1
Enlow DH. Chapter 14 Cephalometrics, Chapter. In: Facial growth. Philadelphia: : Saunders 1990. 346–95.
2
British Standards Institution. British Standard glossary of dental terms: Glossaire des termes utilisés en art dentaire. [1st revision]. London: : B.S.I. 1983.
3
Isaacson KG, British Orthodontic Society. Guidelines for the use of radiographs in clinical orthodontics. 3rd ed. London: : B.O.S. 2015.
4
British Orthodontic Society Advice sheets. 2013;:1–30.http://www.bos.org.uk/Professionals-Members/Directorates-Committees-Groups/Directorates/Clinical-Governance/Clinical-Governance-Publication-Committee/Members-advice-sheets
5
NICE. Prophylaxis against infective endocarditis: Antimicrobial prophylaxis against infective endocarditis in adults and children undergoing interventional procedures. http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg64
6
Glenny A-M, Oliver R, Roberts GJ, et al. Antibiotics for the prophylaxis of bacterial endocarditis in dentistry. In: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Chichester, UK: : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 1996. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003813.pub4
7
Patel A, Burden DJ, Sandler J. Medical disorders and orthodontics. Journal of Orthodontics 2009;36:1–21. doi:10.1179/14653120723346
8
Zahrowski JJ. Bisphosphonate treatment: An orthodontic concern calling for a proactive approach. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2007;131:311–20. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2006.09.035
9
Lundstrom A. An investigation of 202 pairs of twins regarding fundamental factors in the aetiology of malocclusion. The European Journal of Orthodontics 2007;29:i51–7. doi:10.1093/ejo/cjl098
10
PROFFIT WR. Equilibrium Theory Revisited: Factors Influencing Position of the Teeth. Angle Orthodontics 1978;48:175–86.http://www.angle.org/doi/abs/10.1043/0003-3219%281978%29048%3C0175%3AETRFIP%3E2.0.CO%3B2
11
Moss JP. The soft tissue environment of teeth and jaws. British journal of orthodontics 1980;7:127–37.http://jorthod.maneyjournals.org/content/7/3/127.citation
12
Ackerman JL, Proffit WR. Soft tissue limitations in orthodontics: Treatment planning guidelines. The Angle Orthodontist 1997;67:327–36.http://www.angle.org/doi/abs/10.1043/0003-3219%281997%29067%3C0327%3ASTLIOT%3E2.3.CO%3B2
13
Hunt N. Northcroft Memorial Lecture 2005: Muscling in on malocclusions: Current concepts on the role of muscles in the aetiology and treatment of malocclusion. Journal of Orthodontics 2006;33:187–97. doi:10.1179/146531205225021660
14
Linder-Aronson S. Respiratory function in relation to facial morph. British Journal of Orthodontics 1979;6:59–71.
15
Bishara SE, Ortho. D. Impacted maxillary canines: A review. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 1992;101:159–71. doi:10.1016/0889-5406(92)70008-X
16
Becker A. Etiology of maxillary canine impactions. American Journal of Orthodontics 1984;86:437–8. doi:10.1016/S0002-9416(84)90038-1
17
Baccetti T, Leonardi M, Armi P. A randomized clinical study of two interceptive approaches to palatally displaced canines. The European Journal of Orthodontics 2008;30:381–5. doi:10.1093/ejo/cjn023
18
Kokich V. What’s new in dentistry. Angle Orthodontics 1994;64:249–249.http://www.angle.org/doi/abs/10.1043/0003-3219%281994%29064%3C0249%3AWNID%3E2.0.CO%3B2
19
Ericson S, Kurol J. Resorption of Incisors After Ectopic Eruption of Maxillary Canines: A CT Study. The Angle Orthodontist - 2000;70:415–23.http://www.angle.org/doi/abs/10.1043/0003-3219%282000%29070%3C0415%3AROIAEE%3E2.0.CO%3B2
20
McSherry PF. The ectopic maxillary canine: a review. British Journal of Orthodontics 1998;25:209–16. doi:10.1093/ortho/25.3.209
21
Fleming PS, Sharma PK, DiBiase AT. How to...mechanically erupt a palatal canine. Journal of Orthodontics 2010;37:262–71. doi:10.1179/14653121043200
22
Parkin N, Furness S, Shah A, et al. Extraction of primary (baby) teeth for unerupted palatally displaced permanent canine teeth in children. In: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Chichester, UK: : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 1996. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004621.pub3
23
Parkin NA, Milner RS, Deery C, et al. Periodontal health of palatally displaced canines treated with open or closed surgical technique: A multicenter, randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2013;144:176–84. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2013.03.016
24
O’Neill J. Limited evidence for interceptive extraction of deciduous teeth to prevent permanent canine impaction. Evidence-Based Dentistry 2013;14:23–4. doi:10.1038/sj.ebd.6400918
25
Naoumova J, Kurol J, Kjellberg H. A systematic review of the interceptive treatment of palatally displaced maxillary canines. The European Journal of Orthodontics 2011;33:143–9. doi:10.1093/ejo/cjq045
26
Baumrind S, Frantz RC. The reliability of head film measurements. American Journal of Orthodontics 1971;60:111–27. doi:10.1016/0002-9416(71)90028-5
27
Baumrind S, Frantz RC. The reliability of head film measurements. American Journal of Orthodontics 1971;60:505–17. doi:10.1016/0002-9416(71)90116-3
28
Baumrind S, Miller D, Molthen R. The reliability of head film measurements: 3. Tracing superimposition. American Journal of Orthodontics 1976;70:617–44. doi:10.1016/0002-9416(76)90224-4
29
Houston WJB. The analysis of errors in orthodontic measurements. American Journal of Orthodontics 1983;83:382–90. doi:10.1016/0002-9416(83)90322-6
30
Moyers RE, Bookstein FL. The inappropriateness of conventional cephalometrics. American Journal of Orthodontics 1979;75:599–617. doi:10.1016/0002-9416(79)90093-9
31
Miller J. The application and importance of cephalometry ... [Orthodontist. 1970] - PubMed - NCBI. The Orthodontist 1970;2:32–47.
