Lubert Stryer. 1975. Biochemistry. San Francisco: Freeman.
Minoru Kanehisa. n.d. Post-Genome Informatics. Oxford University Press, USA.
Murray, J. D. 1993. Mathematical Biology. Vol. Biomathematics. 2nd, corr. ed ed. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Orengo, Christine A., David Jones, and Janet M. Thornton. 2003. Bioinformatics: Genes, Proteins and Computers. Oxford: BIOS.