Bartlett, Thad Q., Robert W. Sussman, and James M. Cheverud. 1993. ‘Infant Killing in Primates: A Review of Observed Cases with Specific Reference to the Sexual Selection Hypothesis’. American Anthropologist 95(4):958–90.
Bercovitch, Fred B. 1986. ‘Male Rank and Reproductive Activity in Savanna Baboons’. International Journal of Primatology 7(6):533–50. doi: 10.1007/BF02736660.
Bercovitch, Fred B. 2002. ‘Sex-Biased Parental Investment in Primates ’. International Journal of Primatology 23(4):905–21. doi: 10.1023/A:1015585117114.
Boesch, Christophe , and Boesch, Hedwige. 1993. ‘Part III.9: Diversity of Tool Use and Tool-Making in Wild Chimpanzees’. in The use of tools by human and non-human primates. Vol. Symposia of the Fyssen Foundation. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Boesch, Christophe and Boesch-Achermann, Hedwige. 1991. ‘Dim Forest, Bright Chimps’. Natural History 50:52–56.
Borries et. al., Carola. 1999. ‘DNA Analyses Support the Hypothesis That Infanticide Is Adaptive in Langur Monkeys’. Proceedings: Biological Sciences 266(1422):901–4.
Brown, G. 2001. ‘Sex-Biased Investment in Nonhuman Primates: Can Trivers & Willard’s Theory Be Tested?’ Animal Behaviour 61(4):683–94. doi: 10.1006/anbe.2000.1659.
Brown, G. R. 2002. ‘Reconsidering the Null Hypothesis: Is Maternal Rank Associated with Birth Sex Ratios in Primate Groups?’ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99(17):11252–55. doi: 10.1073/pnas.162360599.
Cheney, Dorothy L., and Robert M. Seyfarth. 1985. ‘Vervet Monkey Alarm Calls: Manipulation through Shared Information?’ Behaviour 94(1):150–66. doi: 10.1163/156853985X00316.
Cowlishaw, G., and R. Dunbar. 1991. ‘Dominance Rank and Mating Success in Male Primates’. Animal Behaviour 41(6):1045–56. doi: 10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80642-6.
COWLISHAW, G., and R. DUNBAR. 1991. ‘Dominance Rank and Mating Success in Male Primates’. Animal Behaviour 41(6):1045–56. doi: 10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80642-6.
Dawkins, Richard. 2006. ‘Nice Guys Finish First’. in The selfish gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Dixson, A.F. 1998. ‘Mating Tactics and Reproductive Success’. in Primate sexuality: comparative studies of the prosimians, monkeys, apes, and human beings. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Domb, Leah G., and Mark Pagel. 2001. ‘Sexual Swellings Advertise Female Quality in Wild Baboons’. Nature 410(6825):204–6. doi: 10.1038/35065597.
Eberle, Manfred, and Peter M. Kappeler. 2006. ‘Family Insurance: Kin Selection and Cooperative Breeding in a Solitary Primate (Microcebus Murinus)’. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 60(4):582–88. doi: 10.1007/s00265-006-0203-3.
Ellis, L., and R. Blanchard. 2001. ‘Birth Order, Sibling Sex Ratio, and Maternal Miscarriages in Homosexual and Heterosexual Men and Women’. Personality and Individual Differences 30(4):543–52. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00051-9.
Fowler, Andrew, Yianna Koutsioni, and Volker Sommer. 2006. ‘Leaf-Swallowing in Nigerian Chimpanzees: Evidence for Assumed Self-Medication’. Primates 48(1):73–76. doi: 10.1007/s10329-006-0001-6.
Fowler, Andrew, and Volker Sommer. 2007. ‘Subsistence Technology of Nigerian Chimpanzees’. International Journal of Primatology 28(5):997–1023. doi: 10.1007/s10764-007-9166-0.
