1.
Brewer, C. A. Designing Better Maps: A Guide for GIS Users. (ESRI Press, Redlands, Calif, 2005).
2.
DeMers, M. N. Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems. (Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 2009).
3.
de Smith, M., Longley, P. & Goodchild, M. Geospatial Analysis. https://www.spatialanalysisonline.com/HTML/index.html (2021).
4.
Heywood, I., Cornelius, S. & Carver, S. An Introduction to Geographical Information Systems. (Pearson Education, Harlow, 2006).
5.
Longley, P. & et al. Geographic Information Systems & Science. (John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, N.J., 2011).
6.
Baily, B. & Nowell, D. Techniques for monitoring coastal change: a review and case study. Ocean & Coastal Management 32, 85–95 (1996).
7.
Barfoot, P. J. & Tucker, J. J. Geomorphological changes at Blakeney Point. Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists Society 25, 49–60 (1980).
8.
Bernhardsen, T. Geographic Information Systems: An Introduction. (Wiley, New York, 1999).
9.
Bock, M. Remote sensing and GIS-based techniques for the classification and monitoring of biotopes: Case examples for a wet grass- and moor land area in Northern Germany. Journal for Nature Conservation 11, 145–155 (2003).
10.
Boteva, D., Griffiths, G. & Dimopoulos, P. Evaluation and mapping of the conservation significance of habitats using GIS: an example from Crete, Greece. Journal for Nature Conservation 12, 237–250.
11.
Burningham, H. Meso-scale morphological changes in the Loughros More estuary. Proceedings of Littoral 2002: The Changing Coast 265–270 http://sheskinmore.wordpress.com/research/ (2002).
12.
Dong, Z., Wang, X. & Chen, G. Monitoring sand dune advance in the Taklimakan Desert. Geomorphology 35, 219–231.
13.
Draper, D. & et al. Application of GIS in plant conservation programmes in Portugal. Biological Conservation 113, 337–349.
14.
Ekebom, J. & Erkkila, A. Using aerial photography for identification of marine and coastal habitats under the EU’s Habitats Directive. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 13, 287–304.
15.
Fromard, F., Vega, C. & Proisy, C. Half a century of dynamic coastal change affecting mangrove shorelines of French Guiana. A case study based on remote sensing data analyses and field surveys. Marine Geology 208, 265–280.
16.
Leeks, G. J. L. & et al. The LOIS river monitoring network: strategy and implementation. Science of The Total Environment 194–195, 101–109.
17.
Letsinger, S. L. Evaluation of Riparian Buffer Zones using GIS and Remote Sensing to Target Watershed Restoration Efforts. http://igs.indiana.edu/WatershedHydrology/RiparianBuffers.cfm (2004).
18.
Koch, T. The Map as Intent: Variations on the Theme of John Snow. Cartographica vol. 39 1–15 (2004).
19.
Maddrell, R. J. Managed coastal retreat, reducing flood risks and protection costs, Dungeness Nuclear Power Station, UK. Coastal Engineering 28, 1–15.
20.
Manson, F. J., Loneragan, N. R. & Phinn, S. R. Spatial and temporal variation in distribution of mangroves in Moreton Bay, subtropical Australia: a comparison of pattern metrics and change detection analyses based on aerial photographs. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 57, 653–666.
21.
McGregor, S. J. An integrated geographic information system approach for modeling the suitability of conifer habitat in an alpine environment. Geomorphology 21, 265–280.
22.
McKenna et al., J. Obsolete Maps and Coastal Management: Case Studies from Northwest Ireland. Coastal Management 31, 229–246 (2003).
23.
Moore, T. & et al. An Expert System for Integrated Coastal Zone Management: A Geomorphological Case Study. Marine Pollution Bulletin 37, 361–370.
24.
Nams, V. O., Mowat, G. & Panian, M. A. Determining the spatial scale for conservation purposes – an example with grizzly bears. Biological Conservation 128, 109–119.
25.
Neilson, B. & Costello, M. J. The Relative Lengths of Seashore Substrata Around the Coastline of Ireland as Determined by Digital Methods in a Geographical Information System. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 49, 501–508.
26.
Duane Nellis, M., Harrington, J. A. & Wu, J. Remote sensing of temporal and spatial variations in pool size, suspended sediment, turbidity, and Secchi depth in Tuttle Creek Reservoir, Kansas: 1993. Geomorphology 21, 281–293.
27.
Pedersen, Å. Ø., Nyhuus, S., Blindheim, T. & Krog, O. M. W. Implementation of a GIS-based management tool for conservation of biodiversity within the municipality of Oslo, Norway. Landscape and Urban Planning 68, 429–438.
28.
Perotto-Baldiviezo, H. L. & et al. GIS-based spatial analysis and modeling for landslide hazard assessment in steeplands, southern Honduras. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 103, 165–176.
29.
Salem, B. B. Application of GIS to biodiversity monitoring. Journal of Arid Environments 54, 91–114.
30.
Sear, D. A. & Newson, M. D. Environmental change in river channels: a neglected element. Towards geomorphological typologies, standards and monitoring. Science of The Total Environment 310, 17–23.
31.
Thompson, S. & et al. Identifying potential breeding sites for the stone curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus) in the UK. Journal for Nature Conservation 12, 229–235.
32.
Thorbjarnarson, J. & et al. Regional habitat conservation priorities for the American crocodile. Biological Conservation 128, 25–36.
33.
