[1]
A. Fisch, ‘Arterial Supply’, in Neuroanatomy, Oxford University Press, 2012, pp. 317–338 [Online]. Available: http://www.oxfordmedicine.com/view/10.1093/med/9780199845712.001.0001/med-9780199845712-chapter-019
[2]
R. G. Hart and M. C. Kanter, ‘Hematologic disorders and ischemic stroke. A selective review’, Stroke, vol. 21, no. 8, pp. 1111–1121, Aug. 1990, doi: 10.1161/01.STR.21.8.1111.
[3]
H. S. Markus and H. Hambley, ‘Neurology and the blood: haematological abnormalities in ischaemic stroke’, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 150–159, Feb. 1998, doi: 10.1136/jnnp.64.2.150.
[4]
F. J. Kirkham, ‘Therapy Insight: stroke risk and its management in patients with sickle cell disease’, Nature Clinical Practice Neurology, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 264–278, May 2007, doi: 10.1038/ncpneuro0495.
[5]
R. J. Adams et al., ‘Prevention of a First Stroke by Transfusions in Children with Sickle Cell Anemia and Abnormal Results on Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography’, New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 339, no. 1, pp. 5–11, Jul. 1998, doi: 10.1056/NEJM199807023390102.
[6]
L. Marquardt, ‘Incidence and prognosis of ≥50% symptomatic vertebral or basilar artery stenosis: prospective population-based study’, Brain, vol. 132, no. 4, pp. 982–988, 2009 [Online]. Available: http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/132/4/982.long
[7]
Enrico Floßmann, ‘Prognosis of vertebrobasilar transient ischaemic attack and minor stroke’, Brain, vol. 126, no. 9, pp. 1940–1954, 2003 [Online]. Available: http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/126/9/1940.long
[8]
H. S. Markus, H. B. van der Worp, and P. M. Rothwell, ‘Posterior circulation ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack: diagnosis, investigation, and secondary prevention’, The Lancet Neurology, vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 989–998, Oct. 2013, doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70211-4.
[9]
D. E. Searls, ‘Symptoms and Signs of Posterior Circulation Ischemia in the New England Medical Center Posterior Circulation Registry’, Archives of Neurology, vol. 69, no. 3, Mar. 2012, doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2011.2083.
[10]
B. Gory et al., ‘Outcomes of stent retriever thrombectomy in basilar artery occlusion: an observational study and systematic review’, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, vol. 87, no. 5, pp. 520–525, May 2016, doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-310250.
[11]
‘Antiplatelet treatment compared with anticoagulation treatment for cervical artery dissection (CADISS): a randomised trial’, The Lancet Neurology, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 361–367, Apr. 2015, doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(15)70018-9.
[12]
F. Rowe et al., ‘Visual impairment following stroke: do stroke patients require vision assessment?’, Age and Ageing, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 188–193, Nov. 2008, doi: 10.1093/ageing/afn230.
[13]
C. S. Chen et al., ‘Vision-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Complete Homonymous Hemianopia Post Stroke’, Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 445–453, Nov. 2009, doi: 10.1310/tsr1606-445.
[14]
T. Roth, A. N. Sokolov, A. Messias, P. Roth, M. Weller, and S. Trauzettel-Klosinski, ‘Comparing explorative saccade and flicker training in hemianopia: A randomized controlled study’, Neurology, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 324–331, Jan. 2009, doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000341276.65721.f2.
[15]
G. A. Spitzyna et al., ‘Optokinetic therapy improves text reading in patients with hemianopic alexia: A controlled trial’, Neurology, vol. 68, no. 22, pp. 1922–1930, May 2007, doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000264002.30134.2a.
[16]
D. S. Liebeskind, ‘Collateral Circulation’, Stroke, vol. 34, no. 9, pp. 2279–2284, Sep. 2003, doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000086465.41263.06.
[17]
N. Losseff, M. Adams, M. M. Brown, J. Grieve, and R. Simister, ‘Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases’, in Neurology, C. Clarke, R. Howard, M. Rossor, and S. Shorvon, Eds. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016, pp. 133–185 [Online]. Available: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/9781118486160.ch5
[18]
Menshawi, Khaled, ‘A Functional Perspective on the Embryology and Anatomy of the Cerebral Blood Supply’, Journal of Stroke, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 144–158, 2015, doi: 10.5853/jos.2015.17.2.144. [Online]. Available: http://j-stroke.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.5853/jos.2015.17.2.144
[19]
N. Losseff, M. Adams, M. M. Brown, J. Grieve, and R. Simister, ‘Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases’, in Neurology, C. Clarke, R. Howard, M. Rossor, and S. Shorvon, Eds. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016, pp. 133–185 [Online]. Available: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/9781118486160.ch5
[20]
J. P. Mohr, ‘History of Transient Ischemic Attack Definition’, in TIA as Acute Cerebrovascular Syndrome, vol. 33, S. Uchiyama, P. Amarenco, K. Minematsu, and K. S. L. Wong, Eds. Basel: S. KARGER AG, 2013, pp. 1–10 [Online]. Available: http://www.karger.com?doi=10.1159/000351883
[21]
G. W. Albers et al., ‘Transient Ischemic Attack — Proposal for a New Definition’, New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 347, no. 21, pp. 1713–1716, Nov. 2002, doi: 10.1056/NEJMsb020987.