32
Devereux L, Moles D, Cunningham SJ, et al. How important are lateral cephalometric radiographs in orthodontic treatment planning? American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2011;139:e175–81. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2010.09.021
33
Baccetti T, Franchi L, McNamara JA. The Cervical Vertebral Maturation (CVM) Method for the Assessment of Optimal Treatment Timing in Dentofacial Orthopedics. Seminars in Orthodontics 2005;11:119–29. doi:10.1053/j.sodo.2005.04.005
34
Noar JH, Pabari S. Cone beam computed tomography - current understanding and evidence for its orthodontic applications? Journal of Orthodontics 2013;40:5–13. doi:10.1179/1465313312Y.0000000040
35
Richardson A. Interceptive orthodontics. 4th ed. London: : British Dental Association 1999.
36
Kerr WJS. The effect of the premature loss of deciduous canines and molars on the eruption of their successors. The European Journal of Orthodontics 1980;2:123–8. doi:10.1093/ejo/2.2.123
37
Ericson S, Kurol J. Early treatment of palatally erupting maxillary canines by extraction of the primary canines. The European Journal of Orthodontics 1988;10:283–95. doi:10.1093/ejo/10.4.283
38
Kurol J, Thilander B. Infraocclusion of primary molars and the effect on occlusal development, a longitudinal study. The European Journal of Orthodontics 1984;6:277–93. doi:10.1093/ejo/6.4.277
39
Sandler PJ, Atkinson R, Murray AM. 1 Search Results - VOLUMELIST(117) AND PAGES(418) - ScienceDirect. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2000;117:418–34.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleListURL&_method=list&_ArticleListID=-635795253&_sort=r&_st=13&view=c&md5=0141b36afcd91ad46f654b53faa2e9fe&searchtype=a
40
Noar J. Interceptive orthodontics: a practical guide to occlusal management. First edition. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: : Wiley Blackwell 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118917336
41
Noar J. Interceptive orthodontics: a practical guide to occlusal management. First edition. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: : Wiley Blackwell 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118917336
42
Mills JRE. Clinical control of craniofacial growth: A skeptics viewpoint. In: Clinical alteration of the growing face. Ann Arbor, Mich: : Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan 1983. 17–39.
43
Bjork A. Facial growth in man, studied with the aid of metallic implants. Acta odontologica scandinavica 1955;13:9–34.
44
Bj rk A, Skieller V. Normal and abnormal growth of the mandible. A synthesis of longitudinal cephalometric implant studies over a period of 25 years. The European Journal of Orthodontics 1983;5:1–46. doi:10.1093/ejo/5.1.1
45
Bjork A, Skieller V. Growth of the maxilla in three dimensions as revealed radiographically by the implant method. British journal of orthodontics 1977;4:53–64.
46
Bjork A. Sutural growth of the upper face studied by the implant method. Transactions of the European Orthodontic Society 1964;:49–65.
47
The tissue reaction as related to the functional factor. Transactions of the European Orthodontic Society;195:123–36.
