1
Tylecote, R. F. The early history of metallurgy in Europe. London: : Longman 1987.
2
Craddock, P. T. Early metal mining and production. Edinburgh: : Edinburgh University Press 1995.
3
Roberts BW, Thornton CP, editors. Archaeometallurgy in global perspective: methods and syntheses. New York: : Springer 2014. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9017-3
4
Bayley, J., Crossley, David W., Ponting, Matthew, et al. Metals and metalworking: a research framework for archaeometallurgy. London: : Historical Metallurgy Society 2008. http://hist-met.org/publications/hms-occasional-publications.html
5
Thilo R. Metals: Chemical analysis. In: Encyclopedia of archaeology. Amsterdam: : ScienceDirect 2008. 1614–20. doi:10.1016/B978-012373962-9.00188-6
6
Craddock PT. Mining and smelting in Antiquity. In: Science and the past. London: : British Museum Press 1991. 57–73.http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/j.ctt2tv44s.9
7
Killick David, Fenn T. Archaeometallurgy: The Study of Preindustrial Mining and Metallurgy. Annual Review Of Anthropology 2012;41:559–75. doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-092611-145719
8
Lambert JB. Metals. In: Traces of the past: unraveling the secrets of archaeology through chemistry. Reading, Mass: : Addison-Wesley 1997. 168–213.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=b7834add-6536-e711-80c9-005056af4099
9
Archaeometallurgy: Guidelines for best practice. Historic England. 2015.http://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/archaeometallurgy-guidelines-best-practice/
10
Archaeometallurgy in Europe, Associazione italiana di metallurgia. Archaeometallurgy in Europe: international conference, 24-25-26 September 2003, Milan, Italy : proceedings. Milano: : Associazione italiana di metallurgia 2003.
11
Archaeometallurgy in Europe, Associazione italiana di metallurgia. Archaeometallurgy in Europe: 2nd international conference, Aquileia, Italy, 17-21 June 2007 : selected papers. Milano: : AIM 2007.
12
Cech B, Rehren T, editors. Early iron in Europe. Montagnac: : Éditions Monique Mergoil 2014.
13
Lang, Janet, Craddock, P. T. Mining and metal production through the ages. London: : British Museum 2003.
14
Hauptmann A, Modarressi-Tehrani D, International Conference Archaeometallurgy in Europe. Archaeometallurgy in Europe III: proceedings of the 3rd international conference ; June 29 - July 1, 2011. Bochum: : Dt. Bergbau-Museum 2015.
15
Hošek J, Cleere H, Mihok L, et al. The archaeometallurgy of iron: recent developments in archaeological and scientific research. Praha: : Institute of Archaeology of the ASCR 2011.
16
Humphris J, Rehren T. The world of iron. London: : Archetype 2013.
17
Craddock, P. T., Hook, Duncan R., La Niece, Susan. Metals and mines: studies in archaeometallurgy. London: : Archetype in association with the British Museum 2007.
18
Rehren, Thilo, Mei, Jianjun. Metallurgy and civilisation: Eurasia and beyond : proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Beginnings of the Use of Metals and Alloys (BUMA VI). London: : Archetype 2009.
19
Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag. Metals of Power – Early gold and silver [Metalle der Macht: Frühes Gold und Silber]. Halle (Saale): : Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt, Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte 2014.
20
Montero I, editor. Archaeometallurgy: Technological, Economic and Social Perspectives in Late Prehistoric Europe (TESME).Trabajos de prehistoria. Trabajos de Prehistoria 2010;67. doi:10.3989/tp.2010.v67.i2
21
Bayley J, Rehren T. Towards a functional and typological classification of crucibles. In: Metals and mines: studies in archaeometallurgy. London: : Archetype in association with the British Museum 2007. 46–55.
22
Paul T. Craddock. Refractories: Ceramics with a Purpose. The Old Potter’s Almanack 2013;18:9–20.https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/opa/article/view/11962/5817
23
Paul T. Craddock. Refractories with a purpose II: ceramics for casting. The Old Potter’s Almanack 2014;19:2–17.https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/opa/article/view/14852/8729
24
Freestone I, Tite MS. Refractories in the ancient and preindustrial world. In: High technology ceramics: past, present, and future : the nature of innovation and change in ceramic technology. Westerville, OH: : American Ceramic Society 1986. 35–63.
25
Kearns T, Martinón-Torres M, Rehren T. Metal to mould: alloy identification in experimental casting moulds using XRF. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society 2010;44:48–58.
26
Liu S, Wang K, Cai Q, et al. Microscopic study of Chinese bronze casting moulds from the Eastern Zhou period. Journal of Archaeological Science 2013;40:2402–14. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2012.11.010
27
Martinón-Torres M, Rehren T. Technical Ceramics. In: Roberts BW, Thornton CP, eds. Archaeometallurgy in global perspective: methods and syntheses. New York: : Springer 2014. 107–31.http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=UCL&isbn=9781461490173
28
Rademakers FW, Rehren T. Seeing the forest for the trees: Assessing technological variability in ancient metallurgical crucible assemblages. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 2016;7:588–96. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.08.013
29
Rehren T. Crucibles as reaction vessels in ancient metallurgy. In: Mining and metal production through the ages. London: : British Museum 2003. 207–15.
30
Craddock P, Hook D. An economic history of the post-medieval world in 50 ingots: the British Museum collection of ingots from dated wrecks. The British Museum Technical Research Bulletin 2012;6:55–68.http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/publications/online_journals/technical_research_bulletin/bmtrb_volume_6.aspx
31
Main Archaeo-Metallurgical Bibliography. 2004.http://users.ox.ac.uk/~salter/arch-metals/met-bib-ak.htm
32
Abstract of International Conservation Literature. http://aata.getty.edu/Home
33
The Historical Metallurgy Society. https://historicalmetallurgy.org/
34
HMS Datasheets. https://historicalmetallurgy.org/publications/hms-datasheets/
35
JISCMail - ARCH-METALS List at WWW.JISCMAIL.AC.UK. https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/webadmin?A0=ARCH-METALS
36
Crew, Peter, Crew, Susan. Early mining in the British Isles: proceedings of the Early Mining Workshop at Plas Tan y Bwlch, Snowdonia National Park Study Centre, 17-19 November, 1989. Tan y Bwlch, Gwynedd: : Plas Tan y Bwlch, Snowdonia National Park Study Centre 1990.
37
Knapp, Arthur Bernard, Piggott, Vincent C., Herbert, Eugenia W. Social approaches to an industrial past: the archaeology and anthropology of mining. London: : Routledge 1998.
38
O’Brien, William. Bronze age copper mining in Britain and Ireland. Princes Risborough: : Shire 1996.
39
Piggott VC, Weisgerber G. Mining archaeology in geological context. The prehistoric copper mining complex at Phu Lon, Nong Khai Province, northeast Thailand. In: Metallurgica Antiqua: in honour of Hans-Gert Bachmann and Robert Maddin. Bochum: : Deutsches Bergbau-Museum 1998. 69–76.
40
Timberlake S. Early mining research in Britain: The Development of the last Ten Years. In: Mining and metal production through the ages. London: : British Museum 2003. 22–42.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=3ee2dbf2-6336-e711-80c9-005056af4099
41
Timberlake, Simon, Mighall, Tim. Excavations on Copa Hill, Cwmystwyth (1986-1999): an early Bronze Age copper mine within the uplands of Central Wales. Oxford: : Archaeopress 2003. doi:https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841714868
42
Craddock P. The development of early mining geology. In: Early metal mining and production. Edinburgh: : Edinburgh University Press 1995. 23–31.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=ad40b8ab-6836-e711-80c9-005056af4099
43
Agricola, Georgius, Hoover, Lou Henry, Hoover, Herbert. De re metallica. London: : The Mining magazine 1912. http://archive.org/details/georgiusagricola00agririch
44
Shackleton WG. Introduction and Chapter 1, Mineral deposits. In: Economic and applied geology: an introduction. London: : Croom Helm 1986. 1–18.
45
Edwards, Richard, Atkinson, Keith. Ore deposit geology and its influence on mineral exploration. London: : Chapman and Hall 1986.
46
Rehder J. High temperature technology in antiquity. In: The beginnings of metallurgy: proceedings of the International Conference ‘The Beginnings of Metallurgy’, Bochum 1995. Bochum: : Deutsches Bergbau-Museum 1999. 305–15.
47
Rehren Th. Ores from the ore washeries in the Lavriotiki. Metalla: Forschungsberichte des Deutschen Bergbau-Museums 2002;9:27–46.
48
Rostoker W, Pigott V, Dvorak JR. Direct reduction to copper metal by oxide-sulfide mineral interaction. Archeomaterials 1989;3:69–87.
49
Artioli G, Angelini I, Tecchiati U, et al. Eneolithic copper smelting slags in the Eastern Alps: Local patterns of metallurgical exploitation in the Copper Age. Journal of Archaeological Science 2015;63:78–83. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2015.08.013
50
Paul T. Craddock. From Hearth to Furnace : Evidences for the Earliest Metal Smelting Technologies in the Eastern Mediterranean. Paléorient 2000;26:151–65.http://www.jstor.org/stable/41496588
51
Chernykh, E. N. Ancient metallurgy in the USSR: the early metal age. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 1991.
52
Craddock Paul. Paradigms of metallurgical innovation in prehistoric Europe. In: The Beginnings of Metallurgy. Bochum: : Deutsches Bergbau-Museum 1999. 175–92.
