[1]
Abstract of International Conservation Literature: http://aata.getty.edu/Home.
[2]
Agricola, Georgius et al. 1912. De re metallica. The Mining magazine.
[3]
et al, G.-M. 1994. Early copper and Brass in Senegal. Society, culture, and technology in Africa. MASCA, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. 45–62.
[4]
Aldenderfer, M. et al. 2008. From the Cover: Four-thousand-year-old gold artifacts from the Lake Titicaca basin, southern Peru. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105, 13 (Apr. 2008), 5002–5005. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0710937105.
[5]
Alipour, R. and Rehren, T. 2014. Persian Pulād Production: Chāhak Tradition. Journal of Islamic Archaeology. 1, 2 (2014), 231–261. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1558/jia.v1i2.24174.
[6]
Alipour, R. and Rehren, T. 2014. Persian Pulād Production: Chāhak Tradition. Journal of Islamic Archaeology. 1, 2 (2014), 231–261. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1558/jia.v1i2.24174.
[7]
Allan, James W. et al. 2000. Persian steel: the Tanavoli collection. Oxford University Press for the Board of the Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Oxford and the British Institute of Persian Studies.
[8]
Ancient Tin: Old Question and New Answer: 2006. http://www.cais-soas.com/CAIS/Science/tin.htm.
[9]
Anguilano, L. et al. 2009. Roman Jarosite exploitation at Riotinto(Spain). Archaeometallurgy in Europe: 2nd international conference, Aquileia, Italy, 17-21 June 2007 : selected papers. AIM. 21–29.
[10]
Archaeometallurgy in Europe and Associazione italiana di metallurgia 2007. Archaeometallurgy in Europe: 2nd international conference, Aquileia, Italy, 17-21 June 2007 : selected papers. AIM.
[11]
Archaeometallurgy in Europe and Associazione italiana di metallurgia 2003. Archaeometallurgy in Europe: international conference, 24-25-26 September 2003, Milan, Italy : proceedings. Associazione italiana di metallurgia.
[12]
Artioli, G. et al. 2015. Eneolithic copper smelting slags in the Eastern Alps: Local patterns of metallurgical exploitation in the Copper Age. Journal of Archaeological Science. 63, (Nov. 2015), 78–83. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2015.08.013.
[13]
Augustin F. C. Holl 2009. Early West African Metallurgies: New Data and Old Orthodoxy. Journal of World Prehistory. 22, 4 (2009), 415–438.
[14]
Augustin F. C. Holl 2009. Early West African Metallurgies: New Data and Old Orthodoxy. Journal of World Prehistory. 22, 4 (2009), 415–438.
[15]
Bagley, Robert W. et al. 1980. The great bronze age of China: an exhibition from the People’s Republic of China. Metropolitan Museum of Art.
[16]
Bareham, T. 1994. Bronze casting experiments. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society. 28, 2 (1994), 112–116.
[17]
Barnard, Noel and Bulbeck, David 1996. Ancient Chinese and Southeast Asian bronze age cultures: the proceedings of a conference held at the Edith and Joy London Foundation property, Kioloa, NSW, 8-12 February, 1988 /: conference papers. SMC.
[18]
Bartelheim, M. et al. 2012. The silver of the South Iberian El Argar Culture: A first look at production and distribution. Trabajos de Prehistoria. 69, 2 (2012), 293–309. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3989/tp.2012.12093.
[19]
Bass, G. 1997. Prolegomena to a study of maritime traffic in raw materials to the Agean during th 14th and 13th centuries BC. Techne: craftsmen, craftswomen and craftsmanship in the Aegean Bronze Age : proceedings of the 6th International Aegean Conference/6e Rencontre égéenne internationale Philadelphia, Temple University, 18-21 April 1996. Université de Liège. 153–170.
[20]
Bayley, J. 1996. Innovation in later medieval urban metalworking. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society. 30, 2 (1996), 67–71.
[21]
Bayley, J. 1996. Innovation in later medieval urban metalworking. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society. 30, 2 (1996), 67–71.
[22]
Bayley, J. 2008. Medieval precious metal refining: archaeology and contemporary texts compared. Archaeology, history and science: integrating approaches to ancient materials. Left Coast Press. 131–150.
[23]
Bayley, J. 2008. Medieval precious metal refining:archaeology and contemporary texts compared. Archaeology, history and science: integrating approaches to ancient materials. Left Coast Press. 131–150.
[24]
Bayley, J. et al. 2008. Metals and metalworking: a research framework for archaeometallurgy. Historical Metallurgy Society.
[25]
Bayley, J. and Butcher, S. 2004. Roman brooches in Britain: a technological and typological study based on the Richborough Collection. Society of Antiquaries of London.
[26]
Bayley, J. and Rehren, T. 2007. Towards a functional and typological classification of crucibles. Metals and mines: studies in archaeometallurgy. Archetype in association with the British Museum. 46–55.
[27]
Bayley, J. and White, H. 2013. Evidence for workshop practices at the Tudor mint in the Tower of London. The Renaissance workshop. Archetype Publications in association with the British Museum. 138–143.
[28]
Begemann, F. et al. 1999. Tracing ancient tin via isotope analyses. The beginnings of metallurgy: proceedings of the International Conference ‘The Beginnings of Metallurgy’, Bochum 1995. Deutsches Bergbau-Museum. 277–284.
[29]
Begemann, F. 1999. Tracing tin via isotope analyses. The beginnings of metallurgy: proceedings of the International Conference ‘The Beginnings of Metallurgy’, Bochum 1995. Deutsches Bergbau-Museum. 277–284.
[30]
Belford, D. 2012. Hot blast iron smelting in the early 19th century: a re-appraisal. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society. 46, 1 (2012), 9–18.
[31]
Benjamin W. Roberts 2009. Production Networks and Consumer Choice in the Earliest Metal of Western Europe. Journal of World Prehistory. 22, 4 (2009), 461–481.
[32]
Benoit, Paul and Fluzin, Philippe 1995. Paléométallurgie du fer et Cultures. Association pour l’Edition et la Diffusion des Etudes Historiques.
[33]
Benson, Elizabeth P. and Dumbarton Oaks 1979. Pre-Columbian metallurgy of South America: a conference at Dumbarton Oaks, October 18th and 19th, 1975. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collections, Trustees for Harvard University.
[34]
Biggs, L. et al. 2013. Prehistoric iron production technologies in the Upper Thai-Malay Peninsula: metallography and slag inclusion analyses of iron artefacts from Khao Sam Kaeo and Phu Khao Thong. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 5, 4 (2013), 311–329. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-012-0115-2.
[35]
Bisson, Michael S. and Vogel, Joseph O. 2000. Ancient African metallurgy: the socio-cultural context. AltaMira.
[36]
Bisson, Michael S. and Vogel, Joseph O. 2000. Ancient African metallurgy: the socio-cultural context. AltaMira.
[37]
Blakelock, E. et al. 2009. Slag inclusions in iron objects and the quest for provenance: an experiment and a case study. Journal of Archaeological Science. 36, 8 (2009), 1745–1757. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2009.03.032.
[38]
Blakelock, E. et al. 2009. Slag inclusions in iron objects and the quest for provenance: an experiment and a case study. Journal of Archaeological Science. 36, 8 (Aug. 2009), 1745–1757. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2009.03.032.
[39]
Boiurgarit, D. and Thomas, N. 2011. From laboratory to field experiments: shared experience in brass cementation. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society. 45, 1 (2011), 8–16.
[40]
Boni, M. et al. 2000. Lead isotopic evidence for a mixed provenance for Roman water pipes from Pompeii. Archaeometry. 42, 1 (2000), 201–208. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2000.tb00876.x.
[41]
Bottaini, C. et al. 2016. New insights on Late Bronze Age Cu-metallurgy from Coles de Samuel hoard (Central Portugal): A combined multi-analytical approach. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 7, (2016), 344–357. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.05.009.
[42]
Bourgarit, D. and Thomas, N. 2012. Late medieval copper alloying practices: a view from a Parisian workshop of the 14th century AD. Journal of Archaeological Science. 39, 10 (2012), 3052–3070. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.04.009.
[43]
Bourgarit, D. and Thomas, N. 2012. Late medieval copper alloying practices: a view from a Parisian workshop of the 14th century AD. Journal of Archaeological Science. 39, 10 (2012), 3052–3070. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.04.009.
[44]
Branigan, Keith 1974. Aegean metalwork of the Early and Middle Bronze Age. Clarendon Press.
[45]
Bray, P. et al. 2015. Form and flow: the ‘karmic cycle’ of copper. Journal of Archaeological Science. 56, (Apr. 2015), 202–209. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.12.013.
[46]
Bray, P.J. and Pollard, A.M. 2012. A new interpretative approach to the chemistry of copper-alloy objects: Source, recycling and technology. Antiquity. 86, 333 (2012), 853–867.
[47]
Brownsword, R. 2004. Medieval metalwork: an analytical study of copper-alloy objects. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society. 38, 2 (2004), 84–105.
[48]
Bryan Hanks and Roger Doonan 2009. From Scale to Practice: A New Agenda for the Study of Early Metallurgy on the Eurasian Steppe. Journal of World Prehistory. 22, 4 (2009), 329–356.
[49]
Buchwald, Vagn Fabritius and Kongelige Danske videnskabernes selskab 2005. Iron and steel in ancient times. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab.
[50]
Budd et al, P. 1992. The early development of metallurgy in the British Isles. Antiquity. 66, 252 (1992), 677–686. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00039375.
[51]
Budd, P.D. and Ottaway, B.S. 1991. The properties of arsencial copper alloys: implications for the development of Eneolithic metallurgy. Archaeological sciences 1989: proceedings of a conference on the application of scientific techniques to archaeology, Bradford, September 1989. Oxbow. 132–142.
[52]
Cardale de Schrimpff, Marianne and Bray, Warwick 2005. Calima and Malagana: art and archaeology in southwestern Colombia. Pro Calima Foundation.
[53]
Cech, B. 2012. A roman gold mining district in eastern Austria. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society. 46, 2 (2012), 66–77.
[54]
Cech, B. and Rehren, T. eds. 2014. Early iron in Europe. Éditions Monique Mergoil.
[55]
Cech, B. and Rehren, T. eds. 2014. Early iron in Europe. Éditions Monique Mergoil.
[56]
Charlton, M.F. et al. 2010. Explaining the evolution of ironmaking recipes – An example from northwest Wales. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 29, 3 (Sep. 2010), 352–367. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2010.05.001.
[57]
Charlton, M.F. et al. 2012. Investigating the production provenance of iron artifacts with multivariate methods. Journal of Archaeological Science. 39, 7 (2012), 2280–2293. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.02.037.
[58]
Chen, K. et al. 2017. Evidence of arsenical copper smelting in Bronze Age China: A study of metallurgical slag from the Laoniupo site, central Shaanxi. Journal of Archaeological Science. 82, (Jun. 2017), 31–39. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2017.04.006.
[59]
Chen, K. et al. 2009. Special alloys from remote frontiers of the Shang Kingdom: scientific study of the Hanzhong bronzes from southwest Shaanxi, China. Journal of Archaeological Science. 36, 10 (Oct. 2009), 2108–2118. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2009.04.016.
[60]
Chernych, E.N. 2002. Some of the most important aspects and problems of early Metal Age studying. Die Anfänge der Metallurgie in der alten Welt = The beginnings of metallurgy in the old world. Verlag Marie Leidorf. 25–31.
[61]
Chernykh, E. N. 1991. Ancient metallurgy in the USSR: the early metal age. Cambridge University Press.
[62]
Chirikure, S. 2014. Geochemistry of Ancient Metallurgy: Examples from Africa and Elsewhere. Treatise on Geochemistry. Elsevier. 169–189.
[63]
Chirikure, S. 2010. Indigenous mining and metallurgy in Africa. Cambridge University Press.
[64]
Chirikure, Shadreck. et al. 2009. Beyond furnaces and slags: a review study of bellows and their role in indigenous African metallurgical processes. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa. 44, 2 (2009), 195–215. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/00671990903047108.
[65]
Cleere, H. 1984. Ironmaking in the economy of the ancient world: The potential of archaeometallurgy. The Crafts of the blacksmith. UISPP Comité pour la Sidérurgie Ancienne and the Ulster Museum. 1–6.
[66]
Cochet, André and Pernot, Michel 2000. Le plomb en Gaule romaine: techniques de fabrication et produits. Monique Mergoil.
[67]
Cohen, C.R. et al. 2009. An archaeo-metallurgical study of the use of European furnaces in colonial Bolivia. Archaeometallurgy in Europe: 2nd international conference, Aquileia, Italy, 17-21 June 2007 : selected papers. AIM. 529–540.
[68]
Cohen, C.R. et al. 2009. When the wind blows: environmental adaptability in current day silver production within the Bolivian Andes. Proceedings: ISA 2006 : 36th International Symposium on Archaeometry : 2-6 May 2006, Quebec City, Canada. CELAT, Université Laval. 465–475.
[69]
Coustures, M.P. et al. 2003. The use of trace element analysis of entrapped slag inclusions to establish ore - Bare iron links: Examples from two Gallo-Roman iron-making sites in France (Les Martys, Montagne Noire, and Les Ferrys, Loiret). Archaeometry. 45, 4 (Nov. 2003), 599–613. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1475-4754.2003.00131.x.
[70]
Craddock, P. et al. 2013. Simple sophistication: Mauryan silver production in North West India. British Museum Technical Research Bulletin 7. The British Museum (Online).
[71]
Craddock, P. 1995. The development of early mining geology. Early metal mining and production. Edinburgh University Press. 23–31.
[72]
Craddock, P. and Eckstein, K. 2003. Production of brass in Antiquity by direct reduction. Mining and metal production through the ages. British Museum. 230–216.
[73]
Craddock, P. and Hook, D. 2012. An economic history of the post-medieval world in 50 ingots: the British Museum collection of ingots from dated wrecks. The British Museum Technical Research Bulletin. 6, (2012), 55–68.
[74]
Craddock, P. T. 1995. Early metal mining and production. Edinburgh University Press.
[75]
Craddock, P. T. 1995. Early metal mining and production. Edinburgh University Press.
[76]
Craddock, P. T. et al. 2007. Metals and mines: studies in archaeometallurgy. Archetype in association with the British Museum.
[77]
Craddock, P. and Zhou, W. 2003. Traditional Zinc Production in Modern China: Survival and Evolution. Mining and metal production through the ages. British Museum. 267–292.
[78]
Craddock, Paul. 1999. Paradigms of metallurgical innovation in prehistoric Europe. The Beginnings of Metallurgy. Deutsches Bergbau-Museum. 175–192.
[79]
Craddock, P.T. 1990. Copper smelting in Bronze Age Britain: Problems and Possibilities. Early mining in the British Isles: proceedings of the Early Mining Workshop at Plas Tan y Bwlch, Snowdonia National Park Study Centre, 17-19 November, 1989. Plas Tan y Bwlch, Snowdonia National Park Study Centre. 69–71.
[80]
Craddock, P.T. 1991. Mining and smelting in Antiquity. Science and the past. British Museum Press. 57–73.
[81]
Craddock, P.T. 2010. New paradigms for old iron: thoughts on E. Zangato & A.F.C Holl’s ‘On the iron front’. Journal of African archaeology. 8, (2010), 29–36.
[82]
Craddock, P.T. and British Museum 1998. 2000 years of zinc and brass. British Museum.
[83]
Craddock, P.T. and Meeks, N.D. 1987. Iron in Ancient Copper. Archaeometry. 29, 2 (Aug. 1987), 187–204. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.1987.tb00411.x.
[84]
Crew, P. 1995. Aspects of the iron supply. Danebury: an Iron Age hillfort in Hampshire, Vol.6: A hillfort community in perspective. Council for British Archaeology. 276–286.
[85]
Crew, P. 1991. The experimental production of prehistoric bar iron. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society. 25, 2 (1991), 21–36.
[86]
Crew, P. 1991. The experimental production of prehistoric bar iron. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society. 25, 2 (1991), 21–36.
[87]
Crew, P. 1991. The iron and copper slags at Baratti, Populonia, Italy. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society. 25, (1991), 109–115.
[88]
Crew, Peter and Crew, Susan 1990. Early mining in the British Isles: proceedings of the Early Mining Workshop at Plas Tan y Bwlch, Snowdonia National Park Study Centre, 17-19 November, 1989. Plas Tan y Bwlch, Snowdonia National Park Study Centre.
[89]
Crossley, D. 1995. The blast furnace at Rockley, South Yorkshire. The Archaeological journal. 152, 1 (1995), 381–421. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/00665983.1995.11021434.
[90]
David Killick 2009. Cairo to Cape: The Spread of Metallurgy Through Eastern and Southern Africa. Journal of World Prehistory. 22, 4 (2009), 399–414.
[91]
Desaulty, A.-M. et al. 2009. Does it come from the Pays de Bray? Examination of an origin hypothesis for the ferrous reinforcements used in French medieval churches using major and trace element analyses. Journal of Archaeological Science. 36, 10 (Oct. 2009), 2445–2462. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2009.07.002.
[92]
Desaulty, A.-M. et al. 2009. Does it come from the Pays de Bray? Examination of an origin hypothesis for the ferrous reinforcements used in French medieval churches using major and trace element analyses. Journal of Archaeological Science. 36, 10 (Oct. 2009), 2445–2462. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2009.07.002.
[93]
Diaz-Andreu, M. and Montero, I. 2000. Metallurgy and social dynamics in the later prehistory of Mediterranean Spain. Metals make the world go round: the supply and circulation of metals in Bronze Age Europe : proceedings of a conference held at the University of Birmingham in June 1997. Oxbow. 116–132.
[94]
Dieudonne-Glad, N. and Conte, P. 2011. Smithing at the priory of Lavinadiere, Correze, France, 13th and 16th centuries. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society. 45, 1 (2011), 1–7.
[95]
Dillmann, P. et al. 2012. Understanding the Walloon method of iron refining: archaeological and archaeometric experiments, phase 1. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society. 46, 1 (2012), 19–31.
[96]
Duncan E. Miller and Nikolaas J. Van Der Merwe 1994. Early Metal Working in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of Recent Research. The Journal of African History. 35, 1 (1994), 1–36.
[97]
Dungworth, D. 1997. Iron Age and Roman Copper Alloys from Northern Britain. Internet Archaeology 2. (1997).
[98]
Dungworth, D. 1997. Iron Age and Roman Copper Alloys from Northern Britain. Internet Archaeology. 2 (1997). DOI:https://doi.org/10.11141/ia.2.2.
[99]
Dungworth, D. 1997. Roman Copper Alloys: Analysis of Artefacts from Northern Britain. Journal of Archaeological Science. 24, 10 (1997), 901–910. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1996.0169.
[100]
Dungworth, D. 1997. Roman Copper Alloys: Analysis of Artefacts from Northern Britain. Journal of Archaeological Science. 24, 10 (Oct. 1997), 901–910. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1996.0169.
[101]
Dungworth, D. 2000. Serendipity in the foundry? Tin oxide inclusions in copper and copper alloys as an indicator of production process. Bulletin of the metals museum. 32, (2000), 1–5.
[102]
Dungworth, D. and Mepham, L. 2012. Prehistoric iron smelting in London: evicence from Shooters Hill. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society. 46, 1 (2012), 1–8.
[103]
Dungworth, D. and Nicholas, M. 2004. Caldarium? An antimony bronze used for medieval and post-medieval cast domestic vessels. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society. 38, 1 (2004), 24–34.
[104]
Durali-Mueller, S. et al. 2007. Roman lead mining in Germany: its origin and development through time deduced from lead isotope provenance studies. Journal of Archaeological Science. 34, 10 (2007), 1555–1567. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2006.11.009.
[105]
Edwards, Richard and Atkinson, Keith 1986. Ore deposit geology and its influence on mineral exploration. Chapman and Hall.
[106]
Fang, J.L. and McDonnell, G. 2011. The colour of copper alloys. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society. 45, 1 (2011), 52–61.
[107]
Farci, C. et al. 2017. Bronze production in the Iron Age of the Iberian Peninsula: The case of El Castru , Vigaña (Asturias, NW Spain). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 11, (Feb. 2017), 338–351. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.12.009.
[108]
Feuerbach, A. et al. 1998. An examination of crucible steel in the manufacture of Damascus steel, including evidence from Merv, Turkmenistan. Metallurgica Antiqua: in honour of Hans-Gert Bachmann and Robert Maddin. Deutsches Bergbau-Museum. 37–44.
[109]
Feuerbach, A. et al. 1998. An examination of crucible steel in the manufacture of Damascus steel, including evidence from Merv, Turkmenistan. Metallurgica Antiqua: in honour of Hans-Gert Bachmann and Robert Maddin. Deutsches Bergbau-Museum. 37–44.
[110]
Frame, L. 2010. Metallurgical investigations at Godin Tepe, Iran, Part I: the metal finds. Journal of Archaeological Science. 37, 7 (2010), 1700–1715. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2010.01.030.
[111]
Freestone, I. and Tite, M.S. 1986. Refractories in the ancient and preindustrial world. High technology ceramics: past, present, and future : the nature of innovation and change in ceramic technology. American Ceramic Society. 35–63.
[112]
Gale, N. 2001. Archaeology, science-based archaeology and the Mediterranean Bronze Age metals trade: a contribution to the debate. European Journal of Archaeology. 4, 1 (Apr. 2001), 113–130. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1179/eja.2001.4.1.113.
[113]
Gale, N. H. 1991. Bronze age trade in the Mediterranean. Åstrom.
[114]
Gale, N.H. et al. 2003. Early metallurgy in Bulgaria. Mining and metal production through the ages. British Museum. 122–173.
[115]
Garcia-Guinea, J. et al. 2005. Chemical tracers in archaeological and natural gold: Aliseda Tartessos treasure and new discovered nuggets (SW Spain). Gold Bulletin. 38, 1 (Mar. 2005), 23–28. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03215224.
[116]
Gassmann, G. 2002. Recent discoveries and excavations of 6th -2nd century BC furnaces in SW Germany. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society. 36, 2 (2002), 71–77.
[117]
Gelegdorj, E. et al. 2007. Transitions in cast iron technology of the nomads in Mongolia. Journal of Archaeological Science. 34, 8 (2007), 1187–1196. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2006.10.007.
[118]
Georgakopoulou, M. et al. 2011. Seriphos surfaces: A study of copper slag heaps and copper sources in the context of early Bronze Age Aegean metal production. Archaeometry. 53, 1 (2011), 123–145. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2010.00529.x.
[119]
Giumlia-Mair, Alessandra R. et al. 2003. Le problème de l’étain à l’origine de la métallurgie: The problem of early tin. Archaeopress.
[120]
Giumlia-Mair, Alessandra R. and Lo Schiavo, Fulvia 2003. The problem of early tin. Archaeopress.
[121]
Golden, J. et al. 2001. Recent Discoveries Concerning Chalcolithic Metallurgy at Shiqmim, Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science. 28, 9 (2001), 951–963. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.2000.0626.
[122]
Guerra, M.F. et al. 2007. The treasure of Guarrazar: Tracing the gold supplies in the Visigothic Iberian peninsula. Archaeometry. 49, 1 (Feb. 2007), 53–74. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2007.00287.x.
[123]
Guerra, M.F. and Calligaro, T. 1990. Gold and cultural heritage objects: a review of studies of provenance and manufacting technologies. Measurement science and technology. 14 (1990), 1527–1537. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/14/9/305.
[124]
Hauptmann, A. et al. 2015. Archaeometallurgy in Europe III: proceedings of the 3rd international conference ; June 29 - July 1, 2011. Dt. Bergbau-Museum.
[125]
Hauptmann, A. 2003. Developments in copper metallurgy during the fourth and third millennia BC at Feinan, Jordan. Mining and metal production through the ages. British Museum. 90–100.
[126]
Hauptmann, A. et al. 2003. Early Bronze Age copper metallurgy at Shahr-i Sokhta (Iran), reconsidered. Man and mining: Mensch und Bergbau : studies in honour of Gerd Weisgerber on occasion of his 65th birthday. Deutsches Bergbau-Museum. 197–213.
[127]
Hauptmann, Andreas 2007. The archaeometallurgy of copper: evidence from Faynan, Jordan. Springer.
[128]
Haustein, M. et al. 2010. Tin isotopy - A new method for solving old questions. Archaeometry. 52, 5 (2010), 816–832. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2010.00515.x.
[129]
Haustein, M. et al. 2010. Tin isotopy: A new method for solving old questions. Archaeometry. 52, 5 (Oct. 2010), 816–832. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2010.00515.x.
[130]
Hayman, Richard 2005. Ironmaking: the history and archaeology of the iron industry. Tempus.
[131]
Hein, A. et al. 2007. Chemical and mineralogical examination of metallurgical ceramics from a Late Bronze Age copper smelting site in Cyprus. Journal of Archaeological Science. 34, 1 (Jan. 2007), 141–154. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2006.04.005.
[132]
Hendrickson, M. 2011. A transport geographic perspective on travel and communication in Angkorian Southeast Asia (ninth to fifteenth centuries). World Archaeology. 43, 3 (Sep. 2011), 444–457. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2011.605846.
[133]
HMS Datasheets: https://historicalmetallurgy.org/publications/hms-datasheets/.
[134]
Hogarth, D. 1999. Martin Frobisher’s largest ‘gold mine’ in Baffin Island. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society. 33, (1999), 85–92.
[135]
Hoppner, B. et al. 2005. Prehistoric copper production in the Inn Valley (Austria), and the earliest copper in central Europe. Archaeometry. 47, 2 (2005), 293–315. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2005.00203.x.
[136]
Hošek, J. et al. 2011. The archaeometallurgy of iron: recent developments in archaeological and scientific research. Institute of Archaeology of the ASCR.
[137]
Hošek, J. et al. 2011. The archaeometallurgy of iron: recent developments in archaeological and scientific research. Institute of Archaeology of the ASCR.
[138]
Hosler, Dorothy 1994. The sounds and colors of power: the sacred metallurgical technology of ancient West Mexico. MIT Press.
[139]
Host-Madsen, L. and Buchwald, V.F. The characterization and provenancing of ore, slag and iron from the Iron Age settlements at Snorup. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society. 33, 57–67.
[140]
Huang, X. et al. 2015. 3D numerical simulation on the flow field of single tuyere blast furnaces: A case study of the Shuiquangou iron smelting site dated from the 9th to 13th century in China. Journal of Archaeological Science. 63, (Nov. 2015), 44–58. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2015.08.009.
[141]
Humphris, J. et al. 2009. Variability in single smelting episodes – a pilot study using iron slag from Uganda. Journal of Archaeological Science. 36, 2 (2009), 359–369. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.020.
[142]
Humphris, J. and Carey, C. 2016. New methods for investigating slag heaps: Integrating geoprospection, excavation and quantitative methods at Meroe, Sudan. Journal of Archaeological Science. 70, (2016), 132–144. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2016.04.022.
[143]
Humphris, J. and Rehren, T. 2013. The world of iron. Archetype.
[144]
Humphris, Jane and Rehren, Thilo 2013. The world of iron. Archetype.
[145]
Hunt Ortiz, Mark A. 2003. Prehistoric mining and metallurgy in South West Iberian Peninsula. Archaeopress.
[146]
Hunter, F. and Davis, M. 1994. Early Bronze Age lead — a unique necklace from southeast Scotland. Antiquity. 68, 261 (1994), 824–830.
[147]
Iles, L. and Martinón-Torres, M. 2009. Pastoralist iron production on the Laikipia Plateau, Kenya: wider implications for archaeometallurgical studies. Journal of Archaeological Science. 36, 10 (2009), 2314–2326. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2009.06.023.
[148]
J. A. Charles 1967. Early Arsenical Bronzes - A Metallurgical View. American Journal of Archaeology. 71, 1 (1967), 21–26.
[149]
J. A. Charles 1967. Early Arsenical Bronzes-A Metallurgical View. American Journal of Archaeology. 71, 1 (1967), 21–26.
[150]
Jansen, M. et al. 2016. Platinum group placer minerals in ancient gold artifacts – Geochemistry and osmium isotopes of inclusions in Early Bronze Age gold from Ur/Mesopotamia. Journal of Archaeological Science. 68, (2016), 12–23. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2016.02.004.
[151]
JISCMail - ARCH-METALS List at WWW.JISCMAIL.AC.UK: https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/webadmin?A0=ARCH-METALS.
[152]
Joosten, Ineke 2004. Technology of early historical iron production in the Netherlands. Institute for Geo- and Bioarchaeology, Vrije Universiteit.
[153]
Jouttijärvi, A. 2017. Roman alloying practice. Materials and Manufacturing Processes. 32, 7–8 (2017), 813–826. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2017.1279325.
[154]
Joyce C. White and Elizabeth G. Hamilton 2009. The Transmission of Early Bronze Technology to Thailand: New Perspectives. Journal of World Prehistory. 22, 4 (2009), 357–397.
[155]
Kearns, T. et al. 2010. Metal to mould: alloy identification in experimental casting moulds using XRF. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society. 44, 1 (2010), 48–58.
[156]
Keswani, P.S. 2005. Death, Prestige, and Copper in Bronze Age Cyprus. American journal of archaeology. 109, (2005), 341–401.
[157]
Killick, D. 2015. Invention and Innovation in African Iron-smelting Technologies. Cambridge Archaeological Journal. 25, 01 (2015), 307–319. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959774314001176.
[158]
Killick, D. 2001. Science, Speculation and the Origins of Extractive Metallurgy. Handbook of archaeological sciences. John Wiley. 483–492.
[159]
Killick, D. 2004. What do we know about African iron working? Journal of African archaeology. 2, 1 (2004), 97–112.
[160]
Killick, D. 2004. What do we know about African iron working? Journal of African archaeology. 2, 1 (2004), 97–112.
[161]
Killick, D. and Miller, D. 2014. Smelting of magnetite and magnetite–ilmenite iron ores in the northern Lowveld, South Africa, ca. 1000 CE to ca. 1880 CE. Journal of Archaeological Science. 43, (2014), 239–255. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2013.12.016.
[162]
Killick, David. and Fenn, T. 2012. Archaeometallurgy: The Study of Preindustrial Mining and Metallurgy. Annual Review Of Anthropology. 41, (2012), 559–575. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-092611-145719.
[163]
Knapp, Arthur Bernard et al. 1998. Social approaches to an industrial past: the archaeology and anthropology of mining. Routledge.
[164]
Kunlong Chen Indigenous production and interregional exchange: late second-millennium BC bronzes from the Hanzhong basin, China. Antiquity. 90, 351, 665–678. DOI:https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3250165http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2009.04.016http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2009.04.017.
[165]
La Niece, S. et al. 2007. Metals and mines: studies in archaeometallurgy. Archetype in association with the British Museum.
[166]
La Niece, S. et al. 2007. Metals and mines: studies in archaeometallurgy. Archetype in association with the British Museum.
[167]
La Niece, S. and Meeks, N. 2000. Diversity of Goldsmithing Traditions in the Americas and the Old World. Precolumbian gold: technology, style and iconography. British Museum Press. 220–239.
[168]
Lambert, J.B. 1997. Metals. Traces of the past: unraveling the secrets of archaeology through chemistry. Addison-Wesley. 168–213.
[169]
Lang, J. 2017. Roman iron and steel: A review. Materials and Manufacturing Processes. 32, 7–8 (Jun. 2017), 857–866. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2017.1279326.
[170]
Lang, Janet and Craddock, P. T. 2003. Mining and metal production through the ages. British Museum.
[171]
Laughlin, G.J. and Todd, J.A. 2000. Evidence for Early Bronze Age tin ore processing. Materials Characterization. 45, 4–5 (2000), 269–273. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1044-5803(00)00111-X.
[172]
Lechtman, H. 1973. The Gilding of metals in pre-Columbian Peru. Application of science in examination of works of art: proceedings of the seminar September 7-16, 1965. [Museum of Fine Arts]. 38–52.
[173]
Lechtman, Heather 1984. Pre-Columbian Surface Metallurgy. Scientific American. 250, 6 (Jun. 1984), 56–63. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0684-56.
[174]
Leusch, V. et al. 2015. On the Invention of Gold Metallurgy: The Gold Objects from the Varna I Cemetery (Bulgaria) - Technological Consequence and Inventive Creativity. Cambridge Archaeological Journal. 25, 01 (Feb. 2015), 353–376. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959774314001140.
[175]
Levy et al., T.E. 2002. Early Bronze Age metallurgy: a newly discovered copper manufactory in southern Jordan. Antiquity. 76, 292 (2002), 425–437. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00090530.
[176]
Liu, S. et al. 2015. Bullion production in imperial China and its significance for sulphide ore smelting world-wide. Journal of Archaeological Science. 55, (Mar. 2015), 151–165. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.12.023.
[177]
Liu, S. et al. 2015. Copper processing in the oases of northwest Arabia: technology, alloys and provenance. Journal of Archaeological Science. 53, (Jan. 2015), 492–503. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.10.030.
[178]
Liu, S. et al. 2013. Microscopic study of Chinese bronze casting moulds from the Eastern Zhou period. Journal of Archaeological Science. 40, 5 (May 2013), 2402–2414. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.11.010.
[179]
Liu, S. et al. 2013. Microscopic study of Chinese bronze casting moulds from the Eastern Zhou period. Journal of Archaeological Science. 40, 5 (2013), 2402–2414. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.11.010.
[180]
MacDonald, K.C. et al. 2009. Dhar Néma: from early agriculture to metallurgy in southeastern Mauritania. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa. 44, 1 (2009), 3–48. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/00671990902811330.
[181]
Maddin, R. et al. 1999. Early metalworking at Cayonu. The beginnings of metallurgy: proceedings of the International Conference ‘The Beginnings of Metallurgy’, Bochum 1995. Deutsches Bergbau-Museum. 37–44.
[182]
Main Archaeo-Metallurgical Bibliography: 2004. http://users.ox.ac.uk/~salter/arch-metals/met-bib-ak.htm.
[183]
Maldonado, B. et al. 2005. Archaeological copper smelting at Itziparatzico, Michoacan, Mexico, in Vandiver. Materials issues in art and archaeology VII: symposium held November 30-December 3, 2004, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Materials Research Society. 231–240.
[184]
Maldonado, Blanca. and Rehren, Thilo. 2009. Early copper smelting at Itziparátzico, Mexico. Journal of Archaeological Science. 36, 9 (2009), 1998–2006. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2009.05.019.
[185]
Martinon-Torres, M. et al. 2003. A 16th century lab in a 21st century lab: archaeometric study of the laboratory equipment from Oberstockstall (Kirchberg am Wagram, Austria). Antiquity. 77, 298 (2003).
[186]
Martinon-Torres, M. et al. 2008. Diversifying the picture: indigenous responses to European arrival in Cuba. Archaeology international. 10 (2008), 37–40.
[187]
Martinón-Torres, M. et al. 2012. Forty Thousand Arms for a Single Emperor: From Chemical Data to the Labor Organization Behind the Bronze Arrows of the Terracotta Army. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory. (2012). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-012-9158-z.
[188]
Martinon-Torres, M. et al. 2009. Identifying materials recipes and choices: some suggestions for the study of archaeoloical cupels. Archaeometallurgy in Europe: 2nd international conference, Aquileia, Italy, 17-21 June 2007 : selected papers. (2009).
[189]
Martinon-Torres, M. 2012. Inside Solomon’s House: An Archaeological Study of the Old Ashmolean Chymical Laboratory in Oxford. Ambix. 59, 1 (2012), 22–48. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1179/174582312X13296104891436.
[190]
Martinón-Torres, M. et al. 2012. Metallic encounters in Cuba: The technology, exchange and meaning of metals before and after Columbus. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 31, 4 (2012), 439–454. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2012.03.006.
[191]
Martinón-Torres, M. et al. 2007. Metals, microanalysis and meaning: a study of metal objects excavated from the indigenous cemetery of El Chorro de Maíta, Cuba. Journal of Archaeological Science. 34, 2 (2007), 194–204. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2006.04.013.
[192]
Martinon-Torres, M. et al. 2007. Metals, microanalysis and meaning: a study of metal objects excavated from the indigenous cemetry fo El Chorro de Malta, Cuba. Journal of archaeological science. 34, 2 (Feb. 2007), 194–204. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2006.04.013.
[193]
Martinón-Torres, M. 2011. Some recent developments in the historiography of alchemy. Ambix. 58, 3 (2011), 215–237. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1179/174582311X13129418299063.
[194]
Martinon-Torres, M. 2007. The tools of the chymist: archeological and scientific analyses of early modern laboratories. Chymists and chymistry: studies in the history of alchemy and early modern chemistry. Science History Publications/USA. 149–163.
[195]
Martinón-Torres, M. and Rehren, T. 2002. Agricola and Zwickau: theory and practice of Renaissance brass production in SE Germany. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society. 45, 36 (2002), 95–111.
[196]
Martinon-Torres, M. and Rehren, T. 2008. Analytical study of iron slag from the Novgorod hinterland. The archaeology of medieval Novgorod in context: studies in centre/periphery relations. Oxbow. 185–194.
[197]
Martinon-Torres, M. and Rehren, T. 2009. Post-Medieval crucible production and distribution: A study of materials and materialities. Archaeometry. 51, 1 (2009), 49–74. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2007.00380.x.
[198]
Martinón-Torres, M. and Rehren, T. 2014. Technical Ceramics. Archaeometallurgy in global perspective: methods and syntheses. B.W. Roberts and C.P. Thornton, eds. Springer. 107–131.
[199]
Martinón-Torres, M. and Rehren, T. 2014. Technical Ceramics. Archaeometallurgy in global perspective: methods and syntheses. B.W. Roberts and C.P. Thornton, eds. Springer. 107–131.
[200]
Martinon-Torres, M. and Rehren, T. 2007. Trials and errors in search of mineral wealth: metallurgical experiments in early colonial Jamestown. Rittenhouse: journal of the American Scientific Instrument Enterprise. 21, (2007), 82–97.
[201]
Martinon-Torres, M. and Rehren, Th. 2005. Alchemy, chemistry and metallurgy in Renaissance Europe. A wider context for fire assay remains. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society. 39, 1 (2005), 14–31.
[202]
Martinon-Torres, M. and Uribe Villegas, M.A. 2012. Composition, colour and context in Muisca votive metalwork (Colombia, AD 600-1800). Antiquity. 86, 333, (2012), 772–791.
[203]
Martinón-Torres, M. and Uribe-Villegas, M.A. 2015. The prehistoric individual, connoisseurship and archaeological science: The Muisca goldwork of Colombia. Journal of Archaeological Science. 63, (2015), 136–155. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2015.08.014.
[204]
Martinón-Torres, Marcos. et al. 2008. Some problems and potentials of the study of cupellation remains: the case of post-medieval Montbéliard. ArcheoSciences: Revue d’Archeometrie. 32, (2008), 59–70.
[205]
Mary Van Buren and Barbara H. Mills 2005. Huayrachinas and Tocochimbos: Traditional Smelting Technology of the Southern Andes. Latin American Antiquity. 16, 1 (2005), 3–25. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2307/30042484.
[206]
McEwan, Colin and British Museum 2000. Precolumbian gold: technology, style and iconography. British Museum Press.
[207]
Mei, J. et al. 2015. Archaeometallurgical studies in China: some recent developments and challenging issues. Journal of Archaeological Science. 56, (Apr. 2015), 221–232. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2015.02.026.
[208]
Mei, J. 2009. Early metallurgy in China: some challenging issues in current studies. Metallurgy and civilisation: Eurasia and beyond : proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Beginnings of the Use of Metals and Alloys (BUMA VI). Archetype. 9–16.
[209]
Mei, J. et al. 2009. Scientific examination of Shang-dynasty bronzes from Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province, China. Journal of Archaeological Science. 36, 9 (Sep. 2009), 1881–1891. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2009.04.017.
[210]
Mei, Jianjun 2000. Copper and bronze metallurgy in late prehistoric Xinjiang: its cultural context and relationship with neighbouring regions. Archaeopress.
[211]
Mei, Jianjun 2000. Copper and bronze metallurgy in late prehistoric Xinjiang: its cultural context and relationship with neighbouring regions. Archaeopress.
[212]
Merkel, J.F. 2007. Imperial Roman production of lead and silver in the northern part of Upper Moesia (Mt. Kosmaj area). Glasnik: Srpsko arheološko društvo. (2007), 39–78.
[213]
Miller, D.E. and Van Der Merwe, N.J. 1994. Early Metal Working in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of Recent Research. The Journal of African History. 35, 01 (Mar. 1994). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700025949.
[214]
Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag 2014. Metals of Power – Early gold and silver [Metalle der Macht: Frühes Gold und Silber]. Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt, Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte.
[215]
Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag 2014. Metals of Power – Early gold and silver [Metalle der Macht: Frühes Gold und Silber]. Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt, Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte.
[216]
Mongiatti, A. et al. 2009. Testing ores for gold and silver in Renaissance Austria: new techniques, new discoveries. Proceedings: ISA 2006 : 36th International Symposium on Archaeometry : 2-6 May 2006, Quebec City, Canada. CELAT, Université Laval. 444/37-444/46.
[217]
Montero, I. ed. 2010. Archaeometallurgy: Technological, Economic and Social Perspectives in Late Prehistoric Europe (TESME).Trabajos de prehistoria. Trabajos de Prehistoria. 67, 2 (2010). DOI:https://doi.org/10.3989/tp.2010.v67.i2.
[218]
Moorey, P.R.S. 1994. Metalworking: 3. Base metals, part iii: copper and its alloys. Ancient Mesopotamian materials and industries: the archaeological evidence. Clarendon Press. 242–278.
[219]
Muhly, J. 1999. Copper and bronze in Cyprus and the Eastern Mediterranean. The archaeometallurgy of the Asian old world. Museum University of Pennsylvania. 15–25.
[220]
Muhly, James David and Wertime, Theodore A. 1980. The coming of the age of iron. Yale University Press.
[221]
Müller, R. et al. 2004. Almizaraque and the early copper metallurgy of southeast Spain: new data. Madrider Mitteilungen. 45, (2004), 33–56.
[222]
Murillo-Barroso, M. et al. 2017. Early metallurgy in SE Iberia. The workshop of Las Pilas (Mojácar, Almería, Spain). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 9, 7 (Oct. 2017), 1539–1569. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-016-0451-8.
[223]
Murillo-Barroso, M. et al. 2010. Khao Sam Kaeo – an archaeometallurgical crossroads for trans-asiatic technological traditions. Journal of Archaeological Science. 37, 7 (2010), 1761–1772. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2010.01.036.
[224]
Murillo-Barroso, M. et al. 2010. Khao Sam Kaeo – an archaeometallurgical crossroads for trans-asiatic technological traditions. Journal of Archaeological Science. 37, 7 (2010), 1761–1772. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2010.01.036.
[225]
Murillo-Barroso, M. and Montero-Ruiz, I. 2012. Copper Ornaments in the Iberian Chalcolithic: Technology versus Social Demand. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology. 25, (2012), 53–73. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1558/jmea.v25i1.53.
[226]
Murphy, S. and Baldwin, H. 2001. Early lead smelting sites in the Swaledale area of Yorkshire. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society. 35, 1 (2001), 1–22.
[227]
Nocete. et al, F. 2008. The smelting quarter of Valencina de la Concepción (Seville, Spain): the specialised copper industry in a political centre of the Guadalquivir Valley during the third millennium BC (2750-2500 BC). Journal of Archaeological Science. 35, 3 (Mar. 2008), 717–732. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2007.05.019.
[228]
Nørbach, Lars Christian 2003. Prehistoric and medieval direct iron smelting in Scandinavia and Europe: aspects of technology and society. Aarhus University Press.
[229]
Northover, P. 1989. Properties and use of arsenic-copper alloys. Archäometallurgie der alten Welt: Beiträge zum Internationalen Symposium ‘Old World Archaeometallurgy’, Heidelberg 1987. Der Anschnitt, Beiheft, (1989), 111–118.
[230]
O’Brien, W. 1999. Resource availability and metal supply in the insular Bronze Age. The beginnings of metallurgy: proceedings of the International Conference ‘The Beginnings of Metallurgy’, Bochum 1995. Deutsches Bergbau-Museum. 227–235.
[231]
O’Brien, William 1996. Bronze age copper mining in Britain and Ireland. Shire.
[232]
O’Brien, William and Brindley, Anna L. 2004. Ross Island: mining, metal and society in early Ireland. Dept. of Archaeology, National University of Ireland, Galway.
[233]
Ottaway, B. 2001. Innovation, production and specialization in early Prehistoric copper metallurgy. European Journal of Archaeology. 4, 1 (2001), 87–112. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1179/eja.2001.4.1.87.
[234]
Ottaway, Barbara S. and Wang, Quanyu 2004. Casting experiments and microstructure of archaeologically relevant bronzes. Archaeopress.
[235]
Ottaway, B.S. and Seibel, S. 1998. Dust in the wind: experimental casting of bronze in sand moulds. Paléométallurgie des cuivres: actes du colloque de Bourg-en-Bresse et Beaune, 17-18 octobre 1997. M. Mergoil. 59–63.
[236]
Pagès, G. et al. 2011. A study of the Roman iron bars of Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer (Bouches-du-Rhône, France). A proposal for a comprehensive metallographic approach. Journal of Archaeological Science. 38, 6 (2011), 1234–1252. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2010.12.017.
[237]
Papakhristu, O.A. and Rehren, T. 2002. Techniques and tchnology of ceramic vessel manufacture: crucibles for wootz smelting in Central Asia. Modern trends in scientific studies on ancient ceramics: papers presented at the 5th European Meeting on Ancient Ceramics, Athens 1999. Archaeopress. 69–74.
[238]
Pare, C. F. E. 2000. Metals make the world go round: the supply and circulation of metals in Bronze Age Europe. Oxbow.
[239]
Park, J.-S. and Rehren, T. 2011. Large-scale 2nd to 3rd century AD bloomery iron smelting in Korea. Journal of Archaeological Science. 38, 6 (2011), 1180–1190. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2010.12.007.
[240]
Paul T. Craddock 2000. From Hearth to Furnace : Evidences for the Earliest Metal Smelting Technologies in the Eastern Mediterranean. Paléorient. 26, 2 (2000), 151–165.
[241]
Paul T. Craddock 2013. Refractories: Ceramics with a Purpose. The Old Potter’s Almanack. 18, 2 (2013), 9–20.
[242]
Paul T. Craddock 2014. Refractories with a purpose II: ceramics for casting. The Old Potter’s Almanack. 19, 1 (2014), 2–17.
[243]
Paynter, S. 2007. Innovations in bloomery smelting in iron Age and Romano-British England. Metals and mines: studies in archaeometallurgy. Archetype in association with the British Museum. 202–210.
[244]
Paynter, S. 2006. Regional variations in bloomery smelting slag of the Iron Age and Romano-British periods. Archaeometry. 48, 2 (May 2006), 271–292. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2006.00256.x.
[245]
Paynter, S. Romano-British workshops for iron smelting and smithing at Westhawk Farm, Kent. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society. 41, 1, 15–31.
[246]
Pearce, Mark 1998. Reconstructing prehistoric metallurgical knowledge: the northern Italian Copper and Bronze Ages. European Journal of Archaeology. 1, 1 (1998), 51–70. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1179/eja.1998.1.1.51.
[247]
Penhallurick, R. D. and Institute of Metals 1986. Tin in antiquity: its mining and trade throughout the ancient world with particular reference to Cornwall. Institute of Metals.
[248]
Pernicka, E. et al. 1993. Eneolithic and Early Bronze Age copper artefacts from the Balkans and their relation to Serbian copper ores. Praehistorische Zeitschrift. 68, 1 (1993), 1–54. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1515/prhz.1993.68.1.1.
[249]
Pernicka, E. et al. 1998. Late Uruk silver production by cupellation at Habuba Kabira, Syria. Metallurgica Antiqua: in honour of Hans-Gert Bachmann and Robert Maddin. Deutsches Bergbau-Museum. 123–134.
[250]
Pernicka, E. 2017. Provenance and recycling of ancient silver. A comment on "Iridium to provenance ancient silver” by Jonathan R. Wood*, Michael F. Charlton, Mercedes Murillo-Barroso, Marcos Martinón-Torres. J. Archaeol. Sci. 81, 1–12. Journal of Archaeological Science. (Aug. 2017). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2017.07.004.
[251]
Pernicka, E. 1999. Trace element fingerprinting of ancient copper: a guide to technology or provenance. Metals in antiquity. Archaeopress. 163–171.
[252]
Phelps, William W. et al. 1999. The Point Iria wreck: interconnections in the Mediterranean, ca. 1200 BC. Hellenic Institute of Marine Archaeology.
[253]
Piggott, V.C. and Ciarla, R. 2007. On the origins of metallurgy in prehistoric Southeast Asia: the view from Thailand. Metals and mines: studies in archaeometallurgy. Archetype in association with the British Museum. 76–88.
[254]
Piggott, V.C. and Weisgerber, G. 1998. Mining archaeology in geological context. The prehistoric copper mining complex at Phu Lon, Nong Khai Province, northeast Thailand. Metallurgica Antiqua: in honour of Hans-Gert Bachmann and Robert Maddin. Deutsches Bergbau-Museum. 69–76.
[255]
Pigott, V.C. 1999. Reconstructing the copper production process as practised among prehistoric mining/metallurgical communities in the Khao Wong Prachan Valley of central Thailand. Metals in antiquity. Archaeopress. 10–21.
[256]
Pigott, V.C. and Ciarla, R. 2007. On the origins of metallurgy in prehistoric Southeast Asia: the view from Thailand. Metals and mines: studies in archaeometallurgy. Archetype in association with the British Museum. 76–88.
[257]
Plaza, M.T. and MartinÃ3n-Torres, M. 2015. Metallurgical traditions under Inka rule: a technological study of metals and technical ceramics from the Aconcagua Valley, Central Chile. Journal of Archaeological Science. 54, (Feb. 2015), 86–98. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.11.029.
[258]
Pleiner, Radomír 2006. Iron in archaeology: early European blacksmiths. Archeologický ústav AV ČR.
[259]
Pleiner, Radomír 2000. Iron in archaeology: the European bloomery smelters. Archeologický ústav AVČR.
[260]
Ploquin, A. et al. eds. 2010. Mines et metallurgies anciennes du plomb dans leurs environments. Apports des methodes contribuant a leur etude. Special issue of ArcheoSciences: Revue d’Archeometrie. 34, (2010).
[261]
Pollard, A.M. et al. 2015. Characterising copper-based metals in Britain in the first millennium AD: a preliminary quantification of metal flow and recycling. Antiquity. 89, 345 (2015), 697–713. DOI:https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2015.20.
[262]
Pollard, A.M. et al. 2014. Is there something missing in scientific provenance studies of prehistoric artefacts? Antiquity. 88, 340 (Jun. 2014), 625–631. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00101255.
[263]
Ponting, M. Keeping up with the Romans? Romanisation and Copper Alloys in First Revolt Palestine. IAMS Newsletter. 22, 3–6.
[264]
Ponting, M.J. 2008. Roman military copper-alloy artefacts from Israel: questions of organization and ethnicity. Archaeometry. 44, 4 (Jun. 2008), 555–571. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-4754.t01-1-00086.
[265]
Pryce, T. O.Natapintu, S. 2009. Smelting Iron from Laterite: Technical Possibility or Ethnographic Aberration? Asian Perspectives: Journal of Archeology for Asia & the Pacific. 48, 2 (2009), 249–264.
[266]
Pryce, T.O. et al. 2007. ‘De Caerimoniae’ Technological choices in copper-smelting furnace design at early Bronze Age Chrysokamino, Crete. Archaeometry. 49, 3 (2007), 543–557. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2007.00319.x.
[267]
Pryce, T.O. et al. 2007. ‘De Caerimoniae’ Technological choices in copper-smelting furnace design at early Bronze Age Chrysokamino, Crete. Archaeometry. 49, 3 (2007), 543–557. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2007.00319.x.
[268]
Pryce, T.O. et al. 2010. Prehistoric copper production and technological reproduction in the Khao Wong Prachan Valley of Central Thailand. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 2, 4 (Dec. 2010), 237–264. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-010-0043-y.
[269]
Pryce, T.O. et al. 2010. Prehistoric copper production and technological reproduction in the Khao Wong Prachan Valley of Central Thailand. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 2, 4 (2010), 237–264. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-010-0043-y.
[270]
Pryce, T.O. et al. 2011. SouthEast Asia’s first isotopically defined prehistoric copper production system: when did extractive metallurgy begin in the Khao Wong Prachan Valley of central Thailand? Archaeometry. 53, 1 (2011), 146–163. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2010.00527.x.
[271]
Pulak, C. 2000. The copper and tin ingots from the Late Bronze Age shipwreck at Uluburnun. Anatolian metal I. Deutsches Bergbau-Museum. 137–157.
[272]
Pulak, Cemal et al. 2005. Das Schiff von Uluburun: Welthandel vor 3000 Jahren : Katalog der Ausstellung des Deutschen Bergbau-Museums Bochum vom 15. Juli 2005 bis 16. Juli 2006. Deutsches Bergbau-Museum.
[273]
Rademakers, F.W. and Rehren, T. 2016. Seeing the forest for the trees: Assessing technological variability in ancient metallurgical crucible assemblages. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 7, (Jun. 2016), 588–596. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.08.013.
[274]
Radivojevic, M. et al. 2013. Tainted ores and the rise of tin bronzes in Eurasia, c. 6500 years ago. Antiquity. 87, 338 (2013), 1030–1045. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X0004984X.
[275]
Radivojevic, R. et al. 2010. On the origins of extractive metallurgy: new evidence from Europe. Journal of archaeological science. 37, 11 (2010), 2775–2787. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012.
[276]
Ramage, Andrew et al. 2000. King Croesus’ gold: excavations at Sardis and the history of gold refining. British Museum Press in association with Archaeological Exploration of Sardis, Harvard University Art Museums.
[277]
Rehder, J. 1999. High temperature technology in antiquity. The beginnings of metallurgy: proceedings of the International Conference ‘The Beginnings of Metallurgy’, Bochum 1995. Deutsches Bergbau-Museum. 305–315.
[278]
Rehren, T. et al. 2013. 5,000 years old Egyptian iron beads made from hammered meteoritic iron. Journal of Archaeological Science. 40, 12 (2013), 4785–4792. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2013.06.002.
[279]
Rehren, T. 2003. Crucibles as reaction vessels in ancient metallurgy. Mining and metal production through the ages. British Museum. 207–215.
[280]
Rehren, T. et al. 2007. Decisions set in slag: the human factor in African iron smelting. Metals and mines: studies in archaeometallurgy. Archetype in association with the British Museum. 211–218.
[281]
Rehren, T. et al. 2012. Large scale smelting of speiss and arsenical copper at Early Bronze Age Arisman, Iran. Journal of Archaeological Science. 39, 6 (2012), 1717–1727. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.01.009.
[282]
Rehren, T. et al. 1999. Medieval lead-silver smelting in the Siegerland, West Germany. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society. Historical Metallurgy Society. 73–84.
[283]
Rehren, T. 1999. Small Size, Large Scale Roman Brass Production in Germania Inferior. Journal of Archaeological Science. 26, 8 (Aug. 1999), 1083–1087. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1999.0402.
[284]
Rehren, T. 2011. The production of silver in South America. Archaeology international. 13/14, (2011), 76–86. DOI:https://doi.org/10.5334/ai.1318.
[285]
Rehren, T. 1999. The same… but different: A juxtaposition of Roman and Medieval brass making in Central Europe. Metals in antiquity. Archaeopress. 252–257.
[286]
Rehren, T. 1999. The same.... but different: A juxtaposition of Roman and Medieval brass making in Central Europe. Metals in antiquity. Archaeopress. 252–257.
[287]
Rehren, T. and Martinón-Torres, M. 2008. Naturam ars imitata: European brassmaking between craft and science. Archaeology, history and science: integrating approaches to ancient materials. Left Coast Press. 167–188.
[288]
Rehren, T. and Papakhristu, O. 1994. Cutting Edge Technology - The Ferghana process of medieval crucible steel making. Metalla: Forschungsberichte des Deutschen Bergbau-Museums. (1994), 55–79.
[289]
Rehren, T. and Prange, M. 1998. Lead metal and patina: a comparison. Metallurgica Antiqua: in honour of Hans-Gert Bachmann and Robert Maddin. Deutsches Bergbau-Museum. 183–196.
[290]
Rehren, T. and Temme, M. 1994. Pre-Columbian gold processing at Putushio, South Ecuador: the archaeometallurgical evidence. Archaeometry of pre-Columbian sites and artifacts: proceedings of a symposium organized by the UCLA Institute of Archaeology and the Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, California, March 23-27, 1992. Getty Conservation Institute. 267–284.
[291]
Rehren, T. and Temme, M. 1994. Pre-Columbian gold processing at Putushio, South Ecuador: the archaeometallurgical evidence. Archaeometry of pre-Columbian sites and artifacts: proceedings of a symposium organized by the UCLA Institute of Archaeology and the Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, California, March 23-27, 1992. Getty Conservation Institute. 267–284.
[292]
Rehren, Th. 1996. Alchemy and fire assay - an analytical approach. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society. 30, 2 (1996), 136–142.
[293]
Rehren, Th. et al. 1997. Fourth millennium BC copper metallurgy in Northern Jordan: The evidence from Tell esh-Shuna. The prehistory of Jordan, II: perspectives from 1997. Ex Oriente. 625–640.
[294]
Rehren, Th. 2002. Ores from the ore washeries in the Lavriotiki. Metalla: Forschungsberichte des Deutschen Bergbau-Museums. 9, (2002), 27–46.
[295]
Rehren, Th. and Papakhristu, O. 2000. Cutting edge technology – The Ferghana Process of medieval crucible steel smelting. Metalla: Forschungsberichte des Deutschen Bergbau-Museums. 7, (2000), 55–69.
[296]
Rehren, Thilo and Mei, Jianjun 2009. Metallurgy and civilisation: Eurasia and beyond : proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Beginnings of the Use of Metals and Alloys (BUMA VI). Archetype.
[297]
Renfrew, C. 1967. Cycladic Metallurgy and the Aegean Early Bronze Age. American Journal of Archaeology. 71, 1 (1967), 1–20.
[298]
Roberts, B. 2011. Ancient technologies and archaeological cultures: understanding the earliest metals in Eurasia. Investigating archaeological cultures: material culture, variability, and transmission. Springer. 137–150.
[299]
Roberts, B.W. et al. 2009. Development of metallurgy in Eurasia. Antiquity. 83, 322 (2009), 1012–1022.
[300]
Roberts, B.W. and Thornton, C.P. eds. 2014. Archaeometallurgy in global perspective: methods and syntheses. Springer.
[301]
Roger Matthews and Hassan Fazeli 2004. Copper and Complexity: Iran and Mesopotamia in the Fourth Millennium B.C. Iran: journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies. 42, (2004), 61–75.
[302]
Rohl, B. and Needham, S. 1998. Lead isotope and chemical composition variation in ores and metals. The circulation of metal in the British Bronze Age: the application of lead isotope analysis. British Museum. 3–8.
[303]
Rostoker, W. et al. 1989. Direct reduction to copper metal by oxide-sulfide mineral interaction. Archeomaterials. 3, (1989), 69–87.
[304]
Rostoker, W. et al. 1983. Melting/smelting of bronze at Isthmia. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society. 17, (1983), 23–26.
[305]
Rostoker, William and Bronson, Bennet 1990. Pre-industrial iron: its technology and ethnology. [Archeomaterials].
[306]
Rothenberg, B. 1990. Smelting furnaces and installations from the New Kingdom to the Early Islamic Period. The Ancient metallurgy of copper: archaeology, experiment, theory. Institute for Archaeo-Metallurgical Studies [and] Institute of Archaeology, University College, London. 8–73.
[307]
Rovira, S. 2005. Bronze production in prehistory.
[308]
Rovira, S. et al. 2004. Los Callejones: a Roman Republican iron mining and smelting centre in the south east of the Iberian Peninsula. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society. 38, 1 (2004), 1–9.
[309]
Ruiz-Taboada, A. and Montero-Ruiz, I. 1999. The oldest metallurgy in western Europe. Antiquity. 73, 282 (1999), 897–903.
[310]
Schmidt, Peter R. 1997. Iron technology in East Africa: symbolism, science, and archaeology. Indiana University Press.
[311]
Schultze, C.A. et al. 2009. Direct evidence of 1,900 years of indigenous silver production in the Lake Titicaca Basin of Southern Peru. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106, 41 (2009), 17280–17283. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0907733106.
[312]
Schultze, C.A. et al. 2009. Direct evidence of 1,900 years of indigenous silver production in the Lake Titicaca Basin of Southern Peru. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106, 41 (Oct. 2009), 17280–17283. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0907733106.
[313]
Schwab, R. et al. 2006. The provenance of iron artefacts from Manching: A multi-technique approach. Archaeometry. 48, 3 (Aug. 2006), 433–452. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2006.00265.x.
[314]
Scott, David A. 1991. Metallography and microstructure of ancient and historic metals. Getty Conservation Institute.
[315]
Segal, I. et al. 1998. Smelting slag from prehistoric Site F2 and N3 in Timna, SW Arabah, Israel. Metallurgica Antiqua: in honour of Hans-Gert Bachmann and Robert Maddin. Deutsches Bergbau-Museum. 223–234.
[316]
Serneels, V. 2017. The massive production of iron in the Sahelian belt: Archaeological investigations at Korsimoro (Sanmatenga – Burkina Faso). Materials and Manufacturing Processes. 32, 7–8 (Jun. 2017), 900–908. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2016.1244842.
[317]
Shackleton, W.G. 1986. Introduction and Chapter 1, Mineral deposits. Economic and applied geology: an introduction. Croom Helm. 1–18.
[318]
Shadreck Chirikure and Thilo Rehren 2004. Ores, Furnaces, Slags, and Prehistoric Societies: Aspects of Iron Working in the Nyanga Agricultural Complex, AD 1300-1900. The African Archaeological Review. 21, 3 (2004), 135–152.
[319]
Shennan, S. 1999. Cost, benefit and value in the organization of early European copper production. Antiquity. 73, 280 (1999), 352–363.
[320]
Shimada, I. et al. 1999. Sican alloying, working and us of precious metals: an interdisciplinary perspective. Metals in antiquity. Archaeopress.
[321]
Sim, David and Ridge, Isabel 1998. Beyond the bloom: bloom refining and iron artifact production in the Roman world. Archaeopress.
[322]
Stanley B. Alpern 2005. Did They or Didn’t They Invent It? Iron in Sub-Saharan Africa. History in Africa. 32, (2005), 41–94.
[323]
Starley, D. 1999. Determining the Technological Origins of Iron and Steel. Journal of Archaeological Science. 26, 8 (1999), 1127–1133. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1999.0408.
[324]
Stech, T. 1999. Aspects of early metallurgy in Mesopotamia and Anatolia. The archaeometallurgy of the Asian old world. Museum University of Pennsylvania. 59–71.
[325]
Stech, T. 1990. Neolithic copper metallurgy in South West Asia. Archeomaterials. 4, (1990), 55–61.
[326]
Stos-Gale, S. and Macdonald, C. 1991. Sources of metals and trade in the Bronze Age Aegean. Bronze age trade in the Mediterranean: papers presented at the Conference held at Rewley House, Oxford, in December 1989. Åstrom. 249–288.
[327]
Stos-Gale, Z.A. and Gale, N.H. 2009. Metal provenancing using isotopes and the Oxford archaeological lead isotope database (OXALID). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 1, 3 (Sep. 2009), 195–213. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-009-0011-6.
[328]
The Historical Metallurgy Society: https://historicalmetallurgy.org/.
[329]
Thibodeau, A.M. et al. 2007. The strange case of the earliest silver extraction by European colonists in the New World. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104, 9 (2007), 3663–3666. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0607297104.
[330]
Thilo, R. 2008. Metals: Chemical analysis. Encyclopedia of archaeology. ScienceDirect. 1614–1620.
[331]
Thilo, R. 2008. Metals: Chemical analysis. Encyclopedia of archaeology. ScienceDirect. 1614–1620.
[332]
Thornton, C.P. et al. 2009. The production of speiss (iron arsenide) during the Early Bronze Age in Iran. Journal of Archaeological Science. 36, 2 (2009), 308–316. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.017.
[333]
Thornton, C.P. and Ehlers, C. 2003. Early brass in the ancient Near East. IAMS Newsletter. 23 (2003), 3–8.
[334]
Timberlake, S. 2003. Early mining research in Britain: The Development of the last Ten Years. Mining and metal production through the ages. British Museum. 22–42.
[335]
Timberlake, Simon and Mighall, Tim 2003. Excavations on Copa Hill, Cwmystwyth (1986-1999): an early Bronze Age copper mine within the uplands of Central Wales. Archaeopress.
[336]
Tylecote, R. F. 1987. The early history of metallurgy in Europe. Longman.
[337]
Tylecote, R.F. 1987. Forging and hammering techniques. The early history of metallurgy in Europe. Longman. 243–279.
[338]
Veldhuijzen, H.A. and Rehren, Th. 2007. Slags and the city: early iron production at Tell Hammeh, Jordan and Tell Beth-Shemesh, Israel. Metals and mines: studies in archaeometallurgy. (2007), 189–201.
[339]
Wagner, D.B. 2003. Chinese blast furnaces from the 10th to the 14th century. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society. 37, 1 (2003), 25–37.
[340]
Wagner, D.B. 2008. Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. 5: Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Part 11: Ferrous Metallurgy. Cambridge University Press.
[341]
Waldbaum, J. 1999. The coming of iron in the eastern Mediterranean. The archaeometallurgy of the Asian old world. University Museum symposium series, (1999), 27–57.
[342]
Wayman, M.L. and Duke, M.J.M. 1999. The effects of melting on native copper. The beginnings of metallurgy: proceedings of the International Conference ‘The Beginnings of Metallurgy’, Bochum 1995. Deutsches Bergbau-Museum. 55–60.
[343]
Weeks, Lloyd R. 2004. Early metallurgy of the Persian Gulf: technology, trade, and the Bronze Age World. Brill.
[344]
Weisgerber, G. and Yule, P. 2003. Al-Aqir near Bahla’ - an Early Bronze Age dam site with planoconvex ‘copper’ ingots. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy. 14, 1 (May 2003), 24–53. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0471.2003.00003.x.
[345]
Welter, J.-M. 2003. The zinc content of brass: a chronological indicator. Techne: La Science au Service de L’Histoire de L’Art Et des Civilisations. 18, (2003), 27–36.
[346]
Wood, J.R. et al. 2017. Gold parting, iridium and provenance of ancient silver: A reply to Pernicka. Journal of Archaeological Science. (Aug. 2017). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2017.07.005.
[347]
Wood, J.R. et al. 2017. Iridium to provenance ancient silver. Journal of Archaeological Science. 81, (May 2017), 1–12. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2017.03.002.
[348]
Woodhouse, J. 1998. Iron in Africa: the metal from nowhere. Transformations in Africa: essays on Africa’s later past. Leicester University Press. 160–185.
[349]
Wyttenbach, A. and Schubiger, P.A. 1973. Trace element content of Roman lead by neutron activation analysis. Archaeometry. 15, 2 (1973), 199–207. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.1973.tb00090.x.
[350]
Yener, K. Aslihan 2000. The domestication of metals: the rise of complex metal industries in Anatolia. Brill.
[351]
Yener, K. Aslihan 2000. The domestication of metals: the rise of complex metal industries in Anatolia. Brill.
[352]
Yener, K.A. et al. 2003. Analyses of metalliferous residue, crucible fragments, experimental smelts, and ores from Kestel tin mine and the tin processing site of Goltepe, Turkey. Mining and metal production through the ages. British Museum. 181–197.
[353]
Young, S.M.M. and O’Brien, W. 1999. Arsenical copper in early Irish metallurgy. Metals in antiquity. Archaeopress. 33–42.
[354]
Young, T. 2011. Some preliminary observations on hammerscale and its implications for understanding welding. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society. 45, 1 (2011), 26–41.
[355]
Young, T. and Poyner, D. 2012. Two medieval bloomery smelting sites in Shropshire: the adoption of water power for iron smelting. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society. 46, 2 (2012), 78–97.
[356]
Zacharias, S. 1989. Brass making in medieval western Europe. All that glitters: readings in historical metallurgy. Metallurgical Society of the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. 35–40.
[357]
Zangato, E. 2010. On the iron front: new evidence from North-Central Africa. Journal of African Archaeology. 8, (2010), 7–23.
[358]
Zhou, W. et al. 2012. Distilling zinc for the Ming Dynasty: the technology of large scale zinc production in Fengdu, southwest China. Journal of Archaeological Science. 39, 4 (Apr. 2012), 908–921. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2011.10.021.
[359]
Zhou, W. et al. 2009. New research on lost-wax casting in ancient China. Metallurgy and civilisation: Eurasia and beyond : proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Beginnings of the Use of Metals and Alloys (BUMA VI). Archetype. 73–78.
[360]
Zhou, W. et al. 2009. Three Western Zhou bronze foundry sites in the Zhouyuan are, Shaanxi province, China. Metallurgy and civilisation: Eurasia and beyond : proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Beginnings of the Use of Metals and Alloys (BUMA VI). Archetype. 62–72.
[361]
Zori, C. and Tropper, P. 2013. Silver lining: evidence for Inka silver refining in northern Chile. Journal of Archaeological Science. 40, 8 (Aug. 2013), 3282–3292. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2013.03.020.
[362]
2015. Archaeometallurgy: Guidelines for best practice. Historic England. Historic England.
[363]
2012. Ver un reduction des prejuges et la fonte des antagonismes: un bilan de l’expansion de la metallurgie du fer en Afrique sub-Saharienne. Journal of African archaeology. 10, (2012).