[22]
J. D. Easton et al., ‘Definition and Evaluation of Transient Ischemic Attack: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and the Interdisciplinary Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this statement as an educational tool for neurologists.’, Stroke, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 2276–2293, Jun. 2009, doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.192218.
[23]
B. Ovbiagele, C. S. Kidwell, and J. L. Saver, ‘Epidemiological Impact in the United States of a Tissue-Based Definition of Transient Ischemic Attack’, Stroke, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 919–924, Apr. 2003, doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000064323.65539.A7.
[24]
U. Fischer et al., ‘What Is a Minor Stroke?’, Stroke, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 661–666, Apr. 2010, doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.572883.
[25]
A. Gregory Sorensen, ‘Transient Ischemic Attack Definition, Diagnosis, and Risk Stratification’, Neuroimaging clinics of North America, vol. 21, no. 2, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.nic.2011.01.013. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3109304/
[26]
R. Bonita, J. Duncan, T. Truelsen, R. T. Jackson, and R. Beaglehole, ‘Passive smoking as well as active smoking increases the risk of acute stroke’, Tobacco Control, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 156–160, Jun. 1999, doi: 10.1136/tc.8.2.156.
[27]
‘Secondary prevention in non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation after transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke’, The Lancet, vol. 342, no. 8882, Nov. 1993, doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)92358-Z.
[28]
S. B. Coutts, J. Modi, S. K. Patel, A. M. Demchuk, M. Goyal, and M. D. Hill, ‘CT/CT Angiography and MRI Findings Predict Recurrent Stroke After Transient Ischemic Attack and Minor Stroke’, Stroke, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 1013–1017, Apr. 2012, doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.637421.
[29]
A. J. Coull, ‘Population based study of early risk of stroke after transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke: implications for public education and organisation of services’, BMJ, vol. 328, no. 7435, Feb. 2004, doi: 10.1136/bmj.37991.635266.44.
[30]
J. F. Fairhead, Z. Mehta, and P. M. Rothwell, ‘Population-based study of delays in carotid imaging and surgery and the risk of recurrent stroke’, Neurology, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 371–375, Aug. 2005, doi: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000170368.82460.b4.
[31]
S. J. Louw, ‘Stroke medicine-ethical and legal considerations’, Age and Ageing, vol. 31, no. 90003, pp. 31–35, Nov. 2002, doi: 10.1093/ageing/31.suppl_3.31.
[32]
A. Meretoja et al., ‘SMASH-U: A Proposal for Etiologic Classification of Intracerebral Hemorrhage’, Stroke, vol. 43, no. 10, pp. 2592–2597, Oct. 2012, doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.661603.
[33]
D. Wilson, A. Charidimou, and D. J. Werring, ‘Advances in understanding spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: insights from neuroimaging’, Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 661–678, Jun. 2014, doi: 10.1586/14737175.2014.918506.
[34]
V. L. Feigin, C. M. Lawes, D. A. Bennett, S. L. Barker-Collo, and V. Parag, ‘Worldwide stroke incidence and early case fatality reported in 56 population-based studies: a systematic review’, The Lancet Neurology, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 355–369, Apr. 2009, doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70025-0.
[35]
C. J. van Asch, M. J. Luitse, G. J. Rinkel, I. van der Tweel, A. Algra, and C. J. Klijn, ‘Incidence, case fatality, and functional outcome of intracerebral haemorrhage over time, according to age, sex, and ethnic origin: a systematic review and meta-analysis’, The Lancet Neurology, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 167–176, Feb. 2010, doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70340-0.
[36]
M. L. Flaherty et al., ‘The increasing incidence of anticoagulant-associated intracerebral hemorrhage’, Neurology, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 116–121, Jan. 2007, doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000250340.05202.8b.
[37]
S. Runchey and S. McGee, ‘Does This Patient Have a Hemorrhagic Stroke?’, JAMA, vol. 303, no. 22, Jun. 2010, doi: 10.1001/jama.2010.754.
[38]
D. Wilson, M. E. Adams, F. Robertson, M. Murphy, and D. J. Werring, ‘Investigating intracerebral haemorrhage’, BMJ, vol. 350, no. may20 10, pp. h2484–h2484, May 2015, doi: 10.1136/bmj.h2484.