Fuentes, Agustin. 1998. ‘Re-Evaluating Primate Monogamy’. American Anthropologist 100(4):890–907. doi: 10.1525/aa.1998.100.4.890.
Goodall, Jane. 2000. ‘The Mind of the Chimpanzee’. in Through a window: thirty years with the chimpanzees of Gombe. London: Phoenix.
Haslam, Michael, Adriana Hernandez-Aguilar, Victoria Ling, Susana Carvalho, Ignacio de la Torre, April DeStefano, Andrew Du, Bruce Hardy, Jack Harris, Linda Marchant, Tetsuro Matsuzawa, William McGrew, Julio Mercader, Rafael Mora, Michael Petraglia, Hélène Roche, Elisabetta Visalberghi, and Rebecca Warren. 2009. ‘Primate Archaeology’. Nature 460(7253):339–44. doi: 10.1038/nature08188.
Higham, James P., Ann M. MacLarnon, Caroline Ross, Michael Heistermann, and Stuart Semple. 2008. ‘Baboon Sexual Swellings: Information Content of Size and Color’. Hormones and Behavior 53(3):452–62. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.11.019.
Higham, James P., Ymke Warren, Jeremiah Adanu, Buba N. Umaru, Ann M. MacLarnon, Volker Sommer, and Caroline Ross. 2009. ‘Living on the Edge: Life-History of Olive Baboons at Gashaka-Gumti National Park, Nigeria’. American Journal of Primatology 71(4):293–304. doi: 10.1002/ajp.20651.
Hohmann, Gottfried et al. 2006. ‘Frugivory and Gregariousness of Salonga Bonobos and Gashaka Chimpanzees’. in Feeding ecology in apes and other primates: ecological, physical, and behavioral aspects. Vol. Cambridge studies in biological and evolutionary anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer. n.d. ‘Meet the Alloparents: Shared Child Care May Be the Secret of Human Evolutionary Success’. Natural History.
Humle, Tatyana, and Tetsuro Matsuzawa. 2002. ‘Ant-Dipping among the Chimpanzees of Bossou, Guinea, and Some Comparisons with Other Sites’. American Journal of Primatology 58(3):133–48. doi: 10.1002/ajp.10055.
Kappeler, Peter M., and Carel P. van Schaik. 2002. ‘Evolution of Primate Social Systems ’. International Journal of Primatology 23(4):707–40. doi: 10.1023/A:1015520830318.
Kirkpatrick, R. C. 2000. ‘The Evolution of Human Homosexual Behavior’. Current Anthropology 41(3):385–413. doi: 10.1086/300145.
Koenig, Andreas. 2002. ‘Competition for Resources and Its Behavioral Consequences among Female Primates ’. International Journal of Primatology 23(4):759–83. doi: 10.1023/A:1015524931226.
LeVay, Simon, and Dean H. Hamer. 1994. ‘Evidence for a Biological Influence in Male Homosexuality’. Scientific American 270(5):44–49. doi: 10.1038/scientificamerican0594-44.
MANSON, JOSEPH H. 1999. ‘Infant Handling in wildCebus Capucinus: Testing Bonds between Females?’ Animal Behaviour 57(4):911–21. doi: 10.1006/anbe.1998.1052.
Mastripieri, Dario. n.d. ‘Social Structure, Infant Handling, and Mothering Styles in Group-Living Old World Monkeys’. International Journal of Primatology 15(4).
McKenna, James J. 1979. ‘The Evolution of Allomothering Behavior among Colobine Monkeys: Function and Opportunism in Evolution’. American Anthropologist 81(4):818–40. doi: 10.1525/aa.1979.81.4.02a00040.
Menzel, Emil, W. 1997. ‘Group of Young Chimpanzees in a 1-Acre Field’. in Machiavellian intelligence: extensions and evaluations, II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Michael Tomasello. 1994. ‘The Question of Chimpanzee Culture’. in Chimpanzee cultures. Cambridge, Mass: Published by Harvard University Press in cooperation with the Chicago Academy of Sciences.
