see Mechanic (2002), Lock (2008), and Hogle (2008).

  5. 5.

    On coproduction see especially Jasanoff (2005).

  6. 6.

    See Clarke et al. (2003) for thorough elaboration of these processes.

  7. 7.

    One recent transnational development of note is the elaboration of medical tourism. See, e.g., Ramirez de Arellano (2007) and Turner (2007).

  8. 8.

    Recent work has focused, e.g., on the pursuit of perfection (Rothman and Rothman 2003), human growth hormone (Conrad and Potter 2004), antiaging (Binstock and Fishman 2010), “replaceable you” (Serlin 2004), hormone treatments (Mamo and Fosket 2009; Watkins 2007), treatment of male and female sexual dysfunction (Fishman 2004; Loe 2004), depression (e.g., Healy 2002), and pharmacogenetics (Hedgecoe 2004).

  9. 9.

    Martin (2006) describes “the pharmaceutical person” and Davis-Berman and Pestello (2005) “the medicated self.” Tomes (2005) and Tone and Watkins (2007) analyze the evolving relationship between doctors, patients, and prescription drugs; Daemmrich (2004) takes up drug regulation as pharmacopolitics. See also Critser (2005) and Lakoff (2008).

  10. 10.

    While there are many kinds of medicines and healing systems on our planet, we focus on what seems best termed “scientific medicine,” with major roots in the West, also known as Western medicine. Today, however, it both dwells in many places in its “local” forms and is continuously (re)constituted through developments generated in many sites beyond the West.

  11. 11.

    See also Armstrong (2002), Conrad (1992, 2006a, b), Conrad and Schneider (1980a), and Freidson (1970). For historical overviews, see Ballard and Elston (2005), Nye (2003), and Pfohl (1985). On organizational dimensions, see esp. Light (2004) and Scott et al. (2000); on pharmaceuticals see Tone and Watkins (2007).

  12. 12.

    On the question of historical periodization, see Clarke (2010a).

  13. 13.

    Over the past 30 plus years, the Foucauldian turn has permeated the sociology, anthropology and history of medicine, perhaps more deeply in Europe and the UK but increasingly in the USA as well. See e.g., Armstrong (1983, 2002), Jones and Porter (1994), Peterson and Bunton (1997), Lupton (2003), Rabinow and Rose (2006), Sinding (2004), and Turner (1997).

  14. 14.

    With multiple parallels to biomedicalization, Rose (2007a), pp. 5–6) argues more broadly that “contemporary biopolitics has not been formed by any single event,” but by changes along five key dimensions which he calls “mutations”: Molecularization as a “style of thought”; optimization as securing “the best possible futures”; subjectification in terms of recoding the “duties, rights, and expectations of human beings” in terms of health and illness; somatic expertise as the growing numbers and kinds of subprofessions dedicated to managing aspects of somatic existence; and last, economies of vitality such that “biopolitics has become inextricably intertwined with bioeconomics.”

  15. 15.

    See, e.g., Franklin (2003, 2005, 2007), Friese (2007), Ganchoff (2004, 2007), Thompson (2008), and the Special Issue on the Hwang affair of East Asian Science, Technology and Society: An International Journal 2(1).

  16. 16.

    “Health social movements” or “patients’ organizations” differ from other social movements in several key ways too complex to detail here. See Brown (2007), Brown and Zavetoski (2005), Allsop et al. (2004), Novas (2006), Landzelius (2006a), and Epstein (2008).

  17. 17.

    There is a growing literature on such forms of citizenship (e.g., Ginsberg and Rapp 1995; Nguyen 2005; Novas and Rose 2000; Petryna 2002; Rose 2001; Rose and Novas 2004).

  18. 18.

    A conference on “Biomedicalization, New Social Conflicts, and the Politics of Bioethics” was held at the University of Vienna, Fall 2002, sponsored by Professor Herbert Gottweis. See also Prainsack and Siegal (2006).

  19. 19.

    In the American Sociological Association, the Medical Sociology Section is among the largest, reflecting the varied sites of employment of sociologists in teaching and research (e.g., NIH), as well as our domain of scholarly commitment. There is also a large Mental Health Section. However, medical sociology has not been prestigious in terms of curricular inclusion in leading American departments of sociology, although this situation seems to be changing.

  20. 20.

    Other recent work has also linked science and technology studies to these fields as well (e.g., Callon 2003; Gottweis 1998, 2005; Mirowski 2004).

  21. 21.

    Henderson and Petersen (2002) have pursued this viz. medicalization. On consumption studies, see e.g., Applbaum (2004), Hearn and Roseneil (1999), and Lury (2004).

References

  • Adams V (2002) Randomized controlled crime: postcolonial sciences in alternative medicine research. Soc Stud Sci 32:659–690.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams V, Murphy M, Clarke AE (2009) Anticipation: technoscience, life, affect, temporality. Subjectivity 28:246–265

    Google Scholar 

  • Allsop J, Jones K, Baggott R (2004) Health consumer groups in the UK: a new social movement? Sociol Health Illn 26(6):737–756

    Google Scholar 

  • Amsterdamska O, Hiddinga A (2004) Trading zones or citadels? Professionalization and intellectual change in the history of medicine. In: Huisman F, Warner JH (eds) Locating medical history: the stories and their meanings. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, pp 237–261

    Google Scholar 

  • Applbaum K (2004) The marketing era: from professional practice to global provisioning. Routledge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong D (1983) Political anatomy of the body: medical knowledge in Britain in the twentieth century. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong D (2002) A new history of identity: a sociology of medical knowledge. Palgrave, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson P, Glasner P, Greenslade H (eds) (2007) New genetics, new identities. Routledge, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballard K, Elston ME (2005) Medicalization: a multi-dimensional concept. Soc Theory Health 3:228–241

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes LL, Sered SS (eds) (2005) Religion and healing in America. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer M (1998) The medicalization of science news: from the ‘rocket-scalpel’ to the ‘gene-meteorite’ complex. Social Science Information/Information sur les Sciences Sociales 37:731–751

