[1]
- Marcus Garvey: http://marcusgarvey.com/.
[2]
A speech by Aime Cesaire: Negritude, Africa and Black History (Miami, 1987) - L’Humanité in English: http://www.humaniteinenglish.com/spip.php?article898.
[3]
Adi, H. 2013. Pan-Africanism and Communism: the Communist International, Africa and the diaspora, 1919-1939. Africa World Press.
[4]
Adi, H. et al. 1995. The 1945 Manchester Pan-African Congress revisited. New Beacon Books.
[5]
AfroCubaWeb: the African cultures in Cuba - Yoruba - Congo - Dahomey - Abakwa - Haiti - West Indies - Bricamo: http://www.afrocubaweb.com/.
[6]
Alessandrini, A.C. 1999. Frantz Fanon: critical perspectives. Routledge.
[7]
Anthony Payne, 1952- Politics in Jamaica / Anthony J. Payne.
[8]
Austin, David All Roads Led to Montreal: Black Power, the Caribbean, and the Black Radical Tradition in Canada.
[9]
Back, L. and Solomos, J. 2009. Theories of race and racism: a reader. Routledge.
[10]
Bandele, R.M. 2008. Black star: African American activism in the international political economy. University of Illinois Press.
[11]
Baptiste, F.A. and Lewis, R. eds. 2009. George Padmore: pan-African revolutionary. Ian Randle Publishers.
[12]
Barbour, F.B. 1968. The Black Power revolt: a collection of essays. P. Sargent.
[13]
Bass, A. 2009. Those about him remained silent: the battle over W.E.B. Du Bois. University of Minnesota Press.
[14]
Beckles, H. and Shepherd, V. 1993. Caribbean freedom: society and economy from emancipation to the present. Randle.
[15]
Bell, V. 2010. Introduction: Fanon’s The Wretched of the Earth 50 Years On. Theory, Culture & Society. 27, 7–8 (Dec. 2010), 7–14. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276410383721.
[16]
Benn, D. 2004. The Caribbean: an intellectual history, 1774-2003. Ian Randle.
[17]
Benn, D. 2004. The Caribbean: an intellectual history, 1774-2003. Ian Randle.
[18]
Benn, D. 2004. The Caribbean: an intellectual history, 1774-2003. Ian Randle.
[19]
Berg, M. 2005. The ticket to freedom: the NAACP and the struggle for Black political integration. University Press of Florida.
[20]
Berland, Oscar The Emergence of the Communist Perspective on the ‘Negro Question’ in America: 1919–1931: Part One.
[21]
Bernabé, J. et al. 1993. Éloge de la Créolité. Gallimard.
[22]
Bernasconi, R. 2002. The Assumption of Negritude: Aimé Césaire, Frantz Fanon, and the Vicious Circle of Racial Politics. Parallax. 8, 2 (Apr. 2002), 69–83. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/13534640210138946.
[23]
Binghamton University - History Department: Resources: Journal of History: https://www.binghamton.edu/history/resources/journal-of-history/woman-blk-trad.html.
[24]
Black Atlantic Resource Debate | An interactive resource promoting the study of black Atlantic cultures: https://blackatlanticresource.wordpress.com/.
[25]
Black Cultural Archives: http://bcaheritage.org.uk/.
[26]
Black Power - speech by C L R James in 1967: https://www.marxists.org/archive/james-clr/works/1967/black-power.htm.
[27]
Black power in the Caribbean context: http://ucl-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?frbrVersion=4&tabs=detailsTab&ct=display&fn=search&doc=TN_proquest37598847&indx=2&recIds=TN_proquest37598847&recIdxs=1&elementId=1&renderMode=poppedOut&displayMode=full&frbrVersion=4&frbg=&&dscnt=0&scp.scps=primo_central_multiple_fe&tb=t&mode=Basic&vid=UCL_VU1&srt=rank&tab=local&dum=true&vl(freeText0)=David%20Lowenthal%2C%20%E2%80%98Black%20Power%20in%20the%20Caribbean%20Context%E2%80%99&dstmp=1453736278513.
[28]
Blum, E.J. 2007. W.E.B. Du Bois, American prophet. University of Pennsylvania Press.
[29]
Bogues, A. 2003. Black heretics, black prophets: radical political intellectuals. Routledge.
[30]
Bogues, A. 2003. Black heretics, black prophets: radical political intellectuals. Routledge.
[31]
Bogues, A. 2003. Black heretics, black prophets: radical political intellectuals. Routledge.
[32]
Bogues, A. 2003. Black heretics, black prophets: radical political intellectuals. Routledge.
[33]
Bonnett, A.W. and Watson, G.L. 1990. Emerging perspectives on the Black diaspora. University Press of America.
[34]
Boyce Davies, C. et al. 2003. Decolonizing the academy: African diaspora studies. Africa World Press.