48
Smith RJ, Burstone CJ. Mechanics of tooth movement. American Journal of Orthodontics 1984;85:294–307. doi:10.1016/0002-9416(84)90187-8
49
Bowden DE. Theoretical considerations of headgear therapy: a literature review. 1. Mechanical principles. British journal of orthodontics 1978;5:145–52.http://jorthod.maneyjournals.org/content/5/3/145.citation
50
Bowden DE. Theoretical considerations of headgear therapy: a literature review. 2. Clinical response and usage. British journal of orthodontics 1978;5:173–81.http://jorthod.maneyjournals.org/content/5/4/173.citation
51
Andrews LF. The six keys to normal occlusion. American Journal of Orthodontics 1972;62:296–309. doi:10.1016/S0002-9416(72)90268-0
52
Ackerman JL, Proffit WR. Soft tissue limitations in orthodontics: Treatment planning guidelines. The Angle Orthodontic 1997;67:327–36.http://www.angle.org/doi/abs/10.1043/0003-3219%281997%29067%3C0327%3ASTLIOT%3E2.3.CO%3B2
53
Gill DS, Naini FB, Tredwin C. Smile Aesthetics. Dental Update 2007;34:152–8.http://www.dental-update.co.uk/issuesSingleIssueArticle.asp?aKey=582
54
Sarver DM. The importance of incisor positioning in the esthetic smile: The smile arc. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2001;120:98–111. doi:10.1067/mod.2001.114301
55
Houston WJB. Incisor edge-centroid relationships and overbite depth. European Journal of Orthodontics 1989;11:139–43.http://ejo.oxfordjournals.org/content/11/2/139.abstract
56
Houston WJB, Edler R. Long-term stability of the lower labial segment relative to the A-Pog line. The European Journal of Orthodontics 1990;12:302–10. doi:10.1093/ejo/12.3.302
57
Odman J, Lekholm U, Jemt T, et al. Osseointegrated titanium implants--a new approach in orthodontic treatment. The European Journal of Orthodontics 1988;10:98–105. doi:10.1093/ejo/10.2.98
58
Fudalej P, Kokich VG, Leroux B. Determining the cessation of vertical growth of the craniofacial structures to facilitate placement of single-tooth implants. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2007;131:S59–67. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2006.07.022
59
Chen Y, Kyung HM, Zhao WT, et al. Critical factors for the success of orthodontic mini-implants: A systematic review. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2009;135:284–91. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.08.017
60
Kuroda S, Sakai Y, Tamamura N, et al. Treatment of severe anterior open bite with skeletal anchorage in adults: Comparison with orthognathic surgery outcomes. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2007;132:599–605. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.11.046
61
Benson PE, Tinsley D, O’Dwyer JJ, et al. Midpalatal implants vs headgear for orthodontic anchorage—a randomized clinical trial: Cephalometric results. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2007;132:606–15. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2006.01.040
62
Cornelis MA, Scheffler NR, De Clerck HJ, et al. Systematic review of the experimental use of temporary skeletal anchorage devices in orthodontics. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2007;131:S52–8. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2006.05.033
63
Bondemark L, Karlsson A. Extraoral vs Intraoral Appliance for Distal Movement of Maxillary First Molars: The Angle Orthodontist -. 2005;75:699–706.http://www.angle.org/doi/abs/10.1043/0003-3219%282005%2975%5B699%3AEVIAFD%5D2.0.CO%3B2
64
Feldmann I, Bondemark L. Anchorage capacity of osseointegrated and conventional anchorage systems: A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2008;133:339.e19-339.e28. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.08.014
65
Day PF, Kindelan SA, Spencer JR, et al. Dental trauma: part 2. Managing poor prognosis anterior teeth - treatment options for the subsequent space in a growing patient. Journal of Orthodontics 2008;35:143–55. doi:10.1179/146531207225022590
66
Bishara SE, Ziaja RR. Functional appliances: A review. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 1989;95:250–8. doi:10.1016/0889-5406(89)90055-3
67
Tulloch JFC, Proffit WR, Phillips C. Outcomes in a 2-phase randomized clinical trial of early class II treatment. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2004;125:657–67. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2004.02.008
68
Tulloch JFC, Phillips C, Proffit WR. Benefit of early Class II treatment: Progress report of a two-phase randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 1998;113:62–74. doi:10.1016/S0889-5406(98)70277-X
69
Brin I, Tulloch JFC, Koroluk L, et al. External apical root resorption in Class II malocclusion: a retrospective review of 1- versus 2-phase treatment. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2003;124:151–6. doi:10.1016/S0889-5406(03)00166-5
70
Koroluk LD, Tulloch JFC, Phillips C. Incisor trauma and early treatment for Class II Division 1 malocclusion. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2003;123:117–25. doi:10.1067/mod.2003.86
71
Clark W. Design and management of Twin Blocks: reflections after 30 years of clinical use. Journal of Orthodontics 2010;37:209–16. doi:10.1179/14653121043110
72
O’Brien K, Wright J, Conboy F, et al. Effectiveness of early orthodontic treatment with the twin-block appliance: A multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Part 1: Dental and skeletal effects. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2003;124:234–43. doi:10.1016/S0889-5406(03)00352-4
73
O’Brien K, Wright J, Conboy F, et al. Effectiveness of early orthodontic treatment with the twin-block appliance: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Part 2: psychosocial effects. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2003;124:488–94. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2003.06.001
74
O’Brien K, Macfarlane T, Wright J, et al. Early treatment for Class II malocclusion and perceived improvements in facial profile. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2009;135:580–5. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.02.020
75
Tulloch JFC, Phillips C, Koch G, et al. The effect of early intervention on skeletal pattern in Class II malocclusion: A randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 1997;111:391–400. doi:10.1016/S0889-5406(97)80021-2
76
Clark WJ. The twin block technique A functional orthopedic appliance system. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 1988;93:1–18. doi:10.1016/0889-5406(88)90188-6
77
Banks P, Wright J, O’Brien K. Incremental versus maximum bite advancement during twin-block therapy: A randomized controlled clinical trial. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2004;126:583–8. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2004.03.024
78
Fleming PS, Scott P, DiBiase AT. How to ... manage the transition from functional to fixed appliances. Journal of Orthodontics 2007;34:252–9. doi:10.1179/146531207225022311
79
Andrews LF. The Straight Wire Appliance. British journal of orthodontics 1979;6:125–43.