    Google Scholar 

  • Berenson A (2005) Sales of drugs for impotence are declining. The New York Times. 4 Dec 2005, p 34

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergeron V (2007) The ethics of cesarean section on maternal request: a feminist critique of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ position on patient-choice surgery. Bioethics 21(9):478–487

    Google Scholar 

  • Binstock RH, Fishman JR (2010) Social dimensions of anti-aging science and medicine. In: Dannefer D, Phillipson C (eds) SAGE handbook of social gerontology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Boero N (2010) Bypassing blame: bariatric surgery and the case of biomedical failure. In: Clarke A, Fosket J, Mamo L, Shim J, Fishman J (eds) Biomedicalization: technoscience and transformations of health and illness in the US. Duke University Press, Durham, NC, pp 307–330

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandt AM, Gardner M (2000) The golden age of medicine? In: Cooter R, Pickstone J (eds) Medicine in the twentieth century. Harwood, Amsterdam, pp 21–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Braun B (2007) Biopolitics and the molecularization of life. Cult Geogr 14:6–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenner S (2000) Genomics: the end of the beginning. Science 287(5461):2173–2174

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown P (2007) Toxic exposures: contested illnesses and the environmental health movement. Columbia University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown P, Zavetoski S (eds) (2005) Social movements in health. Blackwell, Malden, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Brownlee S (2007) Overtreated: why too much medicine is making us sicker and poorer. Bloomsbury, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Brumberg JJ (1997) The body project: an intimate history of American girls. Random House, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Burri RV, Dumit J (eds) (2007) Biomedicine as culture: instrumental practices, technoscientific knowledge, and new modes of life. Routledge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Bury M (2006) Dominance from above and below. Society 43(6):37–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Callon M (2003) The increasing involvement of concerned groups in R&D policies: what lessons for public powers? In: Geuna A, Salter AJ, Steinmueller WE (eds) Science and innovation: rethinking the rationales for funding and governance. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK, pp 30–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Callon M, Rabeharisoa V (2003) Research “in the wild” and the shaping of new social identities. Technol Soc 25(2):193–204

    Google Scholar 

  • Canguilhem G (1966/1994) The concept of life. In: Delaporte F (ed) A vital rationalist: writings from Georges Canguilhem (trans. Arthur Goldhammer). Zone Books, New York, pp 302–320

    Google Scholar 

  • Casper MJ, Berg M (1995) Introduction to special issue on constructivist perspectives on medical work: medical practices in science and technology studies. Sci Technol Hum Values 20(4):395–407

    Google Scholar 

  • Casper MJ, Koenig B (1996) Introduction: reconfiguring nature and culture: intersections of medical anthropology and technoscience studies. Med Anthropol Q 10(4):523–536

    Google Scholar 

  • Casper MJ, Muse C (2006) Genital fixations: what’s wrong with treating intersex in the womb? American Sexuality Magazine (NSRC). www.nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=595&ReturnURL=1

  • Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (2008a) National health expenditure data: NHE fact sheet. http://www.cms.hhs.gov/NationalHealthExpendData/25_NHE_Fact_Sheet.asp. Accessed 26 Feb 2008

  • Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (2008b) NHE Projections 2007–2017, Forecast summary and selected tables. http://www.cms.hhs.gov/NationalHealthExpendData/Downloads/proj2007.pdf. Accessed 20 Mar 2008

  • Cetina KK (2005) The rise of a culture of life. EMBO Rep 6:S76–S80

    Google Scholar 

  • Chervenak FA, McCullough LB (2005) An ethical critique of boutique fetal imaging: a case for the medicalization of fetal imaging. Am J Obstet Gynecol 192(1):31–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke AE (1995) Modernity, postmodernity and reproductive processes ca. 1890–1990 or, ‘mommy, where do cyborgs come from anyway?’ In Gray, CR Figueroa-Sarriera, H Mentor S (eds) The cyborg handbook. Routledge, New York, pp 139–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke AE (1990) Controversy and the development of reproductive sciences. Soc Probl 37(1):18–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke AE (1998) Disciplining reproduction: modernity, American life sciences, and ‘the problems of sex. University of California Press, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke AE (2000) Maverick reproductive scientists and the production of contraceptives c1915–2000. In: Saetnan A, Oudshoorn N, Kirejczyk M (eds) Bodies of technology: women’s involvement with reproductive medicine. Ohio State University Press, Columbus, pp 37–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke AE (2007) Reflections on the reproductive sciences in agriculture in the UK and US, c1900-2000. Hist Philos Biol Biomed Sci 38(2):316–339

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke AE (2010a) From the rise of medicine to biomedicalization: U.S. healthscapes and iconography c1890-present. In: Clarke A, Fosket J, Mamo L, Shim J, Fishman J (eds) Biomedicalization: technoscience and transformations of health and illness in the US. Duke University Press, Durham, NC, pp 104–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke AE (2010b) Biomedicalization in its transnational travels. In: Clarke A, Fosket J, Mamo L, Shim J, Fishman J (eds) Biomedicalization: technoscience and transformations of health and illness in the US. Duke University Press, Durham, NC, pp 380–406

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke AE (2009) Introduction: gender and reproductive technologies in East Asia. East Asian Sci Technol Stud 2(3):303–326

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke AE, Mamo L, Fosket JR, Fishman JR, Shim JK (2000) Technoscience and the new biomedicalization: Western roots, global rhizomes. [In French]. Sciences Sociales et Sante 18(2):11–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke AE, Shim JK, Mamo L, Fosket JR, Fishman JR (2003) Biomedicalization: technoscientific transformations of health, illness, and U.S. biomedicine. Am Sociol Rev 68:161–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke AE, Fishman JR, Fosket JR, Mamo L, Shim JK (2004) Biomedicalization: technoscientific transformation of health, illness and US biomedicine.In Conrad P (ed) The sociology of health and illness, 7th edn. St. Martin’s, New York, pp 442–455

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke AE, Fosket JR, Mamo L, Shim JK, Fishman JR (eds) (2010a) Biomedicalization: technoscience and transformations of health and illness in the U.S. Duke University Press, Durham, NC