53
Golden J, Levy TE, Hauptmann A. Recent Discoveries Concerning Chalcolithic Metallurgy at Shiqmim, Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science 2001;28:951–63. doi:10.1006/jasc.2000.0626
54
Hauptmann, Andreas. The archaeometallurgy of copper: evidence from Faynan, Jordan. Berlin: : Springer 2007. https://doi-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/10.1007/978-3-540-72238-0
55
Hoppner B, Bartelheim M, Huijsmans M, et al. Prehistoric copper production in the Inn Valley (Austria), and the earliest copper in central Europe. Archaeometry 2005;47:293–315. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2005.00203.x
56
Killick D. Science, Speculation and the Origins of Extractive Metallurgy. In: Handbook of archaeological sciences. Chichester: : John Wiley 2001. 483–92.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=9f2e5eae-5736-e711-80c9-005056af4099
57
Maddin R, Muhly JD, Stech T. Early metalworking at Cayonu. In: The beginnings of metallurgy: proceedings of the International Conference ‘The Beginnings of Metallurgy’, Bochum 1995. Bochum: : Deutsches Bergbau-Museum 1999. 37–44.
58
Mei J. Early metallurgy in China: some challenging issues in current studies. In: Metallurgy and civilisation: Eurasia and beyond : proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Beginnings of the Use of Metals and Alloys (BUMA VI). London: : Archetype 2009. 9–16.
59
Murillo-Barroso M, Montero-Ruiz I. Copper Ornaments in the Iberian Chalcolithic: Technology versus Social Demand. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 2012;25:53–73. doi:10.1558/jmea.v25i1.53
60
Murillo-Barroso M, Martinón-Torres M, Massieu MDC, et al. Early metallurgy in SE Iberia. The workshop of Las Pilas (Mojácar, Almería, Spain). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 2017;9:1539–69. doi:10.1007/s12520-016-0451-8
61
Pernicka E, Begemann F, Schmitt-Strecker S. Eneolithic and Early Bronze Age copper artefacts from the Balkans and their relation to Serbian copper ores. Praehistorische Zeitschrift 1993;68:1–54. doi:10.1515/prhz.1993.68.1.1
62
Pigott VC, Ciarla R. On the origins of metallurgy in prehistoric Southeast Asia: the view from Thailand. In: Metals and mines: studies in archaeometallurgy. London: : Archetype in association with the British Museum 2007. 76–88.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=b2d980d9-9136-e711-80c9-005056af4099
63
Pryce TO, Pollard M, Martinon-torres M, et al. SouthEast Asia’s first isotopically defined prehistoric copper production system: when did extractive metallurgy begin in the Khao Wong Prachan Valley of central Thailand? Archaeometry 2011;53:146–63. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2010.00527.x
64
Radivojevic R, Rehren T, Pernicka E. On the origins of extractive metallurgy: new evidence from Europe. Journal of archaeological science 2010;37:2775–87. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012
65
Radivojevic M, Rehren T, Kuzmanović Cvetković J, et al. Tainted ores and the rise of tin bronzes in Eurasia, c. 6500 years ago. Antiquity 2013;87:1030–45. doi:10.1017/S0003598X0004984X
66
Benjamin W. Roberts. Production Networks and Consumer Choice in the Earliest Metal of Western Europe. Journal of World Prehistory 2009;22:461–81.http://www.jstor.org/stable/25801284
67
Roberts B. Ancient technologies and archaeological cultures: understanding the earliest metals in Eurasia. In: Investigating archaeological cultures: material culture, variability, and transmission. New York: : Springer 2011. 137–50.http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=UCL&isbn=9781441969705
68
Roberts BW, Thornton CP, Pigott V. Development of metallurgy in Eurasia. Antiquity 2009;83:1012–22.http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=9437996&fileId=S0003598X00099312
69
Rothenberg B. Smelting furnaces and installations from the New Kingdom to the Early Islamic Period. In: The Ancient metallurgy of copper: archaeology, experiment, theory. London: : Institute for Archaeo-Metallurgical Studies [and] Institute of Archaeology, University College, London 1990. 8–73.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=5ea152e0-7536-e711-80c9-005056af4099
70
Ruiz-Taboada A, Montero-Ruiz I. The oldest metallurgy in western Europe. Antiquity 1999;73:897–903.http://search.proquest.com/docview/217555766/fulltext?accountid=14511
71
Stech T. Neolithic copper metallurgy in South West Asia. Archeomaterials 1990;4:55–61.
72
Stech T. Aspects of early metallurgy in Mesopotamia and Anatolia. In: The archaeometallurgy of the Asian old world. Philadelphia: : Museum University of Pennsylvania 1999. 59–71.
73
Wayman ML, Duke MJM. The effects of melting on native copper. In: The beginnings of metallurgy: proceedings of the International Conference ‘The Beginnings of Metallurgy’, Bochum 1995. Bochum: : Deutsches Bergbau-Museum 1999. 55–60.
74
Bass G. Prolegomena to a study of maritime traffic in raw materials to the Agean during th 14th and 13th centuries BC. In: Techne: craftsmen, craftswomen and craftsmanship in the Aegean Bronze Age : proceedings of the 6th International Aegean Conference/6e Rencontre égéenne internationale Philadelphia, Temple University, 18-21 April 1996. Liège: : Université de Liège 1997. 153–70.
75
Begemann F, Kallas K, Schmitt-Strecker S, et al. Tracing ancient tin via isotope analyses. In: The beginnings of metallurgy: proceedings of the International Conference ‘The Beginnings of Metallurgy’, Bochum 1995. Bochum: : Deutsches Bergbau-Museum 1999. 277–84.
76
Branigan, Keith. Aegean metalwork of the Early and Middle Bronze Age. Oxford: : Clarendon Press 1974.
77
Craddock PT, Meeks ND. Iron in Ancient Copper. Archaeometry 1987;29:187–204. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1987.tb00411.x
78
Crew P. The iron and copper slags at Baratti, Populonia, Italy. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society 1991;25:109–15.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12520-010-0043-y
79
Diaz-Andreu M, Montero I. Metallurgy and social dynamics in the later prehistory of Mediterranean Spain. In: Metals make the world go round: the supply and circulation of metals in Bronze Age Europe : proceedings of a conference held at the University of Birmingham in June 1997. Oxford: : Oxbow 2000. 116–32.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=9e47c996-8136-e711-80c9-005056af4099
80
Fang JL, McDonnell G. The colour of copper alloys. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society 2011;45:52–61.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=fcb26fdc-4a36-e711-80c9-005056af4099
81
Gale, N. H. Bronze age trade in the Mediterranean. Jonsered: : Åstrom 1991.
82
Gale N. Archaeology, science-based archaeology and the Mediterranean Bronze Age metals trade: a contribution to the debate. European Journal of Archaeology 2001;4:113–30. doi:10.1179/eja.2001.4.1.113
83
Gale NH, Stos-Gale z, Raduncheva A. Early metallurgy in Bulgaria. In: Mining and metal production through the ages. London: : British Museum 2003. 122–73.
84
Georgakopoulou M, Bassiakos Y, Philaniotou O. Seriphos surfaces: A study of copper slag heaps and copper sources in the context of early Bronze Age Aegean metal production. Archaeometry 2011;53:123–45. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2010.00529.x
85
Giumlia-Mair, Alessandra R., Lo Schiavo, Fulvia. The problem of early tin. Oxford: : Archaeopress 2003. doi:https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841715643
86
Bryan Hanks and Roger Doonan. From Scale to Practice: A New Agenda for the Study of Early Metallurgy on the Eurasian Steppe. Journal of World Prehistory 2009;22:329–56.http://www.jstor.org/stable/25801279
87
Hauptmann A, Rehren Th, Schmitt-Strecker S. Early Bronze Age copper metallurgy at Shahr-i Sokhta (Iran), reconsidered. In: Man and mining: Mensch und Bergbau : studies in honour of Gerd Weisgerber on occasion of his 65th birthday. Bochum: : Deutsches Bergbau-Museum 2003. 197–213.
88
Hauptmann A. Developments in copper metallurgy during the fourth and third millennia BC at Feinan, Jordan. In: Mining and metal production through the ages. London: : British Museum 2003. 90–100.
89
Haustein M, Gillis C, Pernicka E. Tin isotopy - A new method for solving old questions. Archaeometry 2010;52:816–32. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2010.00515.x
90
Hunt Ortiz, Mark A. Prehistoric mining and metallurgy in South West Iberian Peninsula. Oxford: : Archaeopress 2003. doi:https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841715544
91
Keswani PS. Death, Prestige, and Copper in Bronze Age Cyprus. American journal of archaeology 2005;109:341–401.http://www.jstor.org/stable/40026118
92
Laughlin GJ, Todd JA. Evidence for Early Bronze Age tin ore processing. Materials Characterization 2000;45:269–73. doi:10.1016/S1044-5803(00)00111-X
93
Liu S, Rehren T, Pernicka E, et al. Copper processing in the oases of northwest Arabia: technology, alloys and provenance. Journal of Archaeological Science 2015;53:492–503. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2014.10.030
94
Levy et al. TE. Early Bronze Age metallurgy: a newly discovered copper manufactory in southern Jordan. Antiquity 2002;76:425–37. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00090530
95
Roger Matthews and Hassan Fazeli. Copper and Complexity: Iran and Mesopotamia in the Fourth Millennium B.C. Iran: journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies 2004;42:61–75.http://www.jstor.org/stable/4300663
96
Martinón-Torres M, Rehren T. Technical Ceramics. In: Roberts BW, Thornton CP, eds. Archaeometallurgy in global perspective: methods and syntheses. New York: : Springer 2014. 107–31.http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=UCL&isbn=9781461490173
97
Moorey PRS. Metalworking: 3. Base metals, part iii: copper and its alloys. In: Ancient Mesopotamian materials and industries: the archaeological evidence. Oxford: : Clarendon Press 1994. 242–78.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=f20e44c9-4c36-e711-80c9-005056af4099
98
Muhly J. Copper and bronze in Cyprus and the Eastern Mediterranean. In: The archaeometallurgy of the Asian old world. Philadelphia: : Museum University of Pennsylvania 1999. 15–25.