[35]
Boyce Davies, C. 2007. Left of Karl Marx: the political life of Black Communist Claudia Jones. Duke University Press.
[36]
Boyce Davies, C. 2007. Left of Karl Marx: the political life of Black Communist Claudia Jones. Duke University Press.
[37]
Bradley, L. 2001. Bass culture: when reggae was king. Penguin.
[38]
Brodber, E. 2003. The continent of black consciousness: on the history of the African diaspora from slavery to the present day. New Beacon Books.
[39]
Brown, S. 2003. Fighting for US: Maulana Karenga, the US organization, and black cultural nationalism. New York University Press.
[40]
Burton, R.D.E. and Réno, F. 1995. French and West Indian: Martinique, Guadeloupe, and French Guiana today. University Press of Virginia.
[41]
Campbell, H. 1985. Rasta and resistance: from Marcus Garvey to Walter Rodney. Hansib.
[42]
Campbell, S Campbell, S (correspondence author) BLACK BOLSHEVIKS AND RECOGNITION OF AFRICAN-AMERICA’S RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION BY THE COMMUNIST PARTY USA.
[43]
Carmichael, S. and Hamilton, C.V. 1967. Black power: the politics of liberation in America. Vintage Books.
[44]
Carnegie, C.V. 2002. Postnationalism prefigured: Caribbean borderlands. Rutgers University Press.
[45]
Carson, C. 1981. In struggle: SNCC and the Black awakening of the 1960s. Harvard University Press.
[46]
Césaire, A. et al. 1995. Notebook of a return to my native land =: Cahier d’un retour au pays natal. Bloodaxe Books.
[47]
Césaire, A. and Kelley, R.D.G. 2000. Discourse on colonialism. Monthly Review Press.
[48]
Chevannes, B. 1994. Rastafari: roots and ideology. Syracuse University Press.
[49]
Chevannes, B. 2011. Ships that will never sail: the paradox of Rastafari Pan-Africanism. Critical Arts. 25, 4 (Dec. 2011), 565–575. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/02560046.2011.639995.
[50]
Chevannes, B. and Institute of Social Studies (Netherlands) 1997. Rastafari and other African-Caribbean worldviews. Macmillan.
[51]
Clarke, J.H. and Garvey, A.J. 1974. Marcus Garvey and the vision of Africa. Vintage Books.
[52]
Claudia Jones, An End to the Neglect of the Problems of Negro Women: https://blackfeministmind.wordpress.com/2009/03/16/session-3-black-feminist-west-indian-communist-on-claudia-jones/.
[53]
Cleaver, E. 1992. Soul on ice. Laurel/Dell.
[54]
Collins, Patricia Hill Gender, Black Feminism, and Black Political Economy.
[55]
Contee, C.G. 1972. Du Bois, the NAACP, and the Pan-African Congress of 1919. The Journal of Negro History. 57, 1 (Jan. 1972). DOI:https://doi.org/10.2307/2717070.
[56]
Contee, C.G. 1969. The Emergence of Du Bois as an African Nationalist. The Journal of Negro History. 54, 1 (Jan. 1969). DOI:https://doi.org/10.2307/2716161.
[57]
Coombs, O. 1974. Is Massa Day dead?: Black moods in the Caribbean. Anchor/Doubleday.
[58]
Craig, S. 1981. Contemporary Caribbean: a sociological reader. S. Craig.
[59]
Davies, C.B. 2009. Sisters Outside: Tracing the Caribbean/Black Radical Intellectual Tradition. Small Axe: A Caribbean Journal of Criticism. 13, 1 (Jan. 2009), 217–229. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1215/07990537-2008-017.
[60]
Davis, A.Y. 1983. Women, race & class. Vintage Books.
[61]
Davis, A.Y. 1983. Women, race & class. Vintage Books.
[62]
Davis, A.Y. and James, J. 1998. The Angela Y. Davis reader. Blackwell.
[63]
Davis, G. 1997. Aimé Césaire. Cambridge University Press.
[64]
Dawson, M.C. 2001. Black visions: the roots of contemporary African-American political ideologies. University of Chicago Press.
[65]
DeMarco, J.P. 1983. The social thought of W.E.B. DuBois. University Press of America.
[66]
Dennis, Rutledge Dennis, Rutledge (correspondence author) DuBois and the Role of the Educated Elite.
[67]
Diagne, S.B. 2010. In Praise of the Post‐racial: Negritude Beyond Negritude. Third Text. 24, 2 (Mar. 2010), 241–248. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/09528821003722249.
[68]
Du Bois, W.E.B. and Foner, P.S. 1970. W.E.B. Du Bois speaks: speeches and addresses, vol.1: 1890-1919.
[69]
Du Bois, W.E.B. and Sundquist, E.J. 1996. The Oxford W.E.B. Du Bois reader. Oxford University Press.
[70]
Du Bois, W.E.B. and Zuckerman, P. 2004. The social theory of W.E.B. Du Bois. Pine Forge Press.