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke AE, Shim J, Mamo L, Fosket J, Fishman J (2010b) Biomedicalization: a theoretical and substantive introduction. In: Clarke A, Fosket J, Mamo L, Shim J, Fishman J (eds) Biomedicalization: technoscience and transformations of health and illness in the US. Duke University Press, Durham, NC, 1–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke AE, Shim JK, Mamo L, Fosket JR, Fishman JR (2010c) Charting (bio)medicine and (bio)medicalization in the United States, 1890-present. In: Clarke A, Fosket J, Mamo L, Shim J, Fishman J (eds) Biomedicalization: technoscience and transformations of health and illness in the US. Duke University Press, Durham, NC, pp 88–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke AE, Shim JK, Shostak S, Nelson A (2009) Biomedicalisation of Health and Identity. In: Atkinson P, Glasner P, Lock M (eds) Handbook of genetics and society: mapping the new genomic era. Routledge, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke JN, Everest MM (2006) Cancer in the mass print media: fear, uncertainty and the medical model. Soc Sci Med 62(10):2591–2600

    Google Scholar 

  • Cockerham WC (2005) Health lifestyle theory and the convergence of agency and structure. J Health Soc Behav 46(1):51–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen L (2005) Operability, bioavailability and exception. In: Ong A, Collier SJ (eds) Global assemblages: technology, politics, and ethics as anthropological problems. Blackwell, Malden, MA, pp 79–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Conrad P (1992) Medicalization and social control. Annu Rev Sociol 18:209–232

    Google Scholar 

  • Conrad P (2005) The shifting engines of medicalization. J Health Soc Behav 46(1):3–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Conrad P (2006) Up, down, and sideways. Society 43(6):19–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Conrad P (2007) The medicalization of society: on the transformation of human conditions into treatable disorders. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  • Conrad P, Leiter V (2004) Medicalization, markets and consumers. J Health Soc Behav 45:158–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Conrad P, Potter D (2004) Human growth hormone and the temptations of biomedical enhancement. Sociol Health Illn 26(2):184–215

    Google Scholar 

  • Conrad P, Schneider J (1980a/1992) Deviance and medicalization: from badness to sickness. Mosby, St. Louis/Temple University Press, Philadelphia, exp. ed

    Google Scholar 

  • Conrad P, Schneider J (1980b) Looking at levels of medicalization: a comment on strong’s critique of the thesis of medical imperialism. Soc Sci Med 14A:75–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawford R (2004) Risk ritual and the management of control and anxiety in medical culture. Health 8(4):505–528

    Google Scholar 

  • Critser G (2005) Generation RX: how prescription drugs are altering American lives, minds, and bodies. Houghton Mifflin, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Daemmrich A (2004) Pharmacopolitics: drug regulation in the United States and Germany. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill

    Google Scholar 

  • Darby R (2005) The sorcerer’s apprentice: why can’t we stop circumcising boys? Contexts 4(2):34–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis JE (2006) How medicalization lost its way. Society 43(6):51–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis-Berman J, Pestello FG (2005) The medicated self. Stud Symbol Interact 28:283–308

    Google Scholar 

  • Dingwall R (2006) Imperialism or encirclement? Society 43(6):30–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Dumit J (2005) Virtually unlimited health imperatives: risk trafficking and prescription maximization. Presentation at the Stanford Seminar on Science, Technology, and Society, Spring

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg DM, Davis RB, Ettner SL, Appel S, Wilkey S, Van Rompay M, Kessler RC (1998) Trends in alternative medicine use in the U.S., 1990–1997: results of a follow-up national survey. J Am Med Assoc 280:1569–1575

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein S (1996) Impure science: AIDS, activism, and the politics of knowledge. University of California Press, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein S (2007) Inclusion: the politics of difference in medical research. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein S (2008) Patient groups and health movements. In: Hackett EJ, Amsterdamska O, Lynch M, Wajcman J (eds) Handbook of science and technology studies. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 499–540

    Google Scholar 

  • Estes CL, Binney E (1989) The biomedicalization of aging: dangers and dilemmas. Gerontologist 29:587–595

    Google Scholar 

  • Estes CL, Biggs S, Phillipson C (2003) Biomedicalization, ethics and aging. In: Estes CL, Biggs S, Phillipson C (eds) Social theory, social policy and aging. Open University Press, Maidenhead, pp 79–101

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer M (1999) Emergent forms of life: anthropologies of late or postmodernities. Annu Rev Anthropol 28:455–478

    Google Scholar 

  • Fishman JR (2004) Maufacturing desire: the commodification of female sexual dysfunction. Soc Stud Sci 34(2)187–218

    Google Scholar 

  • Fishman JR (2010) Viagra and the biomedicalization of sexual dysfunction. Clarke A, Fosket J, Mamo L, Shim J, Fishman J (eds) Biomedicalization: technoscience and transformations of health and illness in the US. Duke University Press, Durham, NC, pp 289–306

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleck L (1935/1979) Genesis and development of a scientific fact. University of Chicago Press, Chicago IL

    Google Scholar 

  • Fosket J (2004) Constructing ‘high risk’ women: the development and standardization of a breast cancer risk assessment tool. Sci Technol Hum Values 29(3):291–323

    Google Scholar 

  • Fosket JR (2010) Breast cancer risk as disease: biomedicalizing risk. In: Clarke A, Fosket J, Mamo L, Shim J, Fishman J (eds) Biomedicalization: technoscience and transformations of health and illness in the US. Duke University Press, Durham, NC, pp 331–352

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault M (1970) The order of things: an archeology of the human sciences. Vintage, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault M (1975) Birth of the clinic: an archaeology of medical perception. Vintage, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault M (1979) Discipline and punish. Vintage, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault M (1984) Biopower. In: Rabinow P (ed) The Foucault reader. Pantheon Books, New York, pp 258–289

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox RC (2001) Medical uncertainty revisited. In: Bendelow G, Carpenter M, Vautier C, Williams S (eds) Gender, health and healing: the public/private divide. Routledge, London, pp 236–253