80
Kesling PC. Dynamics of the tip-edge bracket. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 1989;96:16–25. doi:10.1016/0889-5406(89)90224-2
81
Auluck A. Lingual orthodontic treatment: what is the current evidence base? Journal of Orthodontics 2013;40:s27–33. doi:10.1179/1465313313Y.0000000073
82
Chen SS-H, Greenlee GM, Kim J-E, et al. Systematic review of self-ligating brackets. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2010;137:726.e1-726.e18. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2009.11.009
83
McLAUGHLIN RP, BENNETT JC. Bracket Placement with the Preadjusted Appliance - Journal of Clinical Orthodontics. Add to e-Shelf Journal of clinical orthodontics 1995;29:302–11.http://www.jco-online.com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/archive/article-view.aspx?year=1995&month=05&articlenum=302
84
Irvine R. The effectiveness of laceback ligatures: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Journal of Orthodontics 2004;31:303–11. doi:10.1179/146531204225020606
85
Dixon V, Read MJF, O’Brien KD, et al. A randomised clinical trial to compare three methods of orthodontic space closure. Journal of Orthodontics 2002;29:31–6. doi:10.1093/ortho/29.1.31
86
Fleming PS, Johal A. Self-Ligating Brackets in Orthodontics. The Angle Orthodontist 2010;80:575–84. doi:10.2319/081009-454.1
87
Owais AI, Rousan ME, Badran SA, et al. Effectiveness of a lower lingual arch as a space holding device. The European Journal of Orthodontics 2011;33:37–42. doi:10.1093/ejo/cjq022
88
Long H, Zhou Y, Lai W. The effectiveness of laceback ligatures during initial orthodontic alignment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Orthodontics 2013;35:547–8.http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=ddh&AN=89354375&site=ehost-live&scope=site
89
Selwyn-Barnett BJ. Class II/Division 2 malocclusion: a method of planning and treatment. British journal of orthodontics 1996;23:29–36.http://jorthod.maneyjournals.org/content/23/1/29.abstract
90
Selwyn-Barnett BJ. Rationale of treatment for Class II division 2 malocclusion. British journal of orthodontics 1991;18:173–81.
91
Davies G, Davies R. Delivering Better Oral Health - An Evidence-Based Toolkit for Prevention: A Review. Dental Update. 2008;35:460–4.http://www.dental-update.co.uk/issuesSingleIssueArticle.asp?aKey=683
92
Evans R, Shaw W. Preliminary evaluation of an illustrated scale for rating dental attractiveness. The European Journal of Orthodontics 1987;9:314–8. doi:10.1093/ejo/9.4.314
93
Brooke PH, Show WC. The development of an index of orthodontic treatment priority. European Journal of Orthodontics;11:309–32.http://ejo.oxfordjournals.org/content/11/3/309.abstract
94
Richmond S, Shaw WC, O’Brien KD, et al. The development of the PAR Index (Peer Assessment Rating): reliability and validity. The European Journal of Orthodontics 1992;14:125–39. doi:10.1093/ejo/14.2.125
95
Daniels C, Richmond S. The Development of the Index of Complexity, Outcome and Need (ICON). Journal of Orthodintics 2000;27:149–62. doi:10.1093/ortho/27.2.149
96
Mars M, Plint DA, Houston WJB, et al. The Goslon Yardstick: A New System of Assessing Dental Arch Relationships in Children with Unilateral Clefts of the Lip and Palate. The Cleft palate journal 1987;24:314–22.http://digital.library.pitt.edu/c/cleftpalate/pdf/e20986v24n4.08.pdf
97
Shaw WC, Richmond S, O’Brien KD, et al. Quality control in orthodontics: indices of treatment need and treatment standards. British Dental Journal 1991;170:107–12. doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.4807429
98
Millett DT, Glenny A-M, Mattick RC, et al. Adhesives for fixed orthodontic bands. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Published Online First: 1 September 1996. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004485.pub3
99
Shivapuja PK, Berger J. A comparative study of conventional ligation and self-ligation bracket systems. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 1994;106:472–80. doi:10.1016/S0889-5406(94)70069-9
100
Burstone CJ. Variable-modulus orthodontics. American Journal of Orthodontics 1981;80:1–16. doi:10.1016/0002-9416(81)90192-5
101
Kusy RP. Comparison of nickel-titanium and beta titanium wire sizes to conventional orthodontic arch wire materials. American Journal of Orthodontics 1981;79:625–9. doi:10.1016/0002-9416(81)90355-9
102
Edwards GD, Davies EH, Jones SP. The ex vivo effect of ligation technique on the static frictional resistance of stainless steel brackets and archwires. British journal of orthodontics 1995;22:145–53.http://jorthod.maneyjournals.org/content/22/2/145.abstract
103
Kusy RP, Whitley JQ, Prewitt MJ. Comparison of the frictional coefficients for selected archwire-bracket slot combinations in the dry and wet states. The Angle Orthodontist 1991;61:293–302.http://www.angle.org/doi/abs/10.1043/0003-3219%281991%29061%3C0293%3ACOTFCF%3E2.0.CO%3B2
104
Waters NE. Superelastic nickel-titanium wires. British journal of orthodontics 1992;19:319–22.