[71]
Dubois, L. and Scott, J.S. 2010. Origins of the Black Atlantic. Routledge.
[72]
Edmonds, E.B. 2003. Rastafari: from outcasts to culture bearers. Oxford University Press.
[73]
Edwards, B.H. 2003. The practice of diaspora: literature, translation, and the rise of Black internationalism. Harvard University Press.
[74]
Edwards, B.H. 2003. The practice of diaspora: literature, translation, and the rise of Black internationalism. Harvard University Press.
[75]
Eid, Haidar ; Ghazel, Khaled Footprints of Fanon in Gillo Pontecorvo’s The Battle of Algiers and Sembene Ousamne’s Xala.
[76]
Ekpo, D. 2010. Speak Negritude But Think and Act French: The Foundations of Senghor’s Political Philosophy. Third Text. 24, 2 (Mar. 2010), 227–239. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/09528821003722223.
[77]
Ezra, E. 2000. The colonial unconscious: race and culture in interwar France. Cornell University Press.
[78]
Fabre, Michel ; Cherry, Randall ; Eburne, Jonathan P Rene, Louis, and Leopold: Senghorian Negritude as a Black Humanism.
[79]
Fairclough, A. 2002. Better day coming: Blacks and equality, 1890-2000. Penguin.
[80]
Fairclough, A. 2002. Better day coming: Blacks and equality, 1890-2000. Penguin.
[81]
Fanon and the Caribbean by C.L.R. James November 1978: https://www.marxists.org/archive/james-clr/works/1978/11/fanon.htm.
[82]
Fanon, F. 2008. Black skin, white masks. Pluto.
[83]
Fanon, F. 1990. The wretched of the earth. Penguin.
[84]
Farred, G. 2003. What’s my name?: Black vernacular intellectuals. University of Minnesota Press.
[85]
Farred, G. 2003. What’s my name?: Black vernacular intellectuals. University of Minnesota Press.
[86]
Farred, G. 2003. What’s my name?: Black vernacular intellectuals. University of Minnesota Press.
[87]
Featherstone, D. 2012. Solidarity: hidden histories and geographies of internationalism. Zed.
[88]
Forsdick, C. and Murphy, D. 2009. Postcolonial thought in the French-speaking world. Liverpool University Press.
[89]
Forsdick, C. and Murphy, D. 2009. Postcolonial thought in the French-speaking world. Liverpool University Press.
[90]
Forsythe, D. 1971. Let the niggers burn!: the Sir George Williams University affair and its Caribbean aftermath. Our Generation Press.
[91]
Fredrickson, G.M. 1995. Black liberation: a comparative history of Black ideologies in the United States and South Africa. Oxford University Press.
[92]
Fredrickson, G.M. 1995. Black liberation: a comparative history of Black ideologies in the United States and South Africa. Oxford University Press.
[93]
Fredrickson, G.M. 1995. Black liberation: a comparative history of Black ideologies in the United States and South Africa. Oxford University Press.
[94]
Garraway, D.L. 2010. "What Is Mine”: Césairean Negritude between the Particular and the Universal. Research in African Literatures. 41, 1 (Mar. 2010), 71–86. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2979/RAL.2010.41.1.71.
[95]
Garvey, A.J. 1963. Garvey and Garveyism. A. Jacques Garvey.
[96]
Garvey, M. et al. 1967. Philosophy and opinions of Marcus Garvey: or Africa for the Africans. Frank Cass.
[97]
Garvey, M. and Blaisdell, R. 2004. Selected writings and speeches of Marcus Garvey. Dover Publications.
[98]
Garveyism and African nationalism: http://ucl-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&ct=display&fn=search&doc=TN_proquest1036060112&indx=1&recIds=TN_proquest1036060112&recIdxs=0&elementId=0&renderMode=poppedOut&displayMode=full&frbrVersion=&frbg=&&dscnt=0&scp.scps=primo_central_multiple_fe&tb=t&mode=Basic&vid=UCL_VU1&srt=rank&tab=local&dum=true&vl(freeText0)=Garveyism%20and%20African%20nationalism&dstmp=1452609908817.
[99]
Gates, H.L. 2010. Tradition and the Black Atlantic: critical theory in the African diaspora. BasicCivitas.
[100]
Geiss, I. 1974. The pan-African movement. Methuen.
[101]
Geiss, I. 1974. The pan-African movement. Methuen.
[102]
Gibson, N.C. 2003. Fanon: the postcolonial imagination. Polity Press in association with Blackwell Pub., Distributed in the USA by Blackwell Pub.
[103]
Gibson, N.C. 2011. Living Fanon: global perspectives. Palgrave Macmillan.
[104]
Gibson, N.C. 1999. Rethinking Fanon: the continuing dialogue. Humanity Books.
[105]
Gilroy, P. 1993. The black Atlantic: modernity and double consciousness. Harvard University Press.