Walsh, S. J., Butler, D. R. & Malanson, G. P. An overview of scale, pattern, process relationships in geomorphology: a remote sensing and GIS perspective. Geomorphology 21, 183–205.
34.
White, K. & El Asmar, H. M. Monitoring changing position of coastlines using Thematic Mapper imagery, an example from the Nile Delta. Geomorphology 29, 93–105.
35.
van der Meulen, F., Witter, J. V. & Arens, S. M. The use of a GIS in assessing the impacts of sea level rise on nature conservation along the Dutch coast: 1990–2090. Landscape Ecology 6, 105–113.
36.
Vitek, J. D., Giardino, J. R. & Fitzgerald, J. W. Mapping geomorphology: A journey from paper maps, through computer mapping to GIS and Virtual Reality. Geomorphology 16, 233–249.
37.
Band, L. E. Topographic Partition of Watersheds with Digital Elevation Models. Water Resources Research 22, 15–24.
38.
Carmona, C. P., Röder, A., Azcárate, F. M. & Peco, B. Grazing management or physiography? Factors controlling vegetation recovery in Mediterranean grasslands. Ecological Modelling 251, 73–84.
39.
Chen, C.-Y. & Yu, F.-C. Morphometric analysis of debris flows and their source areas using GIS. Geomorphology 129, 387–397.
40.
Dalton, T., Thompson, R. & Jin, D. Mapping human dimensions in marine spatial planning and management: An example from Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. Marine Policy 34, 309–319.
41.
Dartnell, P. & et al. Multibeam sonar mapping and modeling of a submerged bryophyte mat in Crater Lake, Oregon. http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/366/ (2008).
42.
Kienzle, S. The Effect of DEM Raster Resolution on First Order, Second Order and Compound Terrain Derivatives. Transactions in GIS 8, 83–111.
43.
Leonard, P. B. & et al. Remote detection of small wetlands in the Atlantic coastal plain of North America: Local relief models, ground validation, and high-throughput computing. Forest Ecology and Management 284, 107–115.
44.
Lundblad, E. R. & et al. A Benthic Terrain Classification Scheme for American Samoa. Marine Geodesy 29, 89–111 (2006).
45.
Miller, S. N. & et al. The Automated Geospatial Watershed Assessment tool. Environmental Modelling & Software 22, 365–377.
46.
Naito, A. T. & Cairns, D. M. Relationships between Arctic shrub dynamics and topographically derived hydrologic characteristics. Environmental Research Letters 6,.
47.
Rozo, M. G., Nogueira, A. C. R. & Truckenbrodt, W. The anastomosing pattern and the extensively distributed scroll bars in the middle Amazon River. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 37, 1471–1488.
48.
Rumsby, B. Vertical accretion rates in fluvial systems: ­a comparison of volumetric and depth-based estimates. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 25, 617–631.
49.
Rumsby, B. T. & Macklin, M. G. Channel and floodplain response to recent abrupt climate change: The tyne basin, Northern England. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 19, 499–515.
50.
Sørensen, R., Zinko, U. & Seibert, J. On the calculation of the topographic wetness index: evaluation of different methods based on field observations. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 10, 101–112.
51.
Tarboton, D. G., Bras, R. L. & Rodriguez-Iturbe, I. On the extraction of channel networks from digital elevation data. Hydrological Processes 5, 81–100.
52.
Teng, J., Vaze, J., Tuteja, N. K. & Gallant, J. C. A GIS-Based Tool for Spatial and Distributed Hydrological Modelling: CLASS Spatial Analyst. Transactions in GIS 12, 209–225.
53.
Wilson, M. F. J. & et al. Multiscale Terrain Analysis of Multibeam Bathymetry Data for Habitat Mapping on the Continental Slope. Marine Geodesy 30, 3–35.
54.
Chaaban, F. & et al. Using ArcGISH Modelbuilder and Aerial Photographs to Measure Coastline Retreat and Advance: North of France. Journal of Coastal Research 28, 1567–1579 (2012).
55.
Hall, S. T. & Post, C. J. Advanced GIS Exercise: Estimating Beach and Dune Erosion in Coastal South Carolina. Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education 37, 49–52 (2008).
56.
Wright, D. J. & Heyman, W. D. Introduction to the Special Issue: Marine and Coastal GIS for Geomorphology, Habitat Mapping, and Marine Reserves. Marine Geodesy 31, 223–230.
57.
Greco, S. E. & Plant, R. E. Temporal mapping of riparian landscape change on the Sacramento river, miles 196–218, California, USA. Landscape Research 28, 405–426.
58.
Estes, J. E. Some Applications of Aerial Infrared Imagery. (Allen Press Inc, Lawrence, KS, 1966).
59.
Sheppard, C. R. C. & et al. Habitat mapping in the Caribbean for management and conservation: Use and assessment of aerial photography. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 5, 277–298.
60.
Taylor, J. C., Brewer, T. R. & Bird, A. C. Monitoring landscape change in the National Parks of England and Wales using aerial photo interpretation and GIS. International Journal of Remote Sensing 21, 2737–2752.
61.
Kadmon, R. & Harari-Kremer, R. Studying Long-Term Vegetation Dynamics Using Digital Processing of Historical Aerial Photographs. Remote Sensing of Environment 68, 164–176.
62.
Sutherland, J. Error analysis of Ordnance Survey map tidelines, UK. Proceedings of the ICE - Maritime Engineering 165, 189–197.