105
Mandall N, Lowe C, Worthington H, et al. Which orthodontic archwire sequence? A randomized clinical trial. The European Journal of Orthodontics 2006;28:561–6. doi:10.1093/ejo/cjl030
106
Santoro M, Nicolay OF, Cangialosi TJ. Pseudoelasticity and thermoelasticity of nickel-titanium alloys: A clinically oriented review. Part II: Deactivation forces. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2001;119:594–603. doi:10.1067/mod.2001.112447
107
Davidovitch Z, Finkelson MD, Steigman S, et al. Electric currents, bone remodeling, and orthodontic tooth movement. American Journal of Orthodontics 1980;77:33–47. doi:10.1016/0002-9416(80)90222-5
108
Reitan K, Rygh P. Biomechanical principles and reactions. In: Current orthodontic concepts and techniques. 1985. 101–92.
109
Sandy JR, Farndale RW, Meikle MC. Recent advances in understanding mechanically induced bone remodeling and their relevance to orthodontic theory and practice. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 1993;103:212–22. doi:10.1016/0889-5406(93)70002-6
110
Hill PA. Bone Remodelling. British journal of orthodontics 1998;25:101–7. doi:10.1093/ortho/25.2.101
111
Krishnan V, Davidovitch Z. On a Path to Unfolding the Biological Mechanisms of Orthodontic Tooth Movement. Journal of Dental Research 2009;88:597–608.http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=ddh&AN=43550283&site=ehost-live&scope=site
112
Weiland F. Constant versus dissipating forces in orthodontics: The effect on initial tooth movement and root resorption. European Journal of Orthodontics 2003;25:335–42.http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=ddh&AN=43293270&site=ehost-live&scope=site
113
Wertz RA. Skeletal and dental changes accompanying rapid midpalatal suture opening. American Journal of Orthodontics 1970;58:41–66. doi:10.1016/0002-9416(70)90127-2
114
Hass AJ. Long-Term Posttreatment Evaluation of Rapid Palatal Expansion. The Angle Orthodontist 1980;50:189–217.http://www.angle.org/doi/abs/10.1043/0003-3219%281980%29050%3C0189%3ALPEORP%3E2.0.CO%3B2
115
Westwood PV, McNamara JA, Baccetti T, et al. Long-term effects of Class III treatment with rapid maxillary expansion and facemask therapy followed by fixed appliances. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2003;123:306–20. doi:10.1067/mod.2003.44
116
Baccetti T, Franchi L, McNamara JA. Treatment and posttreatment craniofacial changes after rapid maxillary expansion and facemask therapy. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2000;118:404–13. doi:10.1067/mod.2000.109840
117
Kapust AJ, Sinclair PM, Turley PK. Cephalometric effects of face mask/expansion therapy in Class III children: A comparison of three age groups. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 1998;113:204–12. doi:10.1016/S0889-5406(98)70141-6
118
Baccetti T, Franchi L, McNamara JA. Cephalometric variables predicting the long-term success or failure of combined rapid maxillary expansion and facial mask therapy. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2004;126:16–22. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2003.06.010
119
Anne Mandall N, Cousley R, DiBiase A, et al. Is early class III protraction facemask treatment effective? A multicentre, randomized, controlled trial: 3-year follow-up. Journal of Orthodontics 2012;39:176–85. doi:10.1179/1465312512Z.00000000028
120
Opdebeeck H, Bell WH, Eisenfeld J, et al. Comparative study between the SFS and LFS rotation as a possible morphogenic mechanism. American Journal of Orthodontics 1978;74:509–21. doi:10.1016/0002-9416(78)90026-X
121
Fields HW, Proffit WR, Nixon WL, et al. Facial pattern differences in long-faced children and adults. American Journal of Orthodontics 1984;85:217–23. doi:10.1016/0002-9416(84)90061-7
122
Linder-Aronson S. Respiratory function in relation to facial morphology and the dentition. British journal of orthodontics 1978;6:59–71.
123
Kim YH. Anterior Openbite and its Treatment with Multiloop Edgewise Archwire. The Angle Orthodontist 1987;57:290–321.http://www.angle.org/doi/abs/10.1043/0003-3219%281987%29057%3C0290%3AAOAITW%3E2.0.CO%3B2
124
Dung DJ, Smith RJ. Cephalometric and clinical diagnoses of open bite tendency. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 1988;94:484–90. doi:10.1016/0889-5406(88)90006-6
125
Kim YH, Han UK, Lim DD, et al. Stability of anterior openbite correction with multiloop edgewise archwire therapy: A cephalometric follow-up study. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2000;118:43–54. doi:10.1067/mod.2000.104830
126
Obwegeser HL, Makek MS. Hemimandibular hyperplasia — Hemimandibular elongation. Journal of Maxillofacial Surgery 1986;14:183–208. doi:10.1016/S0301-0503(86)80290-9
127
Bishara SE, Burkey PS, Kharouf HG. The Angle Orthodontist - Dental and facial asymmetries: a review. The Angle Orthodontist 1994;64:89–98.http://www.angle.org/doi/abs/10.1043/0003-3219%281994%29064%3C0089%3ADAFAAR%3E2.0.CO%3B2
128
Carter NE, Slattery DA. Bimaxillary proclination in patients of Afro-Caribbean origin. British journal of orthodontics 1988;15:175–84.
129
Jacobs JD, Sinclair PM. Principles of orthodontic mechanics in orthognathic surgery cases. American Journal of Orthodontics 1983;84:399–407. doi:10.1016/0002-9416(93)90003-P
130
Pogrel M, Kaban L, Vargervik K, et al. Surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion in adults. The International journal of adult orthodontics and orthognathic surgery 1992;7:37–41.
131
Proffit W, Phillips C, Tulloch J, et al. Surgical versus orthodontic correction of skeletal Class II maocclusion in adolescents: effects and indications. The International journal of adult orthodontics and orthognathic surgery 1992;7:209–20.
132
Proffit W, Turvey T, Phillips C. Orthognathic surgery: a hierarchy of stability. The International journal of adult orthodontics and orthognathic surgery 1996;11:191–204.
133
Proffit WR, Turvey TA, Phillips C. The hierarchy of stability and predictability in orthognathic surgery with rigid fixation: an update and extension. Head & Face Medicine 2007;3. doi:10.1186/1746-160X-3-21
134
Lee EGL, Ryan FS, Shute J, et al. The Impact of Altered Sensation Affecting the Lower Lip After Orthognathic Treatment. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 2011;69:e431–45. doi:10.1016/j.joms.2011.07.013
135
British Society for the Study of Orthodontics, British Association of Orthodontists. British journal of orthodontics. Facial profile and orthognathic surgery 1984;11.
136
British Society for the Study of Orthodontics, British Association of Orthodontists. British journal of orthodontics. The Clinical Standards Advisory Group (CSAG) Cleft Lip and Palate Study 1998;25. doi:10.1093/ortho/25.1.21
137
Asher-McDade C, Brattström V, Dahl E, et al. A Six-Center International Study of Treatment Outcome in Patients with Clefts of the Lip and Palate: Part 4. Assessment of Nasolabial Appearance. The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 1992;29:409–12. doi:10.1597/1545-1569(1992)029<0409:ASCISO>2.3.CO;2
138
Ross RB. Treatment Variables Affecting Facial Growth in Complete Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate. Part 1: Treatment Affecting Growth. The Cleft Palate Journal 1987;24:5–23.http://digital.library.pitt.edu/c/cleftpalate/pdf/e20986v24n1.02.pdf
139
Mars M, Plint DA, Bergland O, et al. The GOSLON Yardstick. A new system for assessing dental arch relationships in children with cleft lip and palate. The cleft palate journal 1987;24:314–22.http://digital.library.pitt.edu/c/cleftpalate/pdf/e20986v24n4.08.pdf
140
Di B, Markus A. Cleft lip and palate care in the UK: the CSAG report. British Dental Journal 1998;185:320–1. doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.4809800
141
Tamburrini G, Caldarelli M, Massimi L, et al. Complex craniosynostoses: a review of the prominent clinical features and the related management strategies. Child’s Nervous System 2012;28:1511–23. doi:10.1007/s00381-012-1819-4
142
Ohtani J, Hoffman WY, Vargervik K, et al. Team management and treatment outcomes for patients with hemifacial microsomia. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2012;141:S74–81. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2011.12.015
143
Mettes DT, Nienhuijs MM, van der Sanden WJ, et al. Interventions for treating asymptomatic impacted wisdom teeth in adolescents and adults. In: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Chichester, UK: : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 1996. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003879.pub2
144
McGuinness NJ. Prevention in orthodontics--a review. Dental update 1992;19:168–75.http://ucl-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do;jsessionid=A5725199FE9CECD3244DA16625175521?tabs=detailsTab&ct=display&fn=search&doc=dedupmrg113557014&indx=1&recIds=dedupmrg113557014&recIdxs=0&elementId=0&renderMode=poppedOut&displayMode=full&frbrVersion=&dscnt=0&onCampus=false&query=any%2Ccontains%2Cdental+update&scp.scps=scope%3A%28LMS_JRNL_S%29&tab=local&dstmp=1416479797935&dym=true&highlight=true&vl(2235343UI0)=any&search_scope=LSCOP_UCL_JNL&displayField=title&bulkSize=10&vl(freeText0)=dental%20update&vid=UCL_VU1&institution=UCL
145
Atack NE. The Orthodontic Implications of Traumatized Upper IncisorTeeth. Dental Update;26:432–6.http://www.dental-update.co.uk/issuesSingleIssueArticle.asp?aKey=63
146
Bailey et al. DL. Regression of Post-orthodontic Lesions by a Remineralizing Cream. Journal of Dental Research 2009;88:1148–53.http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=ddh&AN=45402358&site=ehost-live&scope=site
147
McComb JL. Orthodontic treatment and isolated gingival recession: a review. British journal of orthodontics;21159.
148
Linge L, Linge BO. Patient characteristics and treatment variables associated with apical root resorption during orthodontic treatment. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 1991;99:35–43. doi:10.1016/S0889-5406(05)81678-6
149
Brezniak N, Wasserstein A. Root resorption after orthodontic treatment: Part 1. Literature review. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 1993;103:62–6. doi:10.1016/0889-5406(93)70106-X
150
Brezniak N, Wasserstein A. Root resorption after orthodontic treatment: Part 2. Literature review. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 1993;103:138–46. doi:10.1016/S0889-5406(05)81763-9
151
Brezniak N, Wasserstein A. Orthodontically Induced Inflammatory Root Resorption. Part II: The Clinical Aspects. Angle Orthodontist 2002;72:180–4.http://www.angle.org/doi/abs/10.1043/0003-3219%282002%29072%3C0180%3AOIIRRP%3E2.0.CO%3B2
152
Levander E, Malmgren O. Long-term follow-up of maxillary incisors with sever apical root resorption. European Journal of Orthodontics 2000;22:85–92.http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=ddh&AN=4637898&site=ehost-live&scope=site
153
Levander E, Malmgren O, Eliasson S. Evaluation of root resorption in relation to two orthodontic treatment regimes. A clinical experimental study. The European Journal of Orthodontics 1994;16:223–8. doi:10.1093/ejo/16.3.223
154
Weltman B, Vig KWL, Fields HW, et al. Root resorption associated with orthodontic tooth movement: A systematic review. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2010;137:462–76. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2009.06.021
155
Littlewood SJ, Millett DT, Doubleday B, et al. Retention procedures for stabilising tooth position after treatment with orthodontic braces. In: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Chichester, UK: : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 1996. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002283.pub3
156
Littlewood SJ. Orthodontic retention: A systematic review. Journal of Orthodontics 2006;33:205–12. doi:10.1179/146531205225021624
157
Retention and stability in orthodontics. Philadelphia: : W.B. Saunders 1993.
158
Miles JR. The stability of the lower labial segment. A cephalometric survey. Dental Practitioner 1968;18:293–306.
159
Edwards JG. A surgical procedure to eliminate rotational relapse. American Journal of Orthodontics 1970;57:35–46. doi:10.1016/0002-9416(70)90203-4
160
Little RM. Stability and relapse of dental arch alignment. Journal of orthodontics 1990;17:235–41.http://jorthod.maneyjournals.org/content/17/3/235.abstract
161
Harradine NWT, Pearson MH, Toth B. The effect of extraction of third molars on late lower incisor crowding: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of orthodontics 1998;25:117–22. doi:10.1093/ortho/25.2.117
162
McComb JL. Orthodontic treatment and isolated gingival recession: a review. British journal of orthodontics 1994;21:151–9.http://jorthod.maneyjournals.org/content/21/2/151.abstract
163
Little RM, Riedel RA, Stein A. Mandibular arch length increase during the mixed dentition: Postretention evaluation of stability and relapse. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 1990;97:393–404. doi:10.1016/S0889-5406(08)70111-O
164
Rowland H, Hichens L, Williams A, et al. The effectiveness of Hawley and vacuum-formed retainers: A single-center randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2007;132:730–7. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2006.06.019
165
Barlin S, Smith R, Reed R, et al. A retrospective randomized double-blind comparison study of the effectiveness of Hawley vs vacuum-formed retainers. The Angle Orthodontist 2011;81:404–9.http://www.angle.org/doi/abs/10.2319/072610-437.1
166
Thickett E, Power S. A randomized clinical trial of thermoplastic retainer wear. The European Journal of Orthodontics 2010;32:1–5. doi:10.1093/ejo/cjp061
167
Rudge SJ. Dental arch analysis: arch form A review of the literature. The European Journal of Orthodontics 1981;3:279–84. doi:10.1093/ejo/3.4.279
168
Felton JM, Sinclair PM, Jones DL, et al. A computerized analysis of the shape and stability of mandibular arch form. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 1987;92:478–83. doi:10.1016/0889-5406(87)90229-0
169
Andrews LF. The six keys to normal occlusion. American Journal of Orthodontics 1972;62:296–309. doi:10.1016/S0002-9416(72)90268-0
170
Sadowsky C, BeGole EA. Long-term status of temporomandibular joint function and functional occlusion after orthodontic treatment. American Journal of Orthodontics 1980;78:201–12. doi:10.1016/0002-9416(80)90060-3
171
Clark J. Functional occlusal relationships in a group of post-orthodontic patients: preliminary findings. The European Journal of Orthodontics 1998;20:103–10. doi:10.1093/ejo/20.2.103
172
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/08895406/101/1
173
Luther F. Orthodontics and the temporomandibular joint: Where are we now? Part 1. Orthodontic treatment and temporomandibular disorders. The Angle orthodontist 1998;68:295–304.http://www.angle.org/doi/abs/10.1043/0003-3219%281998%29068%3C0295%3AOATTJW%3E2.3.CO%3B2
174
Luther F. The Angle Orthodontist - Orthodontics and the temporomandibular joint: Where are we now? Part 2. Functional occlusion, malocclusion, and TMD. The Angle orthodontist. 1998;68:305–18.http://www.angle.org/doi/abs/10.1043/0003-3219%281998%29068%3C0305%3AOATTJW%3E2.3.CO%3B2
175
Luther F, Layton S, McDonald F. Orthodontics for treating temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders. In: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Chichester, UK: : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 1996. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006541.pub2
176
Luther F. TMD and occlusion part I. Damned if we do? Occlusion: the interface of dentistry and orthodontics. BDJ 2007;202:E2–E2. doi:10.1038/bdj.2006.122
177
Luther F. TMD and occlusion part II. Damned if we don’t? Functional occlusal problems: TMD epidemiology in a wider context. BDJ 2007;202:E3–E3. doi:10.1038/bdj.2006.123
178
Ashley et al. FR. The relationship between irregularity of the incisor teeth, plaque, and gingivitis: a study in a group of schoolchildren aged 11-14 years. European Journal of Orthodontics 1998;20:65–72.http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=ddh&AN=4337265&site=ehost-live&scope=site
179
ZACHRISSON BU, ALNAES L. The Angle Orthodontist - Periodontal Condition in Orthodontically Treated and Untreated Individuals I. Loss of Attachment, Gingival Pocket Depth and Clinical Crown Height. The Angle Orthodontist 1973;43:402–11.http://www.angle.org/doi/abs/10.1043/0003-3219%281973%29043%3C0402%3APCIOTA%3E2.0.CO%3B2
180
ZACHRISSON BU, ALNÆS L. Periodontal Condition in Orthodontically Treated and Untreated Individuals II. Alveolar Bone Loss: Radiographic Findings. The Angle Orthodontist. 1974;44:48–55.http://www.angle.org/doi/abs/10.1043/0003-3219%281974%29044%3C0048%3APCIOTA%3E2.0.CO%3B2
181
Atack NE, Sandy JR, Addy M. Periodontal and Microbiological Changes Associated With the Placement of Orthodontic Appliances. A Review*. Journal of Periodontology 1996;67:78–85. doi:10.1902/jop.1996.67.2.78
182
Cedro MK, Moles DR, Hodges SJ. Adult orthodontics -- who’s doing what? Journal of Orthodontics 2010;37:107–17. doi:10.1179/14653121042966
183
Cedro M, Moles DR, Hodges S. Adult orthodontics in the absence of orthognathic treatment: a hospital perspective. Journal of Orthodontics 2012;39:292–302. doi:10.1179/1465312512Z.00000000050
184
Johal A, Katsaros C, Kiliardis S, et al. State of the science on controversial topics: orthodontic therapy and gingival recession (a report of the Angle Society of Europe 2013 meeting). Progress in Orthodontics 2013;14. doi:10.1186/2196-1042-14-16
185
Pabari S, Moles DR, Cunningham SJ. Assessment of motivation and psychological characteristics of adult orthodontic patients. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2011;140:e263–72. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2011.06.022
186
Khalaf K, Miskelly J, Voge E, et al. Prevalence of hypodontia and associated factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Orthodontics 2014;41:299–316. doi:10.1179/1465313314Y.0000000116
187
Bjerklin K, Bennett J. The long-term survival of lower second primary molars in subjects with agenesis of the premolars. European Journal of Orthodontics 2000;22:245–55.http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=ddh&AN=4637930&site=ehost-live&scope=site
188
Gill DS, Jones S, Hobkrik J, et al. Counselling Patients with Hypodontia. Dental update 2008;35:344–52.http://www.dental-update.co.uk/issuesSingleIssueArticle.asp?aKey=670
189
KOKICH VO, KINZER GA. Managing Congenitally Missing Lateral Incisors. Part I: Canine Substitution. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry 2005;17:5–10. doi:10.1111/j.1708-8240.2005.tb00076.x
190
Kokich VG, Spear FM. Guidelines for managing theorthodontic-restorative patient. Seminars in Orthodontics 1997;3:3–20. doi:10.1016/S1073-8746(97)80036-9
191
Nunn et al. JH. The interdisciplinary management of hypodontia: background and role of paediatric dentistry. British Dental Journal 2003;194:245–51.http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=ddh&AN=9512085&site=ehost-live&scope=site
192
Polder BJ, Van’t Hof MA, Van der Linden FPGM, et al. A meta-analysis of the prevalence of dental agenesis of permanent teeth. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 2004;32:217–26. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0528.2004.00158.x
193
Olsen TM, Kokich VG. Postorthodontic root approximation after opening space for maxillary lateral incisor implants. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2010;137:158.e1-158.e8. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2009.08.024
194
Cunningham SJ, Garratt AM, Hunt NP. Development of a condition-specific quality of life measure for patients with dentofacial deformity: I. Reliability of the instrument. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 2000;28:195–201. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0528.2000.280305.x
195
Cunningham SJ, Garratt AM, Hunt NP. Development of a condition-specific quality of life measure for patients with dentofacial deformity: II. Validity and responsiveness testing. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 2002;30:81–90. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0528.2002.300201.x
196
Jokovic et al. A. Questionnaire for Measuring Oral Health-related Quality of Life in Eight- to Ten-year-old Children. Pediatric Dentistry 2004;26:512–8.http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=ddh&AN=15340090&site=ehost-live&scope=site
197
Klages U, Bruckner A, Zentne A. Dental aesthetics, self-awareness, and oral health-related quality of life in young adults. European Journal of Orthodontics 2004;26:507–14.http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=ddh&AN=43316384&site=ehost-live&scope=site
198
Seehra J, Fleming PS, Newton T, et al. Bullying in orthodontic patients and its relationship to malocclusion, self-esteem and oral health-related quality of life. Journal of Orthodontics 2011;38:247–56. doi:10.1179/14653121141641
199
Shaw WC, Richmond S, Kenealy PM, et al. A 20-year cohort study of health gain from orthodontic treatment: Psychological outcome. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2007;132:146–57. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.04.009