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox N, Ward K (2006) Health identities: from expert patient to resisting consumer. Health 10(4):461–479

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank AW (2004) Emily’s scars: surgical shapings, technoluxe, and bioethics. Hastings Cent Rep 34(2):18–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Franklin S (2000) Life itself: global nature and the genetic imaginary. In: Franklin S, Lurie C, Stacey J (eds) Global nature, global culture. Sage, London, pp 188–227

    Google Scholar 

  • Franklin S (2003) Ethical biocapital: new strategies of cell culture. In: Franklin S, Lock M (eds) Remaking life and death: toward an anthropology of the biosciences, School of American research advanced seminar series. Santa Fe, New Mexico, pp 97–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Franklin S (2006a) Mapping biocapital: new frontiers of bioprospecting. Cult Geogr 13(2):301–304

    Google Scholar 

  • Franklin S (2006b) Embryonic economies: the double reproductive value of stem cells. BioSocieties 1(1):71–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Franklin S (2007) Dolly mixtures: the remaking of genealogy. Duke University Press, Durham, NC

    Google Scholar 

  • Franklin S, Lock M (2003) Animation and cessation: the remaking of life and death. In: Franklin S, Lock M (eds) Remaking life and death: toward an anthropology of the biosciences, School of American research advanced seminar series. Santa Fe, New Mexico, pp 3–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Franklin S, Roberts C (2006) Born and made: an ethnography of preimplantation genetic diagnosis. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ

    Google Scholar 

  • Freidson E (1970) Profession of medicine: a study in the sociology of applied knowledge. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Freidson E (2001) Professionalism: the third logic. University of Chicago Press, Chicago IL

    Google Scholar 

  • Frickel S (2004) Chemical consequences: environmental mutagens, scientist activism, and the rise of genetic toxicology. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  • Friese, C Becker, G Nachtigal, R (2006) Rethinking the Biological Clock: Eleventh-hour Moms, Miracle Moms, and Meanings of Age-Related Infertility. Social Science and Medicine 63(6): 1550–1560

    Google Scholar 

  • Friese C (2007) Enacting conservation and biomedicine: cloning animals of endangered species in the cultures of late modernity. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco

    Google Scholar 

  • Furedi F (2006) The end of professional dominance. Society 43(6):14–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Ganchoff C (2004) Regenerating movements: embryonic stem cells and the politics of potentiality. Sociol Health Illn 26:757–774

    Google Scholar 

  • Ganchoff C (2007) Regenerating movements: stem cells and the politics of potentiality, Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbon S (2007) Breast cancer genes and the gendering of knowledge: science and citizenship in the cultural context of the ‘new’ genetics. Palgrave, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbon S, Novas C (2008) Introduction. In: Gibbon S, Novas C (eds) Biosocialities, genetics and the social sciences: making biologies and identities. Routledge, London, pp 1–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Ginsberg F, Rapp R (eds) (1995) Conceiving the new world order: the global politics of reproduction. University of California Press, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  • Good M-JD, Good B (2000) Parallel sisters’: medical anthropology and medical sociology. In: Bird CE, Conrad P, Fremont AM (eds) Handbook of medical sociology, 5th edn. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottweis H (1998) Governing molecules: the discursive politics of genetic engineering in Europe and the United States. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottweis H (2005) Governing genomics in the 21st century: between risk and uncertainty. New Genetics and Society 24(2):175–193

    Google Scholar 

  • Hackett EJ, Amsterdamska O, Lynch M, Wajcman J (eds) (2008) Handbook of science and technology studies. MIT Press, 3rd ed. Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Hafferty FW (2006) Medicalization reconsidered. Society 43(6):41–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Hahn H, Belt TL (2004) Disability identity and attitudes toward cure in a sample of disabled activists. J Health Soc Behav 45(4):453–464

    Google Scholar 

  • Halpern SA. (2004) Lesser harms: the morality of risk in medical research. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL

    Google Scholar 

  • Haraway D (2004) The Haraway reader. Routledge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Haraway D (2007) When species meet (posthumanities). University of Minnesota Press, Miimeapolis, MN

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrington A, Rose N, Singh I (2006) Editors’ introduction. BioSocieties 1(1):1–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayden C (2003) When nature goes public: the making and unmaking of bioprospecting in Mexico. Princeton University Press, Princeton

    Google Scholar 

  • Healy D (2002) Let them eat Prozac. New York University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Hearn J, Roseneil S (eds) (1999) Consuming cultures: power and resistance. Macmillan, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Hedgecoe A (2004) The politics of personalised medicine: pharmacogenetics in the clinic. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson S, Petersen A (eds) (2002) Consuming health: the commodification of health care. Routledge, London and New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry M, Fishman JR, Youngner SJ (2007) Propranolol and the prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder: is it wrong to erase the ‘sting’ of bad memories? Am J Bioeth 7(9):12–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess DJ (1997) Science studies: an advanced introduction. NYU Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Hogle L (2002) Introduction: jurisdictions of authority and expertise in science and medicine. Med Anthropol 21:231–246

    Google Scholar 

  • Hogle L (2003) Life/time warranty: rechargeable cells and extendable lives. In: Franklin S, Lock M (eds) Remaking life and death: toward an anthropology of the biosciences, School of American research advanced seminar series. Santa Fe, New Mexico, pp 61–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Hogle LF (2005) Enhancement technologies and the body. Annu Rev Anthropol 34:695–716

    Google Scholar 

  • Hogle L (2008) Emerging medical technologies. In: Hackett EJ, Amsterdamska O, Lynch M, Wajcman J (eds) The new handbook of science and technology studies. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 841–874

    Google Scholar 

  • Horton R (2000) How sick is modern medicine? The New York Review. 2 Nov 2000, pp 46–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Horwitz AV (2002) Creating mental illness. University of Chicago Press, Chicago IL

    Google Scholar 

  • Illich I (1975) Medical nemesis. Pantheon, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Inhorn M (2007) Medical anthropology at the intersections. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 21(3): 249–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Jasanoff S (2005) Designs on nature: science and democracy in Europe and the United States. Princeton University Press, Princeton