[39]
A. Arboix, L. García-Eroles, J. Massons, M. Oliveres, and C. Targa, ‘Hemorrhagic Lacunar Stroke’, Cerebrovascular Diseases, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 229–234, Apr. 2000, doi: 10.1159/000016061.
[40]
A. Charidimou et al., ‘Spectrum of Transient Focal Neurological Episodes in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy: Multicentre Magnetic Resonance Imaging Cohort Study and Meta-Analysis’, Stroke, vol. 43, no. 9, pp. 2324–2330, Sep. 2012, doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.657759.
[41]
M. T. C. Poon, A. F. Fonville, and R. Al-Shahi Salman, ‘Long-term prognosis after intracerebral haemorrhage: systematic review and meta-analysis’, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, vol. 85, no. 6, pp. 660–667, Jun. 2014, doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2013-306476.
[42]
H. M. Dewey et al., ‘Lifetime Cost of Stroke Subtypes in Australia: Findings From the North East Melbourne Stroke Incidence Study (NEMESIS)’, Stroke, vol. 34, no. 10, pp. 2502–2507, Oct. 2003, doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000091395.85357.09.
[43]
S. M. Rothman and J. W. Olney, ‘Glutamate and the pathophysiology of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage’, Annals of Neurology, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 105–111, Feb. 1986, doi: 10.1002/ana.410190202.
[44]
A. P. Saltman, F. L. Silver, J. Fang, M. Stamplecoski, and M. K. Kapral, ‘Care and Outcomes of Patients With In-Hospital Stroke’, JAMA Neurology, vol. 72, no. 7, Jul. 2015, doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.0284.
[45]
E. Cumbler et al., ‘Quality of Care and Outcomes for In-Hospital Ischemic Stroke: Findings From the National Get With The Guidelines-Stroke’, Stroke, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 231–238, Jan. 2014, doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.003617.
[46]
R. Hart and B. Hindman, ‘Mechanisms of perioperative cerebral infarction’, Stroke, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 766–773, Nov. 1982, doi: 10.1161/01.STR.13.6.766.
[47]
C. W. Hogue, S. F. Murphy, K. B. Schechtman, and V. G. Davila-Roman, ‘Risk Factors for Early or Delayed Stroke After Cardiac Surgery’, Circulation, vol. 100, no. 6, pp. 642–647, Aug. 1999, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.100.6.642.
[48]
D. E. Bamiou, ‘Hearing disorders in stroke’, in The Human Auditory System - Fundamental Organization and Clinical Disorders, vol. 129, Elsevier, 2015, pp. 633–647.
[49]
M. A. Nagel and D. Gilden, ‘Update on Varicella Zoster Virus Vasculopathy’, Current Infectious Disease Reports, vol. 16, no. 6, Jun. 2014, doi: 10.1007/s11908-014-0407-z.
[50]
L. Varennes, ‘Fibromuscular dysplasia: what the radiologist should know: a pictorial review’, Insights into Imaging, vol. 6, no. 3, 2015, doi: doi: 10.1007/s13244-015-0382-4. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4444794/
[51]
M. Omura, N. Aida, K. Sekido, M. Kakehi, and S. Matsubara, ‘Large intracranial vessel occlusive vasculopathy after radiation therapy in children: Clinical features and usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging’, International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 241–249, May 1997, doi: 10.1016/S0360-3016(97)82497-2.
[52]
R. Bourcier, C. Papagiannaki, R. Bibi, J. P. Cottier, and D. Herbreteau, ‘Intracranial dissection: Incidence and long term endovascular treatment results of a not so rare disease’, Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, vol. 114, no. 9, pp. 1248–1253, Nov. 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2012.03.017.
[53]
R. Kleinloog, L. Regli, G. J. E. Rinkel, and C. J. M. Klijn, ‘Regional differences in incidence and patient characteristics of moyamoya disease: a systematic review’, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, vol. 83, no. 5, pp. 531–536, May 2012, doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2011-301387.
[54]
L. Pantoni, ‘Cerebral small vessel disease: from pathogenesis and clinical characteristics to therapeutic challenges’, The Lancet Neurology, vol. 9, no. 7, pp. 689–701, Jul. 2010, doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70104-6.
[55]
J. M. Wardlaw et al., ‘Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration’, The Lancet Neurology, vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 822–838, Aug. 2013, doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70124-8.
[56]
G. Staaf, B. Geijer, A. Lindgren, and B. Norrving, ‘Diffusion-Weighted MRI Findings in Patients with Capsular Warning Syndrome’, Cerebrovascular Diseases, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 1–8, Dec. 2003, doi: 10.1159/000073891.
[57]
D. K. Jones, Diffusion MRI: theory, methods, and applications. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011 [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780195369779.001.0001
[58]
P. B. Barker, X. Golay, and G. Zaharchuk, Eds., Clinical Perfusion MRI: Techniques and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013 [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139004053