99
Müller R, Rehren Th, Rovira S. Almizaraque and the early copper metallurgy of southeast Spain: new data. Madrider Mitteilungen 2004;45:33–56.
100
Nezafati N, Pernicka E, Momenzadeh M. Ancient Tin: Old Question and New Answer. 2006.http://www.cais-soas.com/CAIS/Science/tin.htm
101
Nocete. et al F. The smelting quarter of Valencina de la Concepción (Seville, Spain): the specialised copper industry in a political centre of the Guadalquivir Valley during the third millennium BC (2750-2500 BC). Journal of Archaeological Science 2008;35:717–32. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2007.05.019
102
O’Brien W. Resource availability and metal supply in the insular Bronze Age. In: The beginnings of metallurgy: proceedings of the International Conference ‘The Beginnings of Metallurgy’, Bochum 1995. Bochum: : Deutsches Bergbau-Museum 1999. 227–35.
103
Ottaway B. Innovation, production and specialization in early Prehistoric copper metallurgy. European Journal of Archaeology 2001;4:87–112. doi:10.1179/eja.2001.4.1.87
104
Ottaway BS, Seibel S. Dust in the wind: experimental casting of bronze in sand moulds. In: Paléométallurgie des cuivres: actes du colloque de Bourg-en-Bresse et Beaune, 17-18 octobre 1997. Montagnac: : M. Mergoil 1998. 59–63.
105
Pare, C. F. E. Metals make the world go round: the supply and circulation of metals in Bronze Age Europe. Oxford: : Oxbow 2000.
106
Pearce, Mark. Reconstructing prehistoric metallurgical knowledge: the northern Italian Copper and Bronze Ages. European Journal of Archaeology 1998;1:51–70. doi:10.1179/eja.1998.1.1.51
107
Penhallurick, R. D., Institute of Metals. Tin in antiquity: its mining and trade throughout the ancient world with particular reference to Cornwall. London: : Institute of Metals 1986.
108
Phelps, William W., Lólos, Yannos, Vēchos, Giannēs, et al. The Point Iria wreck: interconnections in the Mediterranean, ca. 1200 BC. 2nd ed. Athens: : Hellenic Institute of Marine Archaeology 1999.
109
Pigott VC. Reconstructing the copper production process as practised among prehistoric mining/metallurgical communities in the Khao Wong Prachan Valley of central Thailand. In: Metals in antiquity. Oxford: : Archaeopress 1999. 10–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841710082
110
Pryce TO, Pigott VC, Martinón-Torres M, et al. Prehistoric copper production and technological reproduction in the Khao Wong Prachan Valley of Central Thailand. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 2010;2:237–64. doi:10.1007/s12520-010-0043-y
111
Pulak C. The copper and tin ingots from the Late Bronze Age shipwreck at Uluburnun. In: Anatolian metal I. Bochum: : Deutsches Bergbau-Museum 2000. 137–57.
112
Rehren Th, Hess K, Philip G. Fourth millennium BC copper metallurgy in Northern Jordan: The evidence from Tell esh-Shuna. In: The prehistory of Jordan, II: perspectives from 1997. Berlin: : Ex Oriente 1997. 625–40.
113
Renfrew, C. Cycladic Metallurgy and the Aegean Early Bronze Age. American Journal of Archaeology 1967;71:1–20.http://www.jstor.org/stable/501585
114
Rehren T, Boscher L, Pernicka E. Large scale smelting of speiss and arsenical copper at Early Bronze Age Arisman, Iran. Journal of Archaeological Science 2012;39:1717–27. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2012.01.009
115
Rohl B, Needham S. Lead isotope and chemical composition variation in ores and metals. In: The circulation of metal in the British Bronze Age: the application of lead isotope analysis. London: : British Museum 1998. 3–8.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=013deb7a-7336-e711-80c9-005056af4099
116
Segal I, Rothenberg B, Bar-Matthews M. Smelting slag from prehistoric Site F2 and N3 in Timna, SW Arabah, Israel. In: Metallurgica Antiqua: in honour of Hans-Gert Bachmann and Robert Maddin. Bochum: : Deutsches Bergbau-Museum 1998. 223–34.
117
Shennan S. Cost, benefit and value in the organization of early European copper production. Antiquity 1999;73:352–63.http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=9434845&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0003598X0008830X
118
Stos-Gale S, Macdonald C. Sources of metals and trade in the Bronze Age Aegean. In: Bronze age trade in the Mediterranean: papers presented at the Conference held at Rewley House, Oxford, in December 1989. Jonsered: : Åstrom 1991. 249–88.
119
Thornton CP, Rehren T, Pigott VC. The production of speiss (iron arsenide) during the Early Bronze Age in Iran. Journal of Archaeological Science 2009;36:308–16. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.017
120
Weeks, Lloyd R. Early metallurgy of the Persian Gulf: technology, trade, and the Bronze Age World. Boston: : Brill 2004.
121
Weisgerber G, Yule P. Al-Aqir near Bahla’ - an Early Bronze Age dam site with planoconvex ‘copper’ ingots. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 2003;14:24–53. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0471.2003.00003.x
122
Pulak, Cemal, Slotta, Rainer, Yalçin, Ünsal, et al. Das Schiff von Uluburun: Welthandel vor 3000 Jahren : Katalog der Ausstellung des Deutschen Bergbau-Museums Bochum vom 15. Juli 2005 bis 16. Juli 2006. Bochum: : Deutsches Bergbau-Museum 2005.
123
Yener, K. Aslihan. The domestication of metals: the rise of complex metal industries in Anatolia. Leiden: : Brill 2000.
124
Yener KA, Adriaens A, Earl B, et al. Analyses of metalliferous residue, crucible fragments, experimental smelts, and ores from Kestel tin mine and the tin processing site of Goltepe, Turkey. In: Mining and metal production through the ages. London: : British Museum 2003. 181–97.
125
Anguilano L, Rehren Th, Muller W, et al. Roman Jarosite exploitation at Riotinto(Spain). In: Archaeometallurgy in Europe: 2nd international conference, Aquileia, Italy, 17-21 June 2007 : selected papers. Milano: : AIM 2009. 21–9.
126
Bartelheim M, Contreras Cortés F, Moreno Onorato A, et al. The silver of the South Iberian El Argar Culture: A first look at production and distribution. Trabajos de Prehistoria 2012;69:293–309. doi:10.3989/tp.2012.12093
127
Cohen CR, Rehren Th, Van Buren M. An archaeo-metallurgical study of the use of European furnaces in colonial Bolivia. In: Archaeometallurgy in Europe: 2nd international conference, Aquileia, Italy, 17-21 June 2007 : selected papers. Milano: : AIM 2009. 529–40.
128
Bayley J. Medieval precious metal refining: archaeology and contemporary texts compared. In: Archaeology, history and science: integrating approaches to ancient materials. Walnut Creek, CA: : Left Coast Press 2008. 131–50.http://UCL.eblib.com/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=677776
129
Boni M, Maio GD, Frei R, et al. Lead isotopic evidence for a mixed provenance for Roman water pipes from Pompeii. Archaeometry 2000;42:201–8. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2000.tb00876.x
130
Cochet, André, Pernot, Michel. Le plomb en Gaule romaine: techniques de fabrication et produits. Montagnac: : Monique Mergoil 2000.
131
Cohen CR, Rehren T, Van Buren M. When the wind blows: environmental adaptability in current day silver production within the Bolivian Andes. In: Proceedings: ISA 2006 : 36th International Symposium on Archaeometry : 2-6 May 2006, Quebec City, Canada. Québec: : CELAT, Université Laval 2009. 465–75.
132
Craddock P, Catwright C, Eckstein K, et al. Simple sophistication: Mauryan silver production in North West India. British Museum Technical Research Bulletin 7. 2013;:79–93.http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/publications/online_journals/technical_research_bulletin/bmtrb_volume_7.aspx
133
Durali-Mueller S, Brey GP, Wigg-Wolf D, et al. Roman lead mining in Germany: its origin and development through time deduced from lead isotope provenance studies. Journal of Archaeological Science 2007;34:1555–67. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2006.11.009
134
Hunter F, Davis M. Early Bronze Age lead — a unique necklace from southeast Scotland. Antiquity 1994;68:824–30.http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=9423224&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0003598X00047529
135
Liu S, Rehren T, Chen J, et al. Bullion production in imperial China and its significance for sulphide ore smelting world-wide. Journal of Archaeological Science 2015;55:151–65. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2014.12.023
136
Martinón-Torres Marcos, Thomas N, Rehren Th, et al. Some problems and potentials of the study of cupellation remains: the case of post-medieval Montbéliard. ArcheoSciences: Revue d’Archeometrie 2008;32:59–70.http://archeosciences.revues.org/948
137
Martinon-Torres M, Rehren T, Thomas N, et al. Identifying materials recipes and choices: some suggestions for the study of archaeoloical cupels. Archaeometallurgy in Europe: 2nd international conference, Aquileia, Italy, 17-21 June 2007 : selected papers 2009.
138
Murphy S, Baldwin H. Early lead smelting sites in the Swaledale area of Yorkshire. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society 2001;35:1–22.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=ac98f2d5-4a36-e711-80c9-005056af4099
139
Merkel JF. Imperial Roman production of lead and silver in the northern part of Upper Moesia (Mt. Kosmaj area). Glasnik: Srpsko arheološko društvo 2007;:39–78.
140
Pernicka E, Rehren T, Schmitt-Strecker S. Late Uruk silver production by cupellation at Habuba Kabira, Syria. In: Metallurgica Antiqua: in honour of Hans-Gert Bachmann and Robert Maddin. Bochum: : Deutsches Bergbau-Museum 1998. 123–34.
141
Ploquin A, Bailly-Maitre M-C, Allee P, editors. Mines et metallurgies anciennes du plomb dans leurs environments. Apports des methodes contribuant a leur etude. Special issue of ArcheoSciences: Revue d’Archeometrie 2010;34.http://archeosciences.revues.org/2574
142
Rehren T, Prange M. Lead metal and patina: a comparison. In: Metallurgica Antiqua: in honour of Hans-Gert Bachmann and Robert Maddin. Bochum: : Deutsches Bergbau-Museum 1998. 183–96.
143
Rehren T, Schneider J, Bartels C. Medieval lead-silver smelting in the Siegerland, West Germany. In: Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society. Sheffield: : Historical Metallurgy Society 1999. 73–84.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=ae98f2d5-4a36-e711-80c9-005056af4099
144
Rehren T. The production of silver in South America. Archaeology international 2011;13/14:76–86. doi:10.5334/ai.1318
145
Schultze CA, Stanish C, Scott DA, et al. Direct evidence of 1,900 years of indigenous silver production in the Lake Titicaca Basin of Southern Peru. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2009;106:17280–3. doi:10.1073/pnas.0907733106
146
Mary Van Buren, Barbara H. Mills. Huayrachinas and Tocochimbos: Traditional Smelting Technology of the Southern Andes. Latin American Antiquity 2005;16:3–25. doi:10.2307/30042484
147
Wood JR, Charlton MF, Murillo-Barroso M, et al. Iridium to provenance ancient silver. Journal of Archaeological Science 2017;81:1–12. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2017.03.002
148
Pernicka E. Provenance and recycling of ancient silver. A comment on "Iridium to provenance ancient silver” by Jonathan R. Wood*, Michael F. Charlton, Mercedes Murillo-Barroso, Marcos Martinón-Torres. J. Archaeol. Sci. 81, 1–12. Journal of Archaeological Science Published Online First: August 2017. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2017.07.004
149
Wood JR, Charlton MF, Murillo-Barroso M, et al. Gold parting, iridium and provenance of ancient silver: A reply to Pernicka. Journal of Archaeological Science Published Online First: August 2017. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2017.07.005
150
Wyttenbach A, Schubiger PA. Trace element content of Roman lead by neutron activation analysis. Archaeometry 1973;15:199–207. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1973.tb00090.x
151
Zori C, Tropper P. Silver lining: evidence for Inka silver refining in northern Chile. Journal of Archaeological Science 2013;40:3282–92. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2013.03.020
152
Alipour R, Rehren T. Persian Pulād Production: Chāhak Tradition. Journal of Islamic Archaeology 2014;1:231–61. doi:10.1558/jia.v1i2.24174
153
Benoit, Paul, Fluzin, Philippe. Paléométallurgie du fer et Cultures. Paris: : Association pour l’Edition et la Diffusion des Etudes Historiques 1995.
154
Biggs L, Bellina B, Martinón-Torres M, et al. Prehistoric iron production technologies in the Upper Thai-Malay Peninsula: metallography and slag inclusion analyses of iron artefacts from Khao Sam Kaeo and Phu Khao Thong. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 2013;5:311–29. doi:10.1007/s12520-012-0115-2
155
Blakelock E, Martinón-Torres M, Veldhuijzen HA, et al. Slag inclusions in iron objects and the quest for provenance: an experiment and a case study. Journal of Archaeological Science 2009;36:1745–57. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.03.032
156
Buchwald, Vagn Fabritius, Kongelige Danske videnskabernes selskab. Iron and steel in ancient times. Copenhagen: : Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab 2005.
157
Cech B, Rehren T, editors. Early iron in Europe. Montagnac: : Éditions Monique Mergoil 2014.
158
Cleere H. Ironmaking in the economy of the ancient world: The potential of archaeometallurgy. In: The Crafts of the blacksmith. [Belfast?]: : UISPP Comité pour la Sidérurgie Ancienne and the Ulster Museum 1984. 1–6.
159
Charlton MF, Crew P, Rehren T, et al. Explaining the evolution of ironmaking recipes – An example from northwest Wales. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2010;29:352–67. doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2010.05.001
160
Charlton MF, Blakelock E, Martinón-Torres M, et al. Investigating the production provenance of iron artifacts with multivariate methods. Journal of Archaeological Science 2012;39:2280–93. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2012.02.037
161
Craddock, P. T. Early metal mining and production. Edinburgh: : Edinburgh University Press 1995.
162
Crew P. The experimental production of prehistoric bar iron. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society 1991;25:21–36.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=b298f2d5-4a36-e711-80c9-005056af4099
163
Crew P. Aspects of the iron supply. In: Danebury: an Iron Age hillfort in Hampshire, Vol.6: A hillfort community in perspective. London: : Council for British Archaeology 1995. 276–86.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=5d25630c-8e36-e711-80c9-005056af4099
164
Dieudonne-Glad N, Conte P. Smithing at the priory of Lavinadiere, Correze, France, 13th and 16th centuries. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society 2011;45:1–7.
165
Dungworth D, Mepham L. Prehistoric iron smelting in London: evicence from Shooters Hill. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society 2012;46:1–8.
166
Gassmann G. Recent discoveries and excavations of 6th -2nd century BC furnaces in SW Germany. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society 2002;36:71–7.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=af98f2d5-4a36-e711-80c9-005056af4099
167
Hendrickson M. A transport geographic perspective on travel and communication in Angkorian Southeast Asia (ninth to fifteenth centuries). World Archaeology 2011;43:444–57. doi:10.1080/00438243.2011.605846
168
Hošek J, Cleere H, Mihok L, et al. The archaeometallurgy of iron: recent developments in archaeological and scientific research. Praha: : Institute of Archaeology of the ASCR 2011.
169
Huang X, Qian W, Wei W, et al. 3D numerical simulation on the flow field of single tuyere blast furnaces: A case study of the Shuiquangou iron smelting site dated from the 9th to 13th century in China. Journal of Archaeological Science 2015;63:44–58. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2015.08.009
170
Humphris, Jane, Rehren, Thilo. The world of iron. London: : Archetype 2013.
171
Joosten, Ineke. Technology of early historical iron production in the Netherlands. Amsterdam: : Institute for Geo- and Bioarchaeology, Vrije Universiteit 2004.
172
Lang J. Roman iron and steel: A review. Materials and Manufacturing Processes 2017;32:857–66. doi:10.1080/10426914.2017.1279326
173
Martinon-Torres M, Rehren T. Analytical study of iron slag from the Novgorod hinterland. In: The archaeology of medieval Novgorod in context: studies in centre/periphery relations. Oxford: : Oxbow 2008. 185–94.https://ucl.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=cdi_proquest_ebookcentralchapters_5846057_19_9&context=PC&vid=44UCL_INST:UCL_VU2&lang=en&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&adaptor=Primo%20Central&tab=Everything&query=any,contains,Analytical%20study%20of%20iron%20slag%20from%20the%20Novgorod%20hinterland
174
Nørbach, Lars Christian. Prehistoric and medieval direct iron smelting in Scandinavia and Europe: aspects of technology and society. Aarhus: : Aarhus University Press 2003.
175
Park J-S, Rehren T. Large-scale 2nd to 3rd century AD bloomery iron smelting in Korea. Journal of Archaeological Science 2011;38:1180–90. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2010.12.007
176
Paynter S. Regional variations in bloomery smelting slag of the Iron Age and Romano-British periods. Archaeometry 2006;48:271–92. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2006.00256.x
177
Paynter S. Romano-British workshops for iron smelting and smithing at Westhawk Farm, Kent. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society;41:15–31.
178
Paynter S. Innovations in bloomery smelting in iron Age and Romano-British England. In: Metals and mines: studies in archaeometallurgy. London: : Archetype in association with the British Museum 2007. 202–10.
179
Pleiner, Radomír. Iron in archaeology: the European bloomery smelters. Praha: : Archeologický ústav AVČR 2000.
180
Pleiner, Radomír. Iron in archaeology: early European blacksmiths. Praha: : Archeologický ústav AV ČR 2006.
181
Pryce, T. O.Natapintu, S. Smelting Iron from Laterite: Technical Possibility or Ethnographic Aberration? Asian Perspectives: Journal of Archeology for Asia & the Pacific 2009;48:249–64.http://www.jstor.org/stable/42928763
182
Rehren Th, Papakhristu O. Cutting edge technology – The Ferghana Process of medieval crucible steel smelting. Metalla: Forschungsberichte des Deutschen Bergbau-Museums 2000;7:55–69.
183
Rostoker, William, Bronson, Bennet. Pre-industrial iron: its technology and ethnology. Philadelphia, Pa: : [Archeomaterials] 1990.
184
Rovira S, Lopez-Medina M, Roman-Diaz MP, et al. Los Callejones: a Roman Republican iron mining and smelting centre in the south east of the Iberian Peninsula. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society 2004;38:1–9.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=b198f2d5-4a36-e711-80c9-005056af4099
185
Sim, David, Ridge, Isabel. Beyond the bloom: bloom refining and iron artifact production in the Roman world. Oxford: : Archaeopress 1998. doi:https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860549017
186
Tylecote RF. Forging and hammering techniques. In: The early history of metallurgy in Europe. London: : Longman 1987. 243–79.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=923ea999-5d36-e711-80c9-005056af4099
187
Rehren T, Belgya T, Jambon A, et al. 5,000 years old Egyptian iron beads made from hammered meteoritic iron. Journal of Archaeological Science 2013;40:4785–92. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2013.06.002
188
Veldhuijzen HA, Rehren Th. Slags and the city: early iron production at Tell Hammeh, Jordan and Tell Beth-Shemesh, Israel. Metals and mines: studies in archaeometallurgy 2007;:189–201.http://www.ironsmelting.net/www/smelting/index.html
189
Waldbaum J. The coming of iron in the eastern Mediterranean. The archaeometallurgy of the Asian old world 1999;University Museum symposium series:27–57.
190
Muhly, James David, Wertime, Theodore A. The coming of the age of iron. New Haven: : Yale University Press 1980.
191
Young T. Some preliminary observations on hammerscale and its implications for understanding welding. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society 2011;45:26–41.
192
Young T, Poyner D. Two medieval bloomery smelting sites in Shropshire: the adoption of water power for iron smelting. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society 2012;46:78–97.
193
Belford D. Hot blast iron smelting in the early 19th century: a re-appraisal. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society 2012;46:9–18.
194
Crossley D. The blast furnace at Rockley, South Yorkshire. The Archaeological journal 1995;152:381–421. doi:10.1080/00665983.1995.11021434
195
Dillmann P, perez A, Vega E, et al. Understanding the Walloon method of iron refining: archaeological and archaeometric experiments, phase 1. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society 2012;46:19–31.
196
Gelegdorj E, Chunag A, Gordon RB, et al. Transitions in cast iron technology of the nomads in Mongolia. Journal of Archaeological Science 2007;34:1187–96. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2006.10.007
197
Hayman, Richard. Ironmaking: the history and archaeology of the iron industry. Stroud: : Tempus 2005.
198
Starley D. Determining the Technological Origins of Iron and Steel. Journal of Archaeological Science 1999;26:1127–33. doi:10.1006/jasc.1999.0408
199
Wagner DB. Chinese blast furnaces from the 10th to the 14th century. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society 2003;37:25–37.
200
Wagner, D.B. Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. 5: Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Part 11: Ferrous Metallurgy. London: : Cambridge University Press 2008.
201
Bisson, Michael S., Vogel, Joseph O. Ancient African metallurgy: the socio-cultural context. Walnut Creek, Calif: : AltaMira 2000.
202
Ver un reduction des prejuges et la fonte des antagonismes: un bilan de l’expansion de la metallurgie du fer en Afrique sub-Saharienne. Journal of African archaeology 2012;10.
203
Craddock PT. New paradigms for old iron: thoughts on E. Zangato & A.F.C Holl’s ‘On the iron front’. Journal of African archaeology 2010;8:29–36.
204
Chirikure S. Indigenous mining and metallurgy in Africa. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 2010.
205
Chirikure S. Geochemistry of Ancient Metallurgy: Examples from Africa and Elsewhere. In: Treatise on Geochemistry. Elsevier 2014. 169–89.https://ucl.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=14355564180004761&institutionId=4761&customerId=4760&VE=true
206
Shadreck Chirikure and Thilo Rehren. Ores, Furnaces, Slags, and Prehistoric Societies: Aspects of Iron Working in the Nyanga Agricultural Complex, AD 1300-1900. The African Archaeological Review 2004;21:135–52.http://www.jstor.org/stable/25130799
207
Chirikure Shadreck, Burrett Rob, Heimann RB. Beyond furnaces and slags: a review study of bellows and their role in indigenous African metallurgical processes. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 2009;44:195–215. doi:10.1080/00671990903047108
208
Humphris J, Martinón-Torres M, Rehren T, et al. Variability in single smelting episodes – a pilot study using iron slag from Uganda. Journal of Archaeological Science 2009;36:359–69. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.020
209
Humphris J, Carey C. New methods for investigating slag heaps: Integrating geoprospection, excavation and quantitative methods at Meroe, Sudan. Journal of Archaeological Science 2016;70:132–44. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2016.04.022
210
Iles L, Martinón-Torres M. Pastoralist iron production on the Laikipia Plateau, Kenya: wider implications for archaeometallurgical studies. Journal of Archaeological Science 2009;36:2314–26. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.06.023
211
Killick D. What do we know about African iron working? Journal of African archaeology 2004;2:97–112.http://www.jstor.org/stable/43135336
212
David Killick. Cairo to Cape: The Spread of Metallurgy Through Eastern and Southern Africa. Journal of World Prehistory 2009;22:399–414.http://www.jstor.org/stable/25801281
213
Killick D. Invention and Innovation in African Iron-smelting Technologies. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 2015;25:307–19. doi:10.1017/S0959774314001176
214
Killick D, Miller D. Smelting of magnetite and magnetite–ilmenite iron ores in the northern Lowveld, South Africa, ca. 1000 CE to ca. 1880 CE. Journal of Archaeological Science 2014;43:239–55. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2013.12.016
215
La Niece S, Hook DR, Craddock PT, et al. Metals and mines: studies in archaeometallurgy. London: : Archetype in association with the British Museum 2007.
216
MacDonald KC, Vernet R, Martinón-Torres M, et al. Dhar Néma: from early agriculture to metallurgy in southeastern Mauritania. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 2009;44:3–48. doi:10.1080/00671990902811330
217
Duncan E. Miller and Nikolaas J. Van Der Merwe. Early Metal Working in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of Recent Research. The Journal of African History 1994;35:1–36.http://www.jstor.org/stable/182719
218
Rehren T, Charlton M, Chirikure S, et al. Decisions set in slag: the human factor in African iron smelting. In: Metals and mines: studies in archaeometallurgy. London: : Archetype in association with the British Museum 2007. 211–8.http://www.ironsmelting.net/www/smelting/index.html
219
Schmidt, Peter R. Iron technology in East Africa: symbolism, science, and archaeology. Bloomington, IN: : Indiana University Press 1997.
220
Serneels V. The massive production of iron in the Sahelian belt: Archaeological investigations at Korsimoro (Sanmatenga – Burkina Faso). Materials and Manufacturing Processes 2017;32:900–8. doi:10.1080/10426914.2016.1244842
221
Woodhouse J. Iron in Africa: the metal from nowhere. In: Transformations in Africa: essays on Africa’s later past. London: : Leicester University Press 1998. 160–85.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=817f0495-3d0b-e811-80cd-005056af4099
222
Zangato E. On the iron front: new evidence from North-Central Africa. Journal of African Archaeology 2010;8:7–23.
223
Thilo R. Metals: Chemical analysis. In: Encyclopedia of archaeology. [Amsterdam?]: : ScienceDirect 2008. 1614–20.http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780123739629001886
224
Bottaini C, Vilaça R, Schiavon N, et al. New insights on Late Bronze Age Cu-metallurgy from Coles de Samuel hoard (Central Portugal): A combined multi-analytical approach. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 2016;7:344–57. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.05.009
225
Bray PJ, Pollard AM. A new interpretative approach to the chemistry of copper-alloy objects: Source, recycling and technology. Antiquity 2012;86:853–67.http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=9423556&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0003598X00047967
226
Pollard AM, Bray P, Gosden C, et al. Characterising copper-based metals in Britain in the first millennium AD: a preliminary quantification of metal flow and recycling. Antiquity 2015;89:697–713. doi:10.15184/aqy.2015.20
227
Bayley, J., Butcher, S. Roman brooches in Britain: a technological and typological study based on the Richborough Collection. London: : Society of Antiquaries of London 2004.
228
Dungworth D. Roman Copper Alloys: Analysis of Artefacts from Northern Britain. Journal of Archaeological Science 1997;24:901–10. doi:10.1006/jasc.1996.0169
229
Dungworth D. Iron Age and Roman Copper Alloys from Northern Britain. Internet Archaeology 2 Published Online First: 1997.http://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue2/dungworth_toc.html
230
Frame L. Metallurgical investigations at Godin Tepe, Iran, Part I: the metal finds. Journal of Archaeological Science 2010;37:1700–15. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2010.01.030
231
Jouttijärvi A. Roman alloying practice. Materials and Manufacturing Processes 2017;32:813–26. doi:10.1080/10426914.2017.1279325
232
Martinón-Torres M, Li XJ, Bevan A, et al. Forty Thousand Arms for a Single Emperor: From Chemical Data to the Labor Organization Behind the Bronze Arrows of the Terracotta Army. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory Published Online First: 2012. doi:10.1007/s10816-012-9158-z
233
Murillo-Barroso M, Pryce TO, Bellina B, et al. Khao Sam Kaeo – an archaeometallurgical crossroads for trans-asiatic technological traditions. Journal of Archaeological Science 2010;37:1761–72. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2010.01.036
234
Pagès G, Dillmann P, Fluzin P, et al. A study of the Roman iron bars of Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer (Bouches-du-Rhône, France). A proposal for a comprehensive metallographic approach. Journal of Archaeological Science 2011;38:1234–52. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2010.12.017
235
Scott, David A. Metallography and microstructure of ancient and historic metals. [Marina del Rey, CA]: : Getty Conservation Institute 1991. http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/pdf/metallography.pdf
236
Bayley J. Medieval precious metal refining:archaeology and contemporary texts compared. In: Archaeology, history and science: integrating approaches to ancient materials. Walnut Creek, CA: : Left Coast Press 2008. 131–50.http://www.UCL.eblib.com/patron/Read.aspx?p=677776&pg=1
237
Cech B. A roman gold mining district in eastern Austria. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society 2012;46:66–77.
238
Hosler, Dorothy. The sounds and colors of power: the sacred metallurgical technology of ancient West Mexico. Cambridge, Mass: : MIT Press 1994.
239
Jansen M, Aulbach S, Hauptmann A, et al. Platinum group placer minerals in ancient gold artifacts – Geochemistry and osmium isotopes of inclusions in Early Bronze Age gold from Ur/Mesopotamia. Journal of Archaeological Science 2016;68:12–23. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2016.02.004
240
La Niece S, Meeks N. Diversity of Goldsmithing Traditions in the Americas and the Old World. In: Precolumbian gold: technology, style and iconography. London: : British Museum Press 2000. 220–39.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=9f52d9dc-6336-e711-80c9-005056af4099
241
Lechtman H. The Gilding of metals in pre-Columbian Peru. In: Application of science in examination of works of art: proceedings of the seminar September 7-16, 1965. [Boston, Mass.]: : [Museum of Fine Arts] 1973. 38–52.
242
Lechtman, Heather. Pre-Columbian Surface Metallurgy. Scientific American 1984;250:56–63. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0684-56
243
Leusch V, Armbruster B, Pernicka E, et al. On the Invention of Gold Metallurgy: The Gold Objects from the Varna I Cemetery (Bulgaria) - Technological Consequence and Inventive Creativity. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 2015;25:353–76. doi:10.1017/S0959774314001140
244
Maldonado Blanca, Rehren Thilo. Early copper smelting at Itziparátzico, Mexico. Journal of Archaeological Science 2009;36:1998–2006. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.05.019
245
Martinon-Torres M, Rehren T. Trials and errors in search of mineral wealth: metallurgical experiments in early colonial Jamestown. Rittenhouse: journal of the American Scientific Instrument Enterprise 2007;21:82–97.http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/93675/
246
Martinón-Torres M, Rojas RV, Cooper J, et al. Metals, microanalysis and meaning: a study of metal objects excavated from the indigenous cemetery of El Chorro de Maíta, Cuba. Journal of Archaeological Science 2007;34:194–204. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2006.04.013
247
Martinon-Torres M, Cooper J, Valcarcel Rojas R, et al. Diversifying the picture: indigenous responses to European arrival in Cuba. Archaeology international 2008;:37–40.
248
Martinón-Torres M, Valcárcel Rojas R, Sáenz Samper J, et al. Metallic encounters in Cuba: The technology, exchange and meaning of metals before and after Columbus. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2012;31:439–54. doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2012.03.006
249
Martinón-Torres M, Uribe-Villegas MA. The prehistoric individual, connoisseurship and archaeological science: The Muisca goldwork of Colombia. Journal of Archaeological Science 2015;63:136–55. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2015.08.014
250
McEwan, Colin, British Museum. Precolumbian gold: technology, style and iconography. London: : British Museum Press 2000.
251
Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag. Metals of Power – Early gold and silver [Metalle der Macht: Frühes Gold und Silber]. Halle (Saale): : Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt, Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte 2014.
252
Plaza MT, MartinÃ3n-Torres M. Metallurgical traditions under Inka rule: a technological study of metals and technical ceramics from the Aconcagua Valley, Central Chile. Journal of Archaeological Science 2015;54:86–98. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2014.11.029
253
Ramage, Andrew, Cowell, M. R., Craddock, P. T. King Croesus’ gold: excavations at Sardis and the history of gold refining. London: : British Museum Press in association with Archaeological Exploration of Sardis, Harvard University Art Museums 2000.
254
Cardale de Schrimpff, Marianne, Bray, Warwick. Calima and Malagana: art and archaeology in southwestern Colombia. Bogotá: : Pro Calima Foundation 2005.
255
Thibodeau AM, Killick DJ, Ruiz J, et al. The strange case of the earliest silver extraction by European colonists in the New World. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2007;104:3663–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.0607297104
256
Martinon-Torres M, Uribe Villegas MA. Composition, colour and context in Muisca votive metalwork (Colombia, AD 600-1800). Antiquity 2012;86:772–91.http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=9423537&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0003598X00047918
257
Boiurgarit D, Thomas N. From laboratory to field experiments: shared experience in brass cementation. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society 2011;45:8–16.
258
Craddock P, Zhou W. Traditional Zinc Production in Modern China: Survival and Evolution. In: Mining and metal production through the ages. London: : British Museum 2003. 267–92.
259
Craddock P, Eckstein K. Production of brass in Antiquity by direct reduction. In: Mining and metal production through the ages. London: : British Museum 2003. 230–216.
260
Craddock PT, British Museum. 2000 years of zinc and brass. Rev. ed. London: : British Museum 1998.
261
Dungworth D. Roman Copper Alloys: Analysis of Artefacts from Northern Britain. Journal of Archaeological Science 1997;24:901–10. doi:10.1006/jasc.1996.0169
262
Dungworth D. Iron Age and Roman Copper Alloys from Northern Britain. Internet Archaeology Published Online First: 1997. doi:10.11141/ia.2.2
263
Martinón-Torres M, Rehren T. Agricola and Zwickau: theory and practice of Renaissance brass production in SE Germany. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society 2002;45:95–111.
264
Ponting M. Keeping up with the Romans? Romanisation and Copper Alloys in First Revolt Palestine. IAMS Newsletter;:3–6.http://www.ucl.ac.uk/iams/newsletter/accordion/journals/iams_22/iams_22_2002_ponting
265
Ponting MJ. Roman military copper-alloy artefacts from Israel: questions of organization and ethnicity. Archaeometry 2008;44:555–71. doi:10.1111/1475-4754.t01-1-00086
266
Rehren T. Small Size, Large Scale Roman Brass Production in Germania Inferior. Journal of Archaeological Science 1999;26:1083–7. doi:10.1006/jasc.1999.0402
267
Rehren T. The same… but different: A juxtaposition of Roman and Medieval brass making in Central Europe. In: Metals in antiquity. Oxford: : Archaeopress 1999. 252–7.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=cc2c1c27-8136-e711-80c9-005056af4099
268
Rehren T, Martinón-Torres M. Naturam ars imitata: European brassmaking between craft and science. In: Archaeology, history and science: integrating approaches to ancient materials. Walnut Creek, CA: : Left Coast Press 2008. 167–88.http://UCL.eblib.com/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=677776
269
Thornton CP, Ehlers C. Early brass in the ancient Near East. IAMS Newsletter 2003;:3–8.http://www.ucl.ac.uk/iams/newsletter/accordion/journals/iams_23/iams_23_2003_thornton_ehlers
270
Welter J-M. The zinc content of brass: a chronological indicator. Techne: La Science au Service de L’Histoire de L’Art Et des Civilisations 2003;18:27–36.
271
Zacharias S. Brass making in medieval western Europe. In: All that glitters: readings in historical metallurgy. Montréal: : Metallurgical Society of the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 1989. 35–40.
272
Zhou W, Martinon-Torres M, Chen J, et al. Distilling zinc for the Ming Dynasty: the technology of large scale zinc production in Fengdu, southwest China. Journal of Archaeological Science 2012;39:908–21. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2011.10.021
273
La Niece S, Hook DR, Craddock PT, et al. Metals and mines: studies in archaeometallurgy. London: : Archetype in association with the British Museum 2007.
274
Bayley J. Innovation in later medieval urban metalworking. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society 1996;30:67–71.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=fbb26fdc-4a36-e711-80c9-005056af4099
275
Bayley J, White H. Evidence for workshop practices at the Tudor mint in the Tower of London. In: The Renaissance workshop. London: : Archetype Publications in association with the British Museum 2013. 138–43.
276
Hogarth D. Martin Frobisher’s largest ‘gold mine’ in Baffin Island. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society 1999;33:85–92.
277
Martinon-Torres M. The tools of the chymist: archeological and scientific analyses of early modern laboratories. In: Chymists and chymistry: studies in the history of alchemy and early modern chemistry. Sagamore Beach, Mass: : Science History Publications/USA 2007. 149–63.
278
Martinón-Torres M. Some recent developments in the historiography of alchemy. Ambix 2011;58:215–37. doi:10.1179/174582311X13129418299063
279
Martinon-Torres M. Inside Solomon’s House: An Archaeological Study of the Old Ashmolean Chymical Laboratory in Oxford. Ambix 2012;59:22–48. doi:10.1179/174582312X13296104891436
280
Martinon-Torres M, Rehren Th, Sigrid von Osten S von O. A 16th century lab in a 21st century lab: archaeometric study of the laboratory equipment from Oberstockstall (Kirchberg am Wagram, Austria). Antiquity 2003;77.http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/martinon/index.html
281
Martinon-Torres M, Rehren Th. Alchemy, chemistry and metallurgy in Renaissance Europe. A wider context for fire assay remains. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society 2005;39:14–31.
282
Martinon-Torres M, Rehren T. Post-Medieval crucible production and distribution: A study of materials and materialities. Archaeometry 2009;51:49–74. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2007.00380.x
283
Mongiatti A, Martinon-Torres M, Rehren Th. Testing ores for gold and silver in Renaissance Austria: new techniques, new discoveries. In: Proceedings: ISA 2006 : 36th International Symposium on Archaeometry : 2-6 May 2006, Quebec City, Canada. Québec: : CELAT, Université Laval 2009. 444/37-444/46.
284
Rehren Th. Alchemy and fire assay - an analytical approach. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society 1996;30:136–42.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=fdb26fdc-4a36-e711-80c9-005056af4099
285
Budd PD, Ottaway BS. The properties of arsencial copper alloys: implications for the development of Eneolithic metallurgy. In: Archaeological sciences 1989: proceedings of a conference on the application of scientific techniques to archaeology, Bradford, September 1989. Oxford: : Oxbow 1991. 132–42.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=9d472646-7736-e711-80c9-005056af4099
286
J. A. Charles. Early Arsenical Bronzes-A Metallurgical View. American Journal of Archaeology 1967;71:21–6.http://www.jstor.org/stable/501586
287
Northover P. Properties and use of arsenic-copper alloys. Archäometallurgie der alten Welt: Beiträge zum Internationalen Symposium ‘Old World Archaeometallurgy’, Heidelberg 1987 1989;Der Anschnitt, Beiheft:111–8.
288
Young SMM, O’Brien W. Arsenical copper in early Irish metallurgy. In: Metals in antiquity. Oxford: : Archaeopress 1999. 33–42. doi:https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841710082
289
Bayley J. Innovation in later medieval urban metalworking. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society 1996;30:67–71.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=fbb26fdc-4a36-e711-80c9-005056af4099
290
Bourgarit D, Thomas N. Late medieval copper alloying practices: a view from a Parisian workshop of the 14th century AD. Journal of Archaeological Science 2012;39:3052–70. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2012.04.009
291
Brownsword R. Medieval metalwork: an analytical study of copper-alloy objects. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society 2004;38:84–105.
292
Dungworth D, Nicholas M. Caldarium? An antimony bronze used for medieval and post-medieval cast domestic vessels. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society 2004;38:24–34.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=d060ccd0-7106-e811-80cd-005056af4099
293
Rehren T. The same.... but different: A juxtaposition of Roman and Medieval brass making in Central Europe. In: Metals in antiquity. Oxford: : Archaeopress 1999. 252–7.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=cc2c1c27-8136-e711-80c9-005056af4099
294
Budd et al P. The early development of metallurgy in the British Isles. Antiquity 1992;66:677–86. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00039375
295
Chernych EN. Some of the most important aspects and problems of early Metal Age studying. In: Die Anfänge der Metallurgie in der alten Welt = The beginnings of metallurgy in the old world. Rahden, Westf: : Verlag Marie Leidorf 2002. 25–31.
296
Craddock PT. Copper smelting in Bronze Age Britain: Problems and Possibilities. In: Early mining in the British Isles: proceedings of the Early Mining Workshop at Plas Tan y Bwlch, Snowdonia National Park Study Centre, 17-19 November, 1989. Tan y Bwlch, Gwynedd: : Plas Tan y Bwlch, Snowdonia National Park Study Centre 1990. 69–71.
297
O’Brien, William, Brindley, Anna L. Ross Island: mining, metal and society in early Ireland. Galway: : Dept. of Archaeology, National University of Ireland, Galway 2004.
298
Murillo-Barroso M, Pryce TO, Bellina B, et al. Khao Sam Kaeo – an archaeometallurgical crossroads for trans-asiatic technological traditions. Journal of Archaeological Science 2010;37:1761–72. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2010.01.036
299
Piggott VC, Ciarla R. On the origins of metallurgy in prehistoric Southeast Asia: the view from Thailand. In: Metals and mines: studies in archaeometallurgy. London: : Archetype in association with the British Museum 2007. 76–88.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=b2d980d9-9136-e711-80c9-005056af4099
300
Pryce TO, Pigott VC, Martinón-Torres M, et al. Prehistoric copper production and technological reproduction in the Khao Wong Prachan Valley of Central Thailand. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 2010;2:237–64. doi:10.1007/s12520-010-0043-y
301
Joyce C. White and Elizabeth G. Hamilton. The Transmission of Early Bronze Technology to Thailand: New Perspectives. Journal of World Prehistory 2009;22:357–97.http://www.jstor.org/stable/25801280
302
Bareham T. Bronze casting experiments. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society 1994;28:112–6.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=08725dcf-4a36-e711-80c9-005056af4099
303
Crew P. The experimental production of prehistoric bar iron. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society 1991;25:21–36.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=b298f2d5-4a36-e711-80c9-005056af4099
304
Ottaway, Barbara S., Wang, Quanyu. Casting experiments and microstructure of archaeologically relevant bronzes. Oxford: : Archaeopress 2004. doi:https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841716763
305
Pryce TO, Bassiakos Y, Catapotis M, et al. ‘De Caerimoniae’ Technological choices in copper-smelting furnace design at early Bronze Age Chrysokamino, Crete. Archaeometry 2007;49:543–57. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2007.00319.x
306
Aldenderfer M, Craig NM, Speakman RJ, et al. From the Cover: Four-thousand-year-old gold artifacts from the Lake Titicaca basin, southern Peru. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2008;105:5002–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.0710937105
307
Benson, Elizabeth P., Dumbarton Oaks. Pre-Columbian metallurgy of South America: a conference at Dumbarton Oaks, October 18th and 19th, 1975. Washington, D.C.: : Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collections, Trustees for Harvard University 1979.
308
Maldonado B, Rehren T, Howell P. Archaeological copper smelting at Itziparatzico, Michoacan, Mexico, in Vandiver. In: Materials issues in art and archaeology VII: symposium held November 30-December 3, 2004, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Warrendale, Pa: : Materials Research Society 2005. 231–40.
309
Martinon-Torres M, Valcarcel Rojas R, Rehren T. Metals, microanalysis and meaning: a study of metal objects excavated from the indigenous cemetry fo El Chorro de Malta, Cuba. Journal of archaeological science 2007;34:194–204. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2006.04.013
310
Schultze CA, Stanish C, Scott DA, et al. Direct evidence of 1,900 years of indigenous silver production in the Lake Titicaca Basin of Southern Peru. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2009;106:17280–3. doi:10.1073/pnas.0907733106
311
Shimada I, Gordus A, Griffin JA, et al. Sican alloying, working and us of precious metals: an interdisciplinary perspective. In: Metals in antiquity. Oxford: : Archaeopress 1999. doi:https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841710082
312
Garcia-Guinea J, Correcher V, Rojas RM, et al. Chemical tracers in archaeological and natural gold: Aliseda Tartessos treasure and new discovered nuggets (SW Spain). Gold Bulletin 2005;38:23–8. doi:10.1007/BF03215224
313
Guerra MF, Calligaro T. Gold and cultural heritage objects: a review of studies of provenance and manufacting technologies. Measurement science and technology 1990;:1527–37. doi:10.1088/0957-0233/14/9/305
314
Guerra MF, Calligaro T, Perea A. The treasure of Guarrazar: Tracing the gold supplies in the Visigothic Iberian peninsula. Archaeometry 2007;49:53–74. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2007.00287.x
315
Rehren T, Temme M. Pre-Columbian gold processing at Putushio, South Ecuador: the archaeometallurgical evidence. In: Archaeometry of pre-Columbian sites and artifacts: proceedings of a symposium organized by the UCLA Institute of Archaeology and the Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, California, March 23-27, 1992. Marina Del Rey, CA: : Getty Conservation Institute 1994. 267–84.
316
et al G-M. Early copper and Brass in Senegal. In: Society, culture, and technology in Africa. Philadelphia, PA: : MASCA, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology 1994. 45–62.
317
Augustin F. C. Holl. Early West African Metallurgies: New Data and Old Orthodoxy. Journal of World Prehistory 2009;22:415–38.http://www.jstor.org/stable/25801282
318
Miller DE, Van Der Merwe NJ. Early Metal Working in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of Recent Research. The Journal of African History 1994;35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700025949
319
Begemann F. Tracing tin via isotope analyses. In: The beginnings of metallurgy: proceedings of the International Conference ‘The Beginnings of Metallurgy’, Bochum 1995. Bochum: : Deutsches Bergbau-Museum 1999. 277–84.
320
Giumlia-Mair, Alessandra R., Lo Schiavo, Fulvia, International Congress of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences. Le problème de l’étain à l’origine de la métallurgie: The problem of early tin. Oxford: : Archaeopress 2003. doi:https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841715643
321
Haustein M, Gillis C, Pernicka E. Tin isotopy: A new method for solving old questions. Archaeometry 2010;52:816–32. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2010.00515.x
322
Yener, K. Aslihan. The domestication of metals: the rise of complex metal industries in Anatolia. Leiden: : Brill 2000.
323
Barnard, Noel, Bulbeck, David. Ancient Chinese and Southeast Asian bronze age cultures: the proceedings of a conference held at the Edith and Joy London Foundation property, Kioloa, NSW, 8-12 February, 1988 /: conference papers. Taipei: : SMC 1996.
324
Chen K, Rehren T, Mei J, et al. Special alloys from remote frontiers of the Shang Kingdom: scientific study of the Hanzhong bronzes from southwest Shaanxi, China. Journal of Archaeological Science 2009;36:2108–18. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.04.016
325
Kunlong Chen. Indigenous production and interregional exchange: late second-millennium BC bronzes from the Hanzhong basin, China. Antiquity;90:665–78. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3250165http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2009.04.016http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2009.04.017
326
Chen K, Liu S, Li Y, et al. Evidence of arsenical copper smelting in Bronze Age China: A study of metallurgical slag from the Laoniupo site, central Shaanxi. Journal of Archaeological Science 2017;82:31–9. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2017.04.006
327
Liu S, Wang K, Cai Q, et al. Microscopic study of Chinese bronze casting moulds from the Eastern Zhou period. Journal of Archaeological Science 2013;40:2402–14. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2012.11.010
328
Mei, Jianjun. Copper and bronze metallurgy in late prehistoric Xinjiang: its cultural context and relationship with neighbouring regions. Oxford: : Archaeopress 2000. doi:https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841710686
329
Mei J, Chen K, Cao W. Scientific examination of Shang-dynasty bronzes from Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province, China. Journal of Archaeological Science 2009;36:1881–91. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.04.017
330
Mei J, Wang P, Chen K, et al. Archaeometallurgical studies in China: some recent developments and challenging issues. Journal of Archaeological Science 2015;56:221–32. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2015.02.026
331
Bagley, Robert W., Fong, Wen, So, Jenny F., et al. The great bronze age of China: an exhibition from the People’s Republic of China. New York: : Metropolitan Museum of Art 1980.
332
Zhou W, Dong Y, Wan Q, et al. New research on lost-wax casting in ancient China. In: Metallurgy and civilisation: Eurasia and beyond : proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Beginnings of the Use of Metals and Alloys (BUMA VI). London: : Archetype 2009. 73–8.
333
Alipour R, Rehren T. Persian Pulād Production: Chāhak Tradition. Journal of Islamic Archaeology 2014;1:231–61. doi:10.1558/jia.v1i2.24174
334
Allan, James W., Gilmour, Brian J. J., University of Oxford, et al. Persian steel: the Tanavoli collection. Oxford: : Oxford University Press for the Board of the Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Oxford and the British Institute of Persian Studies 2000.
335
Feuerbach A, Merkel j, Griffiths D. An examination of crucible steel in the manufacture of Damascus steel, including evidence from Merv, Turkmenistan. In: Metallurgica Antiqua: in honour of Hans-Gert Bachmann and Robert Maddin. Bochum: : Deutsches Bergbau-Museum 1998. 37–44.
336
Papakhristu OA, Rehren T. Techniques and tchnology of ceramic vessel manufacture: crucibles for wootz smelting in Central Asia. In: Modern trends in scientific studies on ancient ceramics: papers presented at the 5th European Meeting on Ancient Ceramics, Athens 1999. Oxford: : Archaeopress 2002. 69–74. doi:https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841712895
337
Rehren T, Papakhristu O. Cutting Edge Technology - The Ferghana process of medieval crucible steel making. Metalla: Forschungsberichte des Deutschen Bergbau-Museums 1994;:55–79.
338
Blakelock E, Martinón-Torres M, Veldhuijzen HA, et al. Slag inclusions in iron objects and the quest for provenance: an experiment and a case study. Journal of Archaeological Science 2009;36:1745–57. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.03.032
339
Coustures MP, Beziat D, Tollon F, et al. The use of trace element analysis of entrapped slag inclusions to establish ore - Bare iron links: Examples from two Gallo-Roman iron-making sites in France (Les Martys, Montagne Noire, and Les Ferrys, Loiret). Archaeometry 2003;45:599–613. doi:10.1046/j.1475-4754.2003.00131.x
340
Desaulty A-M, Dillmann P, L’Héritiera M, et al. Does it come from the Pays de Bray? Examination of an origin hypothesis for the ferrous reinforcements used in French medieval churches using major and trace element analyses. Journal of Archaeological Science 2009;36:2445–62. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.07.002
341
Host-Madsen L, Buchwald VF. The characterization and provenancing of ore, slag and iron from the Iron Age settlements at Snorup. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society;33:57–67.
342
Schwab R, Heger D, Hoppner B, et al. The provenance of iron artefacts from Manching: A multi-technique approach. Archaeometry 2006;48:433–52. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2006.00265.x
343
Bray P, Cuenod A, Gosden C, et al. Form and flow: the ‘karmic cycle’ of copper. Journal of Archaeological Science 2015;56:202–9. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2014.12.013
344
Stos-Gale ZA, Gale NH. Metal provenancing using isotopes and the Oxford archaeological lead isotope database (OXALID). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 2009;1:195–213. doi:10.1007/s12520-009-0011-6
345
Pernicka E. Trace element fingerprinting of ancient copper: a guide to technology or provenance. In: Metals in antiquity. Oxford: : Archaeopress 1999. 163–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841710082
346
Pollard AM, Bray PJ, Gosden C. Is there something missing in scientific provenance studies of prehistoric artefacts? Antiquity 2014;88:625–31. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00101255
347
Dungworth D. Serendipity in the foundry? Tin oxide inclusions in copper and copper alloys as an indicator of production process. Bulletin of the metals museum 2000;32:1–5.
348
Farci C, Martinón-Torres M, Álvarez DG. Bronze production in the Iron Age of the Iberian Peninsula: The case of El Castru , Vigaña (Asturias, NW Spain). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 2017;11:338–51. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.12.009
349
Rostoker W, McNallan M, Gebhard ER. Melting/smelting of bronze at Isthmia. Historical metallurgy: journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society 1983;17:23–6.
350
Rovira S. Bronze production in prehistory. 2005. http://copernic.udg.es/arqueometria/PARTS/02_Proyecto2.pdf
351
Zhou W, Chen J, Lie X, et al. Three Western Zhou bronze foundry sites in the Zhouyuan are, Shaanxi province, China. In: Metallurgy and civilisation: Eurasia and beyond : proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Beginnings of the Use of Metals and Alloys (BUMA VI). London: : Archetype 2009. 62–72.
352
Stanley B. Alpern. Did They or Didn’t They Invent It? Iron in Sub-Saharan Africa. History in Africa 2005;32:41–94.http://www.jstor.org/stable/20065735
353
Bisson, Michael S., Vogel, Joseph O. Ancient African metallurgy: the socio-cultural context. Walnut Creek, Calif: : AltaMira 2000.
354
Augustin F. C. Holl. Early West African Metallurgies: New Data and Old Orthodoxy. Journal of World Prehistory 2009;22:415–38.http://www.jstor.org/stable/25801282
355
Killick D. What do we know about African iron working? Journal of African archaeology 2004;2:97–112.http://www.jstor.org/stable/43135336
356
J. A. Charles. Early Arsenical Bronzes - A Metallurgical View. American Journal of Archaeology 1967;71:21–6.http://www.jstor.org/stable/501586
357
Bourgarit D, Thomas N. Late medieval copper alloying practices: a view from a Parisian workshop of the 14th century AD. Journal of Archaeological Science 2012;39:3052–70. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2012.04.009
358
Pryce TO, Bassiakos Y, Catapotis M, et al. ‘De Caerimoniae’ Technological choices in copper-smelting furnace design at early Bronze Age Chrysokamino, Crete. Archaeometry 2007;49:543–57. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2007.00319.x
359
Rehren T, Temme M. Pre-Columbian gold processing at Putushio, South Ecuador: the archaeometallurgical evidence. In: Archaeometry of pre-Columbian sites and artifacts: proceedings of a symposium organized by the UCLA Institute of Archaeology and the Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, California, March 23-27, 1992. Marina Del Rey, CA: : Getty Conservation Institute 1994. 267–84.
360
Hein A, Kilikoglou V, Kassianidou V. Chemical and mineralogical examination of metallurgical ceramics from a Late Bronze Age copper smelting site in Cyprus. Journal of Archaeological Science 2007;34:141–54. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2006.04.005
361
Mei, Jianjun. Copper and bronze metallurgy in late prehistoric Xinjiang: its cultural context and relationship with neighbouring regions. Oxford: : Archaeopress 2000. doi:https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841710686
362
Feuerbach A, Merkel j, Griffiths D. An examination of crucible steel in the manufacture of Damascus steel, including evidence from Merv, Turkmenistan. In: Metallurgica Antiqua: in honour of Hans-Gert Bachmann and Robert Maddin. Bochum: : Deutsches Bergbau-Museum 1998. 37–44.
363
Desaulty A-M, Dillmann P, L’Héritiera M, et al. Does it come from the Pays de Bray? Examination of an origin hypothesis for the ferrous reinforcements used in French medieval churches using major and trace element analyses. Journal of Archaeological Science 2009;36:2445–62. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.07.002