    Google Scholar 

  • Jasso-Aquilar R, H Waitzkin, Landwehr A (2004) Multinational corporations and health care in the United States and Latin America. J Health Soc Behav 45(Extra Issue):136–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones C, Porter R (eds) (1994) Reassessing Foucault: power, medicine and the body. Routledge, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Jordanova L (2004) The social construction of medical knowledge. In: Huisman F, Warner JH (eds) Locating medical history: the stories and their meanings. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp 338–363

    Google Scholar 

  • Joyce K (2010) The body as image-commodity: an examination of the economic and political dynamics of magnetic resonance imaging and the shift towards visualization. In: Clarke A, Fosket J, Mamo L, Shim J, Fishman J (eds) Biomedicalization: technoscience and transformations of health and illness in the US. Duke University Press, Durham, NC, pp 197–217

    Google Scholar 

  • Joyce, K (2005) Appealing Images: Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Production of Authoritative Knowledge. Soc Stud Sci 35(3):437–462

    Google Scholar 

  • Joyce K, Mamo L (2006) Graying the cyborg: new directions in feminist analyses of aging, science, and technology. In: Calasanti T, Slevin KF (eds) Age matters: realigning feminist thinking. Routledge, New York, pp 99–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahn J (2010) Surrogate markers and surrogate marketing in biomedicine: the regulatory etiology and commercial progression of “ethnic” drug development. In: Clarke A, Fosket J, Mamo L, Shim J, Fishman J (eds) Biomedicalization: technoscience and transformations of health and illness in the US. Duke University Press, Durham NC, pp 263–288

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman SR (2005) …And a Time to Die: how American Hospitals Shape the End of Life. Scribner, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman SR, Morgan L (2005) The anthropology of the beginnings and ends of life. Annu Rev Anthropol 34:317–341

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman SR, Shim JK, Russ AJ (2004) Revisiting the biomedicalization of aging: clinical trends and ethical challenges. Gerontologist 44(6):731–738

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman SR, Russ AJ, Shim JK (2006a) Aged bodies and kinship matters: the ethical field of kidney transplant. Am Ethnol 33(1):81–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman SR, Shim JK, Russ AJ (2006b) Old age, life extension, and the character of medical choice. J Gerontol Soc Sci 61B(4):S175–S184

    Google Scholar 

  • Kay LE (1993) Life as technology: representing, intervening and molecularizing. Rivista di Storia Scienza [NS] 1(2):85–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller EF (2000) The century of the gene. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelner MJ, Wellman B, Pescosolido B, Saks M (2000) Complementary and alternative medicine: challenge and change. Gordon and Breach, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Kempner J (2006) Gendering the migraine market: do representations of illness matter? Soc Sci Med 63(8):1986–1997

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerr A, Franklin S (2006) Genetic ambivalence: expertise, uncertainty and communication in the context of new genetic technologies. In: Webster A (ed) New technologies in healthcare: challenge, change and innovation. Palgrave, London, pp 40–56

    Google Scholar 

  • King NB (2005) The ethics of biodefense. Bioethics 19(4):432–446

    Google Scholar 

  • Lakoff A (2005) Pharmaceutical reason: knowledge and value in global psychiatry. Cambridge University Press, West Nyack, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Lakoff A (2008) The right patients for the drug: pharmaceutical circuits and the codification of illness. In: Hackett EJ, Amsterdamska O, Lynch M, Wajcman J (eds) The new handbook of science and technology studies. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 741–760

    Google Scholar 

  • Lakoff A, Collier SJ (eds) (2008) Biosecurity interventions: global health and security in question. Columbia University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Landzelius K (2006a) Introduction: patient organization movements and new metamorphoses in patienthood. Soc Sci Med 62(3):529–537

    Google Scholar 

  • Landzelius K (2006b) The incubation of a social movement? Preterm babies, parent activists, and neonatal productions in the U.S. context. Soc Sci Med 62(3):668–682

    Google Scholar 

  • Lash S (2001) Technological forms of life. Theory Cult Soc 18(1):105–120

    Google Scholar 

  • Latour B (1987) Science in action: how to follow scientists and engineers through society. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee S, Mysyk A (2004) The medicalization of compulsive buying. Soc Stud Med 58:1709–1718

    Google Scholar 

  • Lentzos F (2006) Rationality, risk and response: a research agenda for biosecurity. BioSocieties 1(4):453–464

    Google Scholar 

  • Light DW (2004) Introduction: ironies of success – a new history of the American health care ‘system’. J Health Soc Behav 45(Extra Issue):1–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Lock M (1993) Encounters with aging: mythologies of menopause in Japan and North America. University of California Press, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  • Lock M (2001) Medicalization: an expansive concept. In: Smelser NJ, Baltes PB (eds) International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences. Elsevier, Oxford, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Lock M (2002a) Biomedical technologies: anthropological approaches. In: Ember CR, Ember M (eds) Encyclopedia of medical anthropology: health and illness in the world’s cultures. Springer, New York, pp 86–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Lock M (2002b) Introduction: from documenting medical pluralism to critical interpretations of globalized health knowledge, policies, and practices. In: Nichter M, Lock M (eds) New horizons in medical anthropology: essays in honour of Charles Leslie. Routledge, London, pp 1–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Lock M (2004) Medicalization and the naturalization of social control. In: Ember CR, Ember M (eds) Encyclopedia of medical anthropology: health and illness in the world’s cultures. Springer, New York, pp 116–125

    Google Scholar 

  • Lock M (2008) Biomedical technologies, cultural horizons, and contested boundaries. In: Hackett EJ, Amsterdamska O, Lynch M, Wajcman J (eds) The new handbook of science and technology studies. MIT, Cambridge, MA, pp 875–900

    Google Scholar 

  • Loe M (2004) The rise of Viagra: how the little blue pill changed sex in America. New York University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorber J, Moore LJ (2002) Gender and the social construction of illness, 2nd edn. Walnut Creek, Rowman & Littlefield, California