[106]
Gilroy, P. 1993. The black Atlantic: modernity and double consciousness. Harvard University Press.
[107]
Gomez, M.A. 2006. Diasporic Africa: a reader. New York University Press.
[108]
Gomez, Michael A. Of Du Bois and Diaspora: The Challenge of African American Studies.
[109]
Gooding-Williams, R. 2009. In the shadow of Du Bois: Afro-modern political thought in America. Harvard University Press.
[110]
Gordon, L.R. et al. 1996. Fanon: a critical reader. Blackwell.
[111]
Gray, O. 2004. Demeaned but empowered: the social power of the urban poor in Jamaica. University of the West Indies Press.
[112]
Griffith, G.A. 2009. Blackness Unbound: Interrogating Transnational Blackness. Small Axe: A Caribbean Journal of Criticism. 13, 2 (Jan. 2009), 1–3. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1215/02705346-2009-002.
[113]
Guterl, M.P. 2001. The color of race in America, 1900-1940. Harvard University Press.
[114]
Guy-Sheftall, B. ed. 1995. Words of fire: an anthology of African-American feminist thought. The New Press.
[115]
Hall, Stuart ; Schwarz, Bill Breaking Bread with History: C. L. R. James and ‘The Black Jacobins Stuart Hall Interviewed by Bill Schwarz’.
[116]
Harpelle, R.N. 2000. Radicalism and accommodation: Garveyism in a United Fruit Company enclave. Journal of Iberian and Latin American Research. 6, 1 (Jul. 2000), 1–28. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/13260219.2000.10429576.
[117]
Harris, J.E. and African Diaspora Studies Institute 1993. Global dimensions of the African diaspora. Howard University Press.
[118]
Henke, H. and Réno, F. 2003. Modern political culture in the Caribbean. University of the West Indies Press.
[119]
Henke, H. and Réno, F. 2003. Modern political culture in the Caribbean. University of the West Indies Press.
[120]
Henry, F. and International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences 1976. Ethnicity in the Americas. Mouton.
[121]
Henry, P. 2000. Caliban’s reason: introducing Afro-Caribbean philosophy. Routledge.
[122]
Henry, P. 2000. Caliban’s reason: introducing Afro-Caribbean philosophy. Routledge.
[123]
Henry, W. ‘Lez’ 2012. Reggae, Rasta and the Role of the Deejay in the Black British Experience. Contemporary British History. 26, 3 (Sep. 2012), 355–373. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/13619462.2012.703024.
[124]
Hill Collins, P. 2009. Black feminist thought: knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment. Routledge.
[125]
Hill, R.A. 2013. ‘Comradeship of the More Advanced Races’: Marcus Garvey and the Brotherhood Movement in Britain, 1913-14. Small Axe: A Caribbean Journal of Criticism. 17, 1 40 (Jan. 2013), 50–70. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1215/07990537-1665434.
[126]
Hill, R.A. and Bair, B. 1987. Marcus Garvey, life and lessons: a centennial companion to the Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association papers. University of California Press.
[127]
Høgsbjerg, C. 2014. C.L.R. James in imperial Britain. Duke University Press.
[128]
Høgsbjerg, C. 2014. Mariner, renegade & castaway: Chris Braithwaite : seamen’s organiser, socialist and militant Pan-Africanist. Redwords.
[129]
hooks, bell 1982. Ain’t I a woman: black women and feminism. Pluto Press.
[130]
hooks, bell 2004. We real cool: black men and masculinity. Routledge.
[131]
hooks, bell and West, C. 1991. Breaking bread: insurgent Black intellectual life. South End Press.
[132]
Hord, F.L. and Lee, J.S. 1995. I am because we are: readings in Black philosophy. University of Massachusetts Press.
[133]
Hord, F.L. and Lee, J.S. 1995. I am because we are: readings in Black philosophy. University of Massachusetts Press.
[134]
Hord, F.L. and Lee, J.S. 1995. I am because we are: readings in Black philosophy. University of Massachusetts Press.
[135]
Hudis, P. 2015. Frantz Fanon: philosopher of the barricades. PlutoPress.
[136]
Hutchinson, E.O. 1995. Blacks and reds: race and class in conflict, 1919-1990. Michigan State University Press.
[137]
Hutton, Clinton Oh Rudie: Jamaican Popular Music and the Narrative of Urban Badness in the Making of Postcolonial Society.
[138]
Hyslop, J. 2009. Steamship Empire: Asian, African and British Sailors in the Merchant Marine c.1880--1945. Journal of Asian and African Studies. 44, 1 (Feb. 2009), 49–67. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909608098676.
[139]
Imaobong D. Umoren ‘This is the Age of Woman’: Black Feminism and Black Internationalism in the Works of Una Marson, 1928-1938. DOI:https://doi.org/http://journals.sas.ac.uk/hwa/article/view/1689.
[140]
Imaobong D. Umoren ‘This is the Age of Woman’: Black Feminism and Black Internationalism in the Works of Una Marson, 1928-1938. DOI:https://doi.org/http://journals.sas.ac.uk/hwa/article/view/1689.
[141]
Irele, A. 2011. The negritude moment: explorations in francophone African and Caribbean literature and thought. Africa World.
[142]
Irele, A. and Jeyifo, B. 2010. The Oxford encyclopedia of African thought. Oxford University Press.
[143]
Jack, B.E. 1996. Negritude and literary criticism: the history and theory of ‘Negro-African’ literature in French. Greenwood Press.
[144]
Jackson, J.H. 2003. Making jazz French: music and modern life in interwar Paris. Duke University Press.
[145]
Jaffe, R. and Sanderse, J. 2010. Surinamese Maroons as reggae artistes: music, marginality and urban space. Ethnic and Racial Studies. 33, 9 (Oct. 2010), 1561–1579. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870903259546.
[146]
James, C.L.R. 2012. A history of pan-African revolt. PM Press.
[147]
James, C.L.R. 1983. Walter Rodney and the question of power. Race Today Publications.
[148]
James, C.L.R. and McLemee, S. 1996. C.L.R. James on the ‘Negro question’. University Press of Mississippi.
[149]
James, C.L.R. and Walvin, J. 2001. The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L’Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution. Penguin.
[150]
James, J. and Sharpley-Whiting, T.D. 2000. The Black feminist reader. Blackwell.
[151]
James, L. 2015. George Padmore and decolonization from below: pan-Africanism, the Cold War, and the end of empire. Palgrave Macmillan.
[152]
James, W. 2000. A fierce hatred of injustice: Claude McKay’s Jamaica and his poetry of rebellion. Verso.
[153]
James, W. 1999. Being red and black in Jim Crow America: Souls. 1, 4 (Sep. 1999), 45–63. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/10999949909362185.
[154]
James, W. 1998. Holding aloft the banner of Ethiopia: Caribbean radicalism in early twentieth-century America. Verso.
[155]
Jane Hiddleston AIMÉ CÉSAIRE AND POSTCOLONIAL HUMANISM.
[156]
Jonas, G. 2005. Freedom’s sword: the NAACP and the struggle against racism in America, 1909-1969. Routledge.
[157]
Jones, C. and Boyce Davies, C. 2011. Claudia Jones: beyond containment : autobiographical reflections, essays and poems. Ayebia Clarke Pub.
[158]
Jones, C. and Boyce Davies, C. 2011. Claudia Jones: beyond containment : autobiographical reflections, essays and poems. Ayebia Clarke Pub.
[159]
Jones, C.E. 1998. The Black Panther Party (reconsidered). Black Classic Press.
[160]
Joseph, P.E. 2014. Stokely: a life. Basic Civitas, a member of the Perseus Book Club.
[161]
Joseph, P.E. 2006. The Black power movement: rethinking the civil rights-Black power era. Routledge.
[162]
Joseph, P.E. 2006. Waiting ’til the midnight hour: a narrative history of black power in America. New York, N.Y.
[163]
Kaempf, S. 2009. Violence and Victory: guerrilla warfare, ‘authentic self-affirmation’ and the overthrow of the colonial state. Third World Quarterly. 30, 1 (Feb. 2009), 129–146. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/01436590802622433.
[164]
Katz, D. 2012. Solid foundation: an oral history of reggae. Jawbone.
[165]
Kemedjio, C. 2010. Aimé Césaire’s : The Practice of Decolonization. Research in African Literatures. 41, 1 (Mar. 2010), 87–108. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2979/RAL.2010.41.1.87.
[166]
Kendhammer, B. 2007. DuBois the pan-Africanist and the development of African nationalism. Ethnic and Racial Studies. 30, 1 (Jan. 2007), 51–71. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870601006538.
[167]
King, S. and Jensen, R.J. 1995. Bob Marley’s ‘Redemption Song’: The Rhetoric of Reggae and Rastafari. The Journal of Popular Culture. 29, 3 (Dec. 1995), 17–36. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3840.1995.00017.x.
[168]
King, S.A. et al. 2002. Reggae, Rastafari, and the rhetoric of social control. University Press of Mississippi.
[169]
Knight, F.W. and Martínez Vergne, T. 2005. Contemporary Caribbean cultures and societies in a global context. University of North Carolina Press.
[170]
Knight, F.W. and Palmer, C.A. 1989. The modern Caribbean. University of North Carolina Press.
[171]
Lazerow, J. and Williams, Y.R. 2006. In search of the Black Panther Party: new perspectives on a revolutionary movement. Duke University Press.
[172]
Lewis, D.L. 2000. W. E. B. Du Bois: the fight for equality and the American century, 1919-1963. H. Holt.
[173]
Lewis, D.L. 1993. W.E.B. Du Bois: biography of a race, 1868-1919. H. Holt.
[174]
Lewis, R. et al. 1994. Garvey: Africa, Europe, the Americas. Africa World Press.
[175]
Lewis, R. 2011. Marcus Garvey: the remapping of Africa and its diaspora. Critical Arts. 25, 4 (Dec. 2011), 473–483. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/02560046.2011.639956.
[176]
Lewis, R. 1998. Walter Rodney: 1968 revisited. Canoe Press.
[177]
Lewis, R. 1998. Walter Rodney’s intellectual and political thought. Press University of the West Indies.
[178]
Lewis, R. and Bryan, P.E. 1991. Garvey, his work and impact. Africa World Press.
[179]
Lewis, S.K. 2006. Race, culture, and identity: Francophone West African and Caribbean literature and theory from négritude to créolité. Lexington Books.
[180]
Lorde, A. 1984. Sister outsider: essays and speeches. Crossing Press.
[181]
Lovelace, E. 2012. Is just a movie. Haymarket.
[182]
Lovelace, E. 1998. The dragon can’t dance: a novel. Persea.
[183]
Lowenthal, D. 1971. Post-Emancipation Race Relations: Some Caribbean and American Perspectives. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. 13, 3/4 (Jul. 1971). DOI:https://doi.org/10.2307/174928.
[184]
Luis-Brown, D. 2008. Waves of decolonization: discourses of race and hemispheric citizenship in Cuba, Mexico, and the United States. Duke University Press.
[185]
Macey, D. 2000. Frantz Fanon: a life. Granta Books.
[186]
Macey, D. 2000. Frantz Fanon: a life. Granta Books.
[187]
Macey, D. 2010. ‘I Am My Own Foundation’: Frantz Fanon as a Source of Continued Political Embarrassment. Theory, Culture & Society. 27, 7–8 (Dec. 2010), 33–51. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276410383707.
[188]
Makalani, M. 2011. In the cause of freedom: radical Black internationalism from Harlem to London, 1917-1939. University of North Carolina Press.
[189]
Makalani, M. 2011. In the cause of freedom: radical Black internationalism from Harlem to London, 1917-1939. University of North Carolina Press.
[190]
Marable, M. 1991. Race, reform and rebellion: the second reconstruction in black America, 1945-1990. Macmillan Education.
[191]
Marable, M. 1986. W.E.B. Du Bois, Black radical democrat. Twayne.
[192]
Marable, M. and Agard-Jones, V. 2008. Transnational blackness: navigating the global color line. Palgrave Macmillan.
[193]
Marable, M. and Mullings, L. 2009. Let nobody turn us around: voices of resistance, reform, and renewal : an African American anthology. Rowman & Littlefield.
[194]
Marable, M. and Mullings, L. 2009. Let nobody turn us around: voices of resistance, reform, and renewal : an African American anthology. Rowman & Littlefield.
[195]
Marable, M. and Mullings, L. 2009. Let nobody turn us around: voices of resistance, reform, and renewal : an African American anthology. Rowman & Littlefield.
[196]
Marable, M. and Mullings, L. 2009. Let nobody turn us around: voices of resistance, reform, and renewal : an African American anthology. Rowman & Littlefield.
[197]
Marcus Garvey Foundation 2011. New perspectives on the history of Marcus Garvey, the U.N.I.A., and the African diaspora. Marcus Garvey Foundation Publishers.
[198]
Marcuse, H. and Kellner, D. 2007. Art and liberation. Routledge.
[199]
Marks, S. and Trapido, S. 1987. The Politics of race, class, and nationalism in twentieth-century South Africa. Longman.
[200]
Martin Luther King on W.E.B. Du Bois - 1968 speech: http://links.org.au/node/3674.
[201]
Martin, T. 1986. Race first: the ideological and organizational struggles of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association. Majority Press.
[202]
Marxism and Anti-Imperialism in Africa: https://www.marxists.org/subject/africa/.
[203]
Maynard, John ‘In the interests of our people’: the influence of Garveyism on the rise of Australian Aboriginal political activism.
[204]
M’bayo, T.E. 2004. W. E. B. Du Bois, Marcus Garvey, and Pan-Africanism in Liberia, 1919-1924. The Historian. 66, 1 (Mar. 2004), 19–44. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0018-2370.2004.00062.x.
[205]
M’bayo, T.E. 2004. W. E. B. Du Bois, Marcus Garvey, and Pan-Africanism in Liberia, 1919-1924. The Historian. 66, 1 (Mar. 2004), 19–44. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0018-2370.2004.00062.x.
[206]
McDuffie, E.S. 2011. Sojourning for freedom: black women, American communism, and the making of black left feminism. Duke University Press.
[207]
McDuffie, E.S. 2011. Sojourning for freedom: black women, American communism, and the making of black left feminism. Duke University Press.
[208]
Mcleod, Marc Garveyism in Cuba, 1920-1940.
[209]
Meeks, B. 1996. Radical Caribbean: from black power to Abu Bakr. The Press University of the West Indies.
[210]
Mills, S. 2010. The empire within: postcolonial thought and political activism in sixties Montreal. McGill-Queen’s University Press.
[211]
Mohammed, P. 2002. Gendered realities: essays in Caribbean feminist thought. University of the West Indies Press.
[212]
Mohammed, P Mohammed, P (correspondence author) Nuancing the feminist discourse in the Caribbean.
[213]
Mohanty, C.T. 2003. Feminism without borders: decolonizing theory, practicing solidarity. Duke University Press.
[214]
Mohanty, C.T. et al. 1991. Third World women and the politics of feminism. Indiana University Press.
[215]
Moses, W.J. 2004. Creative conflict in African American thought: Frederick Douglass, Alexander Crummell, Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey. Cambridge Univeristy Press.
[216]
Murrell, N.S. et al. 1998. Chanting down Babylon: the Rastafari reader. Temple University Press.
[217]
Narayan, U. 1997. Dislocating cultures: identities, traditions, and Third-World feminism. Routledge.
[218]
Nettleford, R.M. 1970. Mirror, mirror: identity.
[219]
Nettleford, R.M. 1970. Mirror, mirror: identity.
[220]
Neville, Helen ; Hamer, Jennifer Neville, Helen (correspondence author) ‘We make freedom’: an exploration of Revolutionary Black Feminism.
[221]
Nicholls, D. and St. Antony’s College (University of Oxford) 1985. Haiti in Caribbean context: ethnicity, economy and revolt. Macmillan in association with St. Antony’s College Oxford.
[222]
Nnaemeka, O. 1998. Sisterhood, feminisms and power: from Africa to the diaspora. Africa World Press.
[223]
Olsson, G.H. et al. 2011. The Black power mixtape 1967-1975. Soda Pictures.
[224]
Oxaal, I. 1971. Race and revolutionary consciousness: a documentary interpretation of the 1970 Black power revolt in Trinidad. Schenkman Pub. Co.
[225]
Oxaal, I. 1971. Race and revolutionary consciousness: a documentary interpretation of the 1970 Black power revolt in Trinidad. Schenkman Pub. Co.
[226]
Patterson, O. 2010. The children of Sisyphus. Peepal Tree.
[227]
Pennybacker, S.D. 2009. From Scottsboro to Munich: race and political culture in 1930s Britain. Princeton University Press.
[228]
Polsgrove, C. 2009. Ending British rule in Africa: writers in a common cause. Manchester University Press.
[229]
Price, C. 2009. Becoming Rasta: origins of Rastafari identity in Jamaica. New York University Press.
[230]
Quinn, K. 2014. Black power in the Caribbean. University Press of Florida.
[231]
Quinn, K. 2014. Black power in the Caribbean. University Press of Florida.
[232]
Rampersad, A. 1990. The art and imagination of W.E.B. Du Bois. Schocken Books.
[233]
Record, W. 1964. Race and radicalism: the NAACP and the Communist Party in conflict. Cornell University Press.
[234]
Rice, A.J. 2003. Radical narratives of the Black Atlantic. Continuum.
[235]
Robinson, C.J. 1983. Black Marxism: the making of the black radical tradition. Zed.
[236]
Robinson, C.J. 1983. Black Marxism: the making of the black radical tradition. Zed.
[237]
Rodney, W. 1969. The groundings with my brothers. Bogle-L’Ouverture.
[238]
Rodney, W. 1990. Walter Rodney speaks: the making of an African intellectual. Africa World Press.
[239]
Rudwick, E.M. 1982. W.E.B. Du Bois: voice of the Black protest movement. University of Illinois Press.
[240]
Ryan, S.D. et al. 1995. The Black Power revolution, 1970: a retrospective. I.S.E.R., University of the West Indies.
[241]
Schwarz, Bill ‘Claudia Jones and the West Indian gazette’: reflections on the emergence of post-colonial Britain.
[242]
Seidman, Sarah Tricontinental routes of solidarity: Stokely carmichael in Cuba.
[243]
Shachtman, M. 2003. Race and revolution. Verso.
[244]
Sharpley-Whiting, T.D. 2002. Negritude women. University of Minnesota Press.
[245]
Sheffer, G. 1986. Modern diasporas in international politics. St. Martin’s Press.
[246]
Shepperson, G. 1960. Notes on Negro American Influences on the Emergence of African Nationalism. The Journal of African History. 1, 02 (Jul. 1960). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700001869.
[247]
Sherwood, M. et al. 1999. Claudia Jones: a life in exile. Lawrence & Wishart.
[248]
Silverman, M. 2005. Frantz Fanon’s Black skin, white masks: new interdisciplinary essays. Manchester University Press.
[249]
Simeon-Jones, K. 2010. Literary and sociopolitical writings of the Black diaspora in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Lexington Books.
[250]
Simpson, G.E. 1980. Religious cults of the Caribbean: Trinidad, Jamaica, and Haiti. Institute of Caribbean Studies, University of Puerto Rico.
[251]
Singh, S. 2004. Resistance, essentialism, and empowerment in black nationalist discourse in the African Diaspora: A comparison of the back to Africa, black power, and rastafari movements. Journal of African American Studies. 8, 3 (Dec. 2004), 18–36. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12111-004-1011-3.
[252]
Solomon, M.I. 1998. The cry was unity: communists and African Americans, 1917-36. University Press of Mississippi.
[253]
Springer, K. 2002. Third Wave Black Feminism? Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society. 27, 4 (Jun. 2002), 1059–1082. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1086/339636.
[254]
ST. CLAIR DRAKE 1975. THE BLACK DIASPORA IN PAN-AFRICAN PERSPECTIVE. The Black Scholar. 7, 1 (1975), 2–13.
[255]
Stein, J. 1986. The world of Marcus Garvey: race and class in modern society. Louisiana State University Press.
[256]
Stephens, M. 2009. What Is This Black in Black Diaspora? Small Axe: A Caribbean Journal of Criticism. 13, 2 (Jan. 2009), 26–38. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1215/02705346-2009-004.
[257]
Tafari, I The Rastafari - Successors of Marcus Garvey.
[258]
Thompson, V.B. 1969. Africa and unity: the evolution of Pan-Africanism. Humanities Press.
[259]
Thompson, V.B. 1987. The making of the African diaspora in the Americas, 1441-1900. Longman.
[260]
Torres-Saillant, S. 2006. An intellectual history of the Caribbean. Palgrave Macmillan.
[261]
Torres-Saillant, S. 2009. One and Divisible: Meditations on Global Blackness. Small Axe: A Caribbean Journal of Criticism. 13, 2 (Jan. 2009), 4–25. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1215/02705346-2009-003.
[262]
Turner, J.M. and Turner, W.B. 2005. Caribbean crusaders and the Harlem Renaissance. University of Illinois Press.
[263]
University of Birmingham. Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies 1982. The Empire strikes back: race and racism in 70s Britain. Hutchinson in association with the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies.
[264]
Van Deburg, W.L. 1992. New day in Babylon: the Black power movement and American culture, 1965-1975. University of Chicago Press.
[265]
Verney, K. and Sartain, L. 2009. Long is the way and hard: one hundred years of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). University of Arkansas Press.
[266]
Waters, A.M. 1985. Race, class, and political symbols: Rastafari and reggae in Jamaican politics. Transaction Books.
[267]
Weiss, H. 2014. Framing a radical African Atlantic: African American Agency, West African intellectuals, and the International Trade Union Committee of Negro Workers. Brill.
[268]
West, M.O. et al. 2009. From Toussaint to Tupac: the black international since the age of revolution. University of North Carolina Press.
[269]
West, M.O. et al. 2009. From Toussaint to Tupac: the black international since the age of revolution. University of North Carolina Press.
[270]
West, M.O. et al. 2009. From Toussaint to Tupac: the black international since the age of revolution. University of North Carolina Press.
[271]
West, M.O. 2008. Seeing Darkly: Guyana, Black Power, and Walter Rodney’s Expulsion from Jamaica. Small Axe: A Caribbean Journal of Criticism. 12, 1 (Jan. 2008), 93–104. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1215/-12-1-93.
[272]
Wilder, G. 2015. Freedom time: negritude, decolonization, and the future of the world. Duke University Press.
[273]
Wilder, G. 2005. The French imperial nation-state: negritude & colonial humanism between the two world wars. The University of Chicago Press.
[274]
Wilder, Gary Race, reason, impasse: Césaire, Fanon, and the legacy of emancipation.
[275]
William Gorman: W.E.B. Du Bois and His Work (May-June 1950): https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/fi/vol11/no03/gorman.htm.
[276]
Wittmann, F. 2011. The global–local nexus: popular music studies and the case of Rastafari culture in West Africa. Critical Arts. 25, 2 (Jun. 2011), 150–174. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/02560046.2011.569058.
[277]
Wolters, R. 2002. Du Bois and his rivals. University of Missouri Press.
[278]
X, M. et al. 1973. The autobiography of Malcolm X. Ballantine Books.
[279]
Young, A.A. 2006. The souls of W.E.B. Du Bois. Paradigm Publishers.
[280]
Young, R.J.C. 2005. Fanon and the turn to armed struggle in Africa. Wasafiri. 20, 44 (Mar. 2005), 33–41. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/02690050508589949.
[281]
Zamir, S. 2008. The Cambridge companion to W.E.B. Du Bois. Cambridge University Press.
[282]
Zeilig, L. 2016. Frantz Fanon: the militant philosopher of the third world revolution. I.B. Tauris.
[283]
The Idea of a Black Radical Tradition. Small Axe. 40.