Milinski et al , M. n.d. ‘Donors to Charity Gain in Both Indirect Reciprocity and Political Reputation’. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 881–83.
Morgan, Bethan J., and Ekwoge E. Abwe. 2006. ‘Chimpanzees Use Stone Hammers in Cameroon’. Current Biology 16(16):R632–33. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2006.07.045.
van Noordwijk, M. A., and C. P. van Schaik. 2004. ‘Sexual Selection and the Careers of Primate Males: Paternity Concentration, Dominance Acquisition Tactics and Transfer Decisions’. Pp. 208–29 in Sexual selection in primates: new and comparative perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Palombit, R. A., D. L. Cheney, and R. M. Seyfarth. 2001. ‘Female–Female Competition for Male “Friends” in Wild Chacma Baboons (Papio Cynocephalus Ursinus)’. Animal Behaviour 61(6):1159–71. doi: 10.1006/anbe.2000.1690.
PARISH, AMY R., FRANS B. M. DE WAAL, and DAVID HAIG. 2006. ‘The Other "Closest Living Relative”: How Bonobos (Pan Paniscus) Challenge Traditional Assumptions about Females, Dominance, Intra- and Intersexual Interactions, and Hominid Evolution’. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 907(1):97–113. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06618.x.
Paul, Andreas. 1999. ‘The Socioecology of Infant Handling in Primates: Is the Current Model Convincing?’ Primates 40(1):33–46. doi: 10.1007/BF02557700.
Paul, Andreas. 2002. ‘Sexual Selection and Mate Choice ’. International Journal of Primatology 23(4):877–904. doi: 10.1023/A:1015533100275.
Reichard, Ulrich, and Volker Sommer. 1997. ‘Group Encounters in Wild Gibbons (Hylobates Lar): Agonism, Affiliation, and the Concept of Infanticide’. Behaviour 134(15):1135–74. doi: 10.1163/156853997X00106.
Relethford, John H. 2006. ‘Classification of the Hominoids’. in The human species: an introduction to biological anthropology. Boston, Mass: McGraw-Hill.
Santos, Laurie R., Aaron G. Nissen, and Jonathan A. Ferrugia. 2006. ‘Rhesus Monkeys, Macaca Mulatta, Know What Others Can and Cannot Hear’. Animal Behaviour 71(5):1175–81. doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.10.007.
van Schaik, C. 2000. ‘Infanticide by Male Primates: The Sexual Selection Hypothesis Revisited’. Pp. 27–60 in Infanticide by males and its implications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schöning, C., D. Ellis, A. Fowler, and V. Sommer. 2007. ‘Army Ant Prey Availability and Consumption by Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes Vellerosus) at Gashaka (Nigeria)’. Journal of Zoology 271(2):125–33. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00177.x.
Schöning, Caspar, Tatyana Humle, Yasmin Möbius, and W. C. McGrew. 2008. ‘The Nature of Culture: Technological Variation in Chimpanzee Predation on Army Ants Revisited’. Journal of Human Evolution 55(1):48–59. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.12.002.
Schradin, Carsten, and Gustl Anzenberger. 2001. ‘Costs of Infant Carrying in Common Marmosets, Callithrix Jacchus: An Experimental Analysis’. Animal Behaviour 62(2):289–95. doi: 10.1006/anbe.2001.1767.
Setchell, Joanna M., Marie Charpentier, and E. Jean Wickings. 2005. ‘Mate Guarding and Paternity in Mandrills: Factors Influencing Alpha Male Monopoly’. Animal Behaviour 70(5):1105–20. doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.02.021.
Silk, Joan B. 2002a. ‘Females, Food, Family, and Friendship’. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 11(3):85–87. doi: 10.1002/evan.10011.
Silk, Joan B. 2002b. ‘Kin Selection In Primate Groups ’. International Journal of Primatology 23(4):849–75. doi: 10.1023/A:1015581016205.
Soltis, Joseph. 2002. ‘Do Primate Females Gain Nonprocreative Benefits by Mating with Multiple Males? Theoretical and Empirical Considerations’. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 11(5):187–97. doi: 10.1002/evan.10025.
Sommer , V. 2000. ‘The Holy Wars about Infanticide. Which Side Are You on? And Why?’ Pp. 2–26 in Infanticide by males and its implications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sommer, Volker. 2006. ‘Against Nature?! An Epilogue about Animal Sex and the Moral Dimension’. in Homosexual behaviour in animals: an evolutionary perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sommer, Volker , and and Reichard, Ulrich. 2000. ‘Rethinking Monogamy : The Gibbon Case’. in Primate males: causes and consequences of variation in group composition. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sommer, Volker, Alison Denham, and Katherine Little. 2002. ‘Postconflict Behaviour of Wild Indian Langur Monkeys: Avoidance of Opponents but Rarely Affinity’. Animal Behaviour 63(4):637–48. doi: 10.1006/anbe.2001.1897.
Stanford, Craig B. 1998. ‘The Social Behavior of Chimpanzees and Bonobos: Empirical Evidence and Shifting Assumptions’. Current Anthropology 39(4):399–420. doi: 10.1086/204757.
Stanford, Craig B. 2001. ‘The Ape’s Gift: Meat-Eating, Meat-Sharing and Human Evolution’. in Tree of origin: what primate behavior can tell us about human social evolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
VAN SCHAIK, C. P., and R. I. M. Dunbar. 1990. ‘The Evolution of Monogamy in Large Primates: A New Hypothesis and Some Crucial Tests’. Behaviour 115(1):30–61. doi: 10.1163/156853990X00284.
van Schaik, C.P. 1989. ‘The Ecology of Social Relationships amongst Female Primates’. in Comparative socioecology: the behavioural ecology of humans and other mammals. Vol. Special publications series of the British Ecological Society. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.
Volker Sommer . 2000. ‘The Holy Wars about Infanticide. Which Side Are You on? And Why?’ Pp. 9–26 in Infanticide by males and its implications . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
de Waal, Frans B. M. 2005. ‘How Animals Do Business’. Scientific American 292(4):72–79. doi: 10.1038/scientificamerican0405-72.
West, Stuart A., Ashleigh S. Griffin, and Andy Gardner. 2007. ‘Evolutionary Explanations for Cooperation’. Current Biology 17(16):R661–72. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2007.06.004.
Whiten, A., J. Goodall, W. C. McGrew, T. Nishida, V. Reynolds, Y. Sugiyama, C. E. G. Tutin#, R. W. Wrangham, and C. Boesch. 1999. ‘Cultures in Chimpanzees’. Nature 399(6737):682–85. doi: 10.1038/21415.
Whiten, Andrew. 2005. ‘The Second Inheritance System of Chimpanzees and Humans’. Nature 437(7055):52–55. doi: 10.1038/nature04023.
Whiten, Andrew, and Christophe Boesch. 1999. ‘The Cultures of Chimpanzees’. Scientific American 284:48–55.
Whiten, Andrew, and Christophe Boesch. 2001. ‘The Cultures of Chimpanzees’. Scientific American 284(1):60–67. doi: 10.1038/scientificamerican0101-60.
Whiten, Andrew, and Richard W. Byrne, eds. 1997. Machiavellian Intelligence II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Widdig, A. 2001. ‘Paternal Relatedness and Age Proximity Regulate Social Relationships among Adult Female Rhesus Macaques’. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98(24):13769–73. doi: 10.1073/pnas.241210198.
Wildman, D. E. 2003. ‘Implications of Natural Selection in Shaping 99.4% Nonsynonymous DNA Identity between Humans and Chimpanzees: Enlarging Genus Homo’. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100(12):7181–88. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1232172100.