    Google Scholar 

  • Lupton D (2003) Medicine as culture: illness, disease and the body in Western society, 2nd edn. Sage, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Lury C (2004) Brands: the logos of the global economy. Routledge, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Malacrida C (2004) Medicalization, ambivalence and social control: mothers’ descriptions of educators and ADD/ADHD. Health 8(1):61–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Mamo L (2007a) Queering reproduction: achieving pregnancy in the age of technoscience. Duke University Press, Durham, NC

    Google Scholar 

  • Mamo L (2007b) Negotiating conception: lesbians’ hybrid-technological practices. Sci Technol Hum Values 32(3):369–393

    Google Scholar 

  • Mamo L (2010) Fertility Inc.: consumption and subjectification in lesbian reproductive practices. In: Clarke A, Fosket J, Mamo L, Shim J, Fishman J (eds) Biomedicalization: technoscience and transformations of health and illness in the U.S. Duke University Press, Durham, NC, pp 173–196

    Google Scholar 

  • Mamo L, Fosket JR (2009) Scripting the body: pharmaceuticals and the (re)making of menstruation. Signs 34(4):925–949

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin E (2006) The pharmaceutical person. BioSocieties 1(3):273–288

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin JK, Pescosolido BA, Olafsdottir S, McLeod JD (2007) The construction of fear: Americans’ preferences for social distance from children and adolescents with mental health problems. J Health Soc Behav 48(1):50–67

    Google Scholar 

  • May C (2007) The clinical encounter and the problem of context. Sociology 41(1):29–45

    Google Scholar 

  • May C, Rapley T, Moreira T, Finch T, Heaven B (2006) Technogovernance: evidence, subjectivity, and the clinical encounter in primary care medicine. Soc Sci Med 62(4):1022–1030

    Google Scholar 

  • McKinlay JB, Marceau LD (2002) The end of the golden age of doctoring. Int J Health Serv 32(2):379–416

    Google Scholar 

  • Mechanic D (2002) Socio-cultural implications of changing organizational technologies in the provision of care. Soc Sci Med 54:459–467

    Google Scholar 

  • Midanik LT (2004). Biomedicalization and alcohol studies: implications for policy. J Public Health Policy 25(2): 211–228

    Google Scholar 

  • Midanik LT (2006) Biomedicalization of alcohol studies. Transaction, Piscataway, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  • Midanik L, Room R (2005) Contributions of social science to the alcohol field in an era of biomedicalization. Soc Sci Med 60:1107–1116

    Google Scholar 

  • Mirowski P (2004) The effortless economy of science? Duke University Press, Durham, NC

    Google Scholar 

  • Moynihan R, Cassels A (2005) Selling sickness: how the world’s biggest pharmaceutical companies are turning us all into patients. Nation Books, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Murcott A (ed) (2006) Sociology and medicine: selected papers by P.M. Strong. Ashgate, Burlington VT

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray SJ (2009) The perils of scientific obedience: bioethics under the spectre of biofascism. In: Murray SJ, Holmes D (eds) Critical interventions in the ethics of healthcare: challenging the principle of autonomy in bioethics. Ashgate, Surrey, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Mykhalovskiy E, Weir L (2004) The problem of evidence-based medicine: directions for social science. Soc Sci Med 59:1059–1069

    Google Scholar 

  • Nadesan M (2005) Constructing autism. Routledge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Navarro V (1986) Crisis, health and medicine. Tavistock, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Navarro V (ed) (2007) Neoliberalism, globalization and inequalities: consequences for health and quality of life. Baywood, Amityville, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelkin D (1995) Scientific controversies. In: Jasanoff S, Markle GE, Petersen JC, Pinch T (eds) Handbook of science and technology studies. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp 444–456

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelkin D, Lindee MS (2004) The DNA mystique: the gene as a cultural icon. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI

    Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen V-K (2005) Antiretroviral globalism, biopolitics and therapeutic citizenship. In: Ong A, Collier SJ (eds) Global assemblages: technology, politics, and ethics as anthropological problems. Blackwell, Malden, MA, pp 124–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichter M, Thompson JJ (2006) For my wellness, not just my illness: North Americans’ use of dietary supplements. Cult Med Psychiatry 30(2):175–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Novaes HMD (2006) From production to evaluation of health systems technologies: challenges for the 21st century. Revista de Saude Publ 40(spl issue):133–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Novas C (2006) The political economy of hope: patients’ organizations, science and biovalue. BioSocieties 1(3):289–306

    Google Scholar 

  • Novas C, Rose N (2000) Genetic risk and the birth of the somatic individual. Econ Soc 29(4):485–513

    Google Scholar 

  • Nye RA (2003) The evolution of the concept of medicalization in the late twentieth century. J Hist Behav Sci 39(2):115–129

    Google Scholar 

  • Orr J (2006) Panic diaries: a genealogy of panic disorder. Duke University Press, Durham, NC

    Google Scholar 

  • Orr J (2010) Biopsychiatry and the informatics of diagnosis: governing mentalities. In: Clarke A, Fosket J, Mamo L, Shim J, Fishman J (eds) Biomedicalization: technoscience and transformations of health and illness in the U.S. Duke University Press, Durham, NC, pp 353–379

    Google Scholar 

  • Parens E (2006) Surgically shaping children: technology, ethics and the pursuit of normality. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD

    Google Scholar 

  • Pauly PJ (1987) Controlling life: Jacques Loeb and the engineering ideal in biology. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Pescosolido BA (2006) Professional dominance and the limits of erosion. Society 43(6):21–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Pescosolido BA, Martin JK (2004) Cultural authority and the sovereignty of American medicine: the role of networks, class and community. J Health Health Policy Law 29(4–5):735–755

    Google Scholar 

  • Petryna A (2002) Life exposed: biological citizens after Chernobyl. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfohl SJ (1985) Images of deviance and social control: a sociological history. McGraw Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Potts A, Grace VM, Vares T, Gavey N (2006) ‘Sex for life’? Men’s counter-stories on ‘erectile dysfunction’, male sexuality and aging. Sociol Health Illn 28(3):306–329

    Google Scholar 

  • Prainsack B (2006) ‘Negotiating life’: the regulation of human cloning and embryonic stem cell research in Israel. Soc Stud Sci 36(2):173–205

    Google Scholar 

  • Preda A (2005) AIDS, rhetoric, and medical knowledge. Cambridge University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Quadagno J (2005) One nation, uninsured: why the U.S. has no national health insurance. Oxford University Press, New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Rabinow P (1992a) Artificiality and enlightenment: from sociobiology to biosociality. In: Crary J, Kwinter S (eds) Incorporations. Zone, New York, pp 234–252

    Google Scholar 

  • Rabinow P (1992b) Severing the ties: fragmentation and dignity in late modernity. Knowl Soc Anthropol Sci Technol 9:169–187

    Google Scholar 

  • Rabinow P (2008) Afterword: concept work. In: Gibbon S, Novas C (eds) Biosocialities, genetics and the social sciences: making biologies and identities. Routledge, London, pp 188–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Rabinow P, Rose N (2006) Biopower today. BioSocieties 1:195–217

    Google Scholar 

  • Radley A, Lupton D, Ritter C (1997) Health: an invitation and an introduction. Health 1:5–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Rafalovich A (2005) Relational troubles and semiofficial suspicion: educators and the medicalization of ‘unruly’ children. Symbol Interact 28(1):25–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajan KS (2006) Biocapital: the constitution of postgenomic Life. Duke University Press, Durham NC

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramirez de Arellano A (2007) Patients without borders: the emergence of medical tourism. Int J Health Serv 37:193–198

    Google Scholar 

  • Restivo, 5, Croissant J (2007) Social constructionism in science and technology studies. In Holstein JA, Gubrium, JF (eds) Handbook of constructionist research, Guilford Press, New York, NY, pp 2 13–230

    Google Scholar 

  • Riska E (2004) Masculinity and men’s health: coronary heart disease in medical and public discourse. Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, MD

    Google Scholar 

  • Riska E (2010) Gendering the medicalization and biomedicalization theses. In: Clarke A, Fosket J, Mamo L, Shim J, Fishman J (eds) Biomedicalization: technoscience and transformations of health and illness in the US. Duke University Press, Durham, NC, pp 147–172

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose N (2007a) The politics of life itself: biomedicine, power and subjectivity in the twenty-first century. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose N (2007b) Beyond medicalisation. Lancet 369:700–702

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose N (2007c) Molecular politics, somatic ethics and the spirit of biocapital. Soc Theory Health 5:3–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose N, Novas C (2004) Biological citizenship. In: Ong A, Collier SJ (eds) Global assemblages: technology, politics, and ethics as anthropological problems. Blackwell, Malden MA, pp 439–463

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg CE (2007) Our present complaint: American medicine, then and now. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenfeld D, Faircloth CA (eds) (2006) Medicalized masculinities. Temple University Press, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothman SM, Rothman DJ (2003) The pursuit of perfection: the promise and perils of medical enhancement. Pantheon, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Schrepfer SR, Scranton P (eds) (2004) Industrializing organisms: introducing evolutionary history. In: Hagley Perspectives on business and culture, vol. 5. Routledge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulz AJ, Mullings L (eds) (2006) Gender, race, class, and health: intersectional approaches. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott S (2006) The medicalization of shyness: from social misfits to social fitness. Sociol Health Illn 28(2):133–153

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott WR, Ruef M, Mendel PJ, Caronna CA (2000) Institutional change and healthcare organizations: from professional dominance to managed care. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Serlin D (2004) Replaceable you: engineering the body in postwar America. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma U (2000) Medical pluralism and the future of CAM. In: Kelner MJ, Wellman B, Pescosolido B, Saks M (eds) Complementary and alternative medicine: challenge and change. Gordon and Breach, Amsterdam, pp 211–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Shim JK (2002) Understanding the routinised inclusion of race, socioeconomic status and sex in epidemiology: the utility of concepts from technoscience studies. Sociol Health Illn 24(2):129–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Shim JK (2010) Stratified epidemiology and the imperative of health: the biomedicalization of race, gender, and class in heart disease. In: Clarke A, Fosket J, Mamo L, Shim J, Fishman J (eds) Biomedicalization: technoscience and transformations of health and illness in the US. Duke University Press, Durham, NC, pp 218–241

    Google Scholar 

  • Shim JK, Russ AJ, Kaufman SR (2006) Risk, life extension, and the pursuit of medical possibility. Sociol Health Illn 28(4):479–502

    Google Scholar 

  • Shim JK, Russ AJ, Kaufman SR (2007) Clinical life: expectation and the double edge of medical promise. Health 11(2):245–264

    Google Scholar 

  • Shostak S (2003) Locating gene-environment interaction: at the intersections of genetics and public health. Soc Sci Med 56:2327–2342

    Google Scholar 

  • Shostak S (2004) Environmental justice and genomics: acting on the futures of environmental health. Sci Cult 13(4):539–562

    Google Scholar 

  • Shostak S (2005) The emergence of toxicogenomics: a case study of molecularization. Soc Stud Sci 35(3):367–404

    Google Scholar 

  • Shostak S (2010) Marking populations and persons at risk: molecular epidemiology and environmental health. In: Clarke A, Fosket J, Mamo L, Shim J, Fishman J (eds) Biomedicalization: technoscience and transformations of health and illness in the US. Duke University Press, Durham, NC, pp 242–262

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverman C (2010) Desperate and rational: of love, biomedicine, and experimental community. In: Rajan KS (ed) Lively capital: biotechnology, ethics and governance in global markets. Duke University Press, Durham, NC (forthcoming)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinding C (2004) The power of norms: Georges Canguilhem, Michel Foucault, and the history of medicine. In: Huisman F, Warner JH (eds) Locating medical history: the stories and their meanings. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, pp 262–284

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh I, Rose N (2006) Neuro-forum: an introduction. BioSocieties 1(1):97–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Slaughter S, Rhoades G (2004) Academic capitalism: politics, policies and the entrepreneurial university. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD

    Google Scholar 

  • Star SL (1995) Epilogue: work and practice in social studies of science, medicine and technology. Sci Technol Hum Values 20(4):501–507

    Google Scholar 

  • Starr P (1982) The social transformation of American medicine: the rise of a sovereign profession and the making of a vast industry. Basic Books, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Strong P (1979) Sociological imperialism and the profession of medicine: a critical examination of the thesis of medical imperialism. Soc Sci Med 13A:199–215

    Google Scholar 

  • Strong P (1984) The academic encirclement of medicine. Sociol Health Illn 6:339–358

    Google Scholar 

  • Tansey B (2008) Experts call for wider use of brain enhancing drugs. San Francisco Chronicle 8 Dec 2008:A1,7

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson C (2005) Making parents: the ontological choreography of reproductive technologies. MIT, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson C (2008) Stem cells, women, and the new gender and science. In: Schiebinger L (ed) Gendered innovations in science and engineering. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, pp 109–130

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson C (2010) Charismatic megafauna and miracle babies: essays in selective pronatalism. (in prep)

    Google Scholar 

  • Timmermans S, Kolker E (2004) Clinical practice guidelines and the implications of shifts in knowledge for sociological accounts of professional power. J Health Soc Behav 45(Extra Issue):177–193

    Google Scholar 

  • Timmermans S, Mauck A (2005) The promises and pitfalls of evidence-based medicine. Health Aff 24(1):18–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomes N (2001) Merchants of Health: Medicine and Consumer Culture in the United States, 1900–1940. Journal of American History 88(2):519–547

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomes N (2005) The great American medicine show revisited. Bull Hist Med 79:627–663

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomes N (2007) Patient empowerment and the dilemmas of late-modern medicalisation. Lancet 369:698–700

    Google Scholar 

  • Tone A, Watkins ES (eds) (2007) Medicating modern America: prescription drugs in history. New York University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Tremain SL (ed.) (2005) Foucault and the government of disability. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner B (1997) From governmentality to risk: some reflections on Foucault’s contribution to medical sociology. In: Petersen A, Bunton R (eds) Foucault, health and medicine. Routledge, London and New York, pp ix–xxii

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner L (2007) ‘First world health care at third world prices’: globalization, bioethics and medical tourism. BioSocieties 2:303–325

    Google Scholar 

  • Unschuld PU (1987) Traditional Chinese medicine: some historical and epistemological reflections. Soc Sci Med 24(12):1023–1029

    Google Scholar 

  • Vailly J (2006) Genetic screening as a technique of government: the case of neonatal screening for cystic fibrosis in France. Soc Sci Med 63(12):3092–3101

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogel KM (2008) Framing Biosecurity: An Alternative to the Biotech Revolution Model? Science and Public Policy 35(1):45–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Waitzkin H (1989) Social structures of medical oppression: a Marxist view. In: Brown P (ed) Perspectives in medical sociology, 1st edn. Waveland, Belmont, CA, pp 166–178

    Google Scholar 

  • Waitzkin H (2000) The second sickness: contradictions of capitalist health care. Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, MD

    Google Scholar 

  • Waldby C, Mitchell R (2006) Tissue economies: blood, organs, and cell line in late capitalism. Duke University Press, Durham

    Google Scholar 

  • Waldram JB (2004) Revenge of the Windigo: the construction of the mind and mental health of North American aboriginal peoples. University of Toronto Press, Toronto

    Google Scholar 

  • Washburn R (2009) Measuring the ‘pollution in people’: biomonitoring and constructions of health and environment. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheatley EE (2005) Disciplining bodies at risk: cardiac rehabilitation and the medicalization of fitness. Journal of Sport and Social Issues 29(2):198–221

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheaton B, Clarke P (2003) Space meets time: integrating temporal and contextual influences on mental health in early adulthood. Am Sociol Rev 68(5):680–706

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams R (1976/1985) Keywords: a vocabulary of culture and society. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams SJ (2004) Beyond medicalization-healthicization? A rejoinder to Hislop and Arber. Sociol Health Illn 26(4):453–459

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams SJ, Calnan M (1996) The ‘limits’ of medicalisation? Modern medicine and the lay populace in ‘late’ modernity. Soc Sci Med 42:1609–1620

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright P, Treacher A (eds) (1982) The problem of medical knowledge: examining the social construction of medicine. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoxen E (1981) Life as a productive force: capitalizing the science and technology of molecular biology. In: Levidow L, Young R (eds) Science, technology and the labour process. Free Association Books, London, pp 66–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoxen E (1982) Giving life a new meaning: the rise of the molecular biology establishment. In: Elias N, Martins H, Whitley R (eds) Scientific establishment and hierarchies. D. Reidel, Boston, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Zola IK (1972) Medicine as an institution of social control. Sociological Review 20:487–504

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are deeply indebted to Laura Mamo, Jennifer Fosket and Jennifer Fishman with whom we developed much of the work on biomedicalization upon which we draw here, and for comments on an earlier version of this chapter.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California – San Francisco, 3333 California St., #LHts-455, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0612, USA

    Adele E. Clarke

Authors
  1. Adele E. Clarke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Janet Shim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Adele E. Clarke .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Social Research, Indiana University, E. Third Street 1022, Bloomington, 47405, Indiana, USA

    Bernice A. Pescosolido

  2. Institute of Social Research, Indiana University, E. Third Street 1022, Bloomington, 47405, Indiana, USA

    Jack K. Martin

  3. Institute of Social Research, Indiana University, E. Third Street 1022, Bloomington, 47405, Indiana, USA

    Jane D. McLeod

  4. , National Primary Care Research and Devel, The University of Manchester, Oxford Street, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom

    Anne Rogers

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Clarke, A.E., Shim, J. (2011). Medicalization and Biomedicalization Revisited: Technoscience and Transformations of Health, Illness and American Medicine. In: Pescosolido, B., Martin, J., McLeod, J., Rogers, A. (eds) Handbook of the Sociology of Health, Illness, and Healing. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7261-3_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation