1
Frieden JA, Lake DA, Schultz KA. World politics: interests, interactions, institutions. New York: : W.W. Norton 2010.
2
Frieden JA, Lake DA, Schultz KA. World politics: interests, interactions, institutions. 2nd ed. New York: : W.W. Norton & Co 2013.
3
Kalyvas SN. The logic of violence in civil war. New York, N.Y.: : Cambridge University Press 2006. https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=778e43c4-5c36-e711-80c9-005056af4099
4
Themner L, Wallensteen P. Armed conflicts, 1946-2013. Journal of Peace Research 2014;51:541–54. doi:10.1177/0022343314542076
5
Mitchell SM, Diehl PF, Morrow JD, editors. Chapter 1. In: Guide to the scientific study of international processes. Chichester: : Wiley-Blackwell 2012.
6
Galtung, J. Violence, peace and peace research. Violence, Peace, and Peace Research 1969;6:167–91.https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/422690.pdf?ab_segments=0%252Fbasic_SYC-4929%252Fcontrol&refreqid=excelsior%3Ab9c294af98777bdcf95bb971d079faf9
7
Bremer, SA. Advancing the Scientific Study of War. International Interactions 1993;19.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03050629308434817
8
Carlsnaes W, Risse T, Simmons BA. Handbook of international relations. 2nd ed. Los Angeles, [Calif.]: : SAGE 2013. http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=UCL&isbn=9781446265031
9
Holsti KJ. The State, War, and the State of War. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511628306
10
Van Evera S. Causes of war: power and the roots of conflict. Ithaca: : Cornell University Press 1999. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt24hg70
11
Frieden JA, Lake DA, Schultz KA. World politics: interests, interactions, institutions. 2nd ed. New York: : W.W. Norton & Co 2013.
12
Fearon JD. Rationalist explanations for war. International Organization 1995;49. doi:10.1017/S0020818300033324
13
Hassner, Ron. ‘To halve and to hold’: conflicts over sacred space and the problem of indivisibility. Security Studies 2003;12.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09636410390447617
14
Powell R. Bargaining theory and international conflict. Annual Review of Political Science 2002;5:1–30. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.5.092601.141138
15
Stephen M. Walt. Rigor or Rigor Mortis?: Rational Choice and Security Studies. International Security 1999;23:5–48.http://www.jstor.org/stable/2539293?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
16
Lisa L. Martin. The Contributions of Rational Choice: A Defense of Pluralism. International Security 1999;24:74–83.http://www.jstor.org/stable/2539250?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
17
Emerson M.S. Niou and Peter C. Ordeshook. Return of the Luddites. International Security 1999;24:84–96.http://www.jstor.org/stable/2539251?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
18
Schelling TC. The strategy of conflict. Cambridge, Mass: : Harvard University 1980.
19
Walter, Barbara F. The Critical Barrier to Civil War Settlement. International Organisation 1997;51:335–64.https://www.jstor.org/stable/2703607?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
20
Lake DA, Powell R. International relations: A strategic - choice approach. In: Strategic choice and international relations. Princeton, N.J.: : Princeton University Press 1999. https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=40013e06-6136-e711-80c9-005056af4099
21
Kydd AH. Trust and mistrust in international relations. Princeton, N.J.: : Princeton University Press 2005.
22
Powell R. The Modeling Enterprise and Security Studies. International Security 1999;24:97–106. doi:10.1162/016228899560176
23
Walt SM. A Model Disagreement. International Security 1999;24:115–30. doi:10.1162/016228899560194
24
Carlsnaes W, Risse-Kappen T, Simmons BA, et al. Rationalism v. constructivism: A skeptical view in Handbook of international relations. London: : SAGE 2003.
25
Waltz KN. Chapter 6 in Theory of international politics. Boston, Mass: : McGraw Hill 1979.
26
Frieden JA, Lake DA, Schultz KA. Chapter 3 in World politics: interests, interactions, institutions. New York: : W.W. Norton 2010.
27
Wagner RH. Bargaining and War. American Journal of Political Science 2000;44. doi:10.2307/2669259
28
Blainey G. The causes of war. 3rd ed., 1st American ed. New York: : Free Press 1988.
29
Jervis R. Perception and misperception in international politics. Princeton, N.J.: : Princeton University Press 1976.
30
Smith, Alastair, Stam, Allan C. Bargaining and the Nature of War. Journal of Conflict Resolution 2004;48:783–813.https://www.jstor.org/stable/4149796?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
31
Fey M, Ramsay KW. Mutual Optimism and War. American Journal of Political Science 2007;51:738–54. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00278.x
32
Weiner M. The Macedonian Syndrome An Historical Model of International Relations and Political Development. World Politics 1971;23:665–83. doi:10.2307/2009855
33
Miller B. States, Nations, and the Great Powers: The Sources of Regional War and Peace. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511491566
34
Wimmer A, Min B. From Empire to Nation-State: Explaining Wars in the Modern World, 1816–2001. American Sociological Review 2006;71:867–97. doi:10.1177/000312240607100601
35
Mansfield, Edward, Snyder, Jack. Democratic transitions, institutional strength, and war. ;56:297–337.https://www.jstor.org/stable/3078607?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
36
Mann, Michael. The dark side of democracy: the modern tradition of ethnic and political cleansing. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511817274
37
Ernest Gellner. Nations and nationalism. Ithaca, N.Y.: : Cornell UP 1983.
38
Gagnon VP. Ethnic Nationalism and International Conflict: The Case of Serbia. International Security 1994;19. doi:10.2307/2539081
39
Saideman SM. Explaining the International Relations of Secessionist Conflicts: Vulnerability Versus Ethnic Ties. International Organization 1997;51:721–53. doi:10.1162/002081897550500
40
Shelef NG. Unequal Ground: Homelands and Conflict. International Organization 2016;70:33–63. doi:10.1017/S0020818315000193
41
Goemans HE, Schultz KA. The Politics of Territorial Claims: A Geospatial Approach Applied to Africa. International Organization 2017;71:31–64. doi:10.1017/S0020818316000254
42
Wimmer A. Who Owns the State? Understanding Ethnic Conflict in Post-Colonial Societies. Nations and Nationalism 1997;3:631–66. doi:10.1111/j.1354-5078.1997.00631.x
43
Hechter M. Internal colonialism: the Celtic fringe in British national development, 1536-1966. Berkeley, Calif: : University of California Press 1975.
44
Hobsbawm EJ. Nations and nationalism since 1780: programme, myth, reality. 2nd ed. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 1992.
45
Denny EK, Walter BF. Ethnicity and civil war. Journal of Peace Research 2014;51:199–212. doi:10.1177/0022343313512853
46
Petersen RD. Understanding Ethnic Violence: Fear, Hatred, and Resentment in Twentieth-Century Eastern Europe. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511840661
47
Denny EK, Walter BF. Ethnicity and civil war. Journal of Peace Research 2014;51:199–212. doi:10.1177/0022343313512853
48
LICHBACH MI. Rethinking Rationality and Rebellion: Theories of Collective Action and Problems of Collective Dissent. Rationality and Society 1994;6:8–39. doi:10.1177/1043463194006001003
49
Stathis N. Kalyvas and Matthew Adam Kocher. How ‘Free’ Is Free Riding in Civil Wars? Violence, Insurgency, and the Collective Action Problem. World Politics 2007;59:177–216.http://www.jstor.org/stable/40060186
50
Salehyan I. The Delegation of War to Rebel Organizations. Journal of Conflict Resolution 2010;54:493–515. doi:10.1177/0022002709357890
51
Olson M. The logic of collective action: public goods and the theory of groups. Cambridge, Mass: : Harvard University Press 1971.
52
Lichbach MI. The rebel’s dilemma. Ann Arbor: : University of Michigan Press 1995.
53
GATES S. Recruitment and Allegiance. Journal of Conflict Resolution 2002;46:111–30. doi:10.1177/0022002702046001007
54
Humphreys M, Weinstein JM. Who Fights? The Determinants of Participation in Civil War. American Journal of Political Science 2008;52:436–55. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2008.00322.x
55
Humphreys M, Weinstein JM. Who Fights? The Determinants of Participation in Civil War. American Journal of Political Science 2008;52:436–55. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2008.00322.x
56
Wucherpfennig J, Metternich NW, Cederman L-E, et al. Ethnicity, the State, and the Duration of Civil War. World Politics 2012;64:79–115. doi:10.1017/S004388711100030X
57
Siegel DA. When Does Repression Work? Collective Action in Social Networks. The Journal of Politics 2011;73:993–1010. doi:10.1017/S0022381611000727
58
Wood EJ. Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511808685
59
Staniland P. Organizing Insurgency: Networks, Resources, and Rebellion in South Asia. International Security 2012;37:142–77. doi:10.1162/ISEC_a_00091
60
Oneal JR, Oneal FH, Maoz Z, et al. The Liberal Peace: Interdependence, Democracy, and International Conflict, 1950-85. Journal of Peace Research 1996;33:11–28. doi:10.1177/0022343396033001002
61
James D. Fearon. Domestic Political Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes. The American Political Science Review;88:577–92.http://www.jstor.org/stable/2944796
62
Weeks JL. Autocratic Audience Costs: Regime Type and Signaling Resolve. International Organization 2008;62.https://www.jstor.org/stable/40071874?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
63
Giacomo Chiozza and H. E. Goemans. International Conflict and the Tenure of Leaders: Is War Still ‘Ex Post’ Inefficient? American Journal of Political Science 2004;48:604–19.http://www.jstor.org/stable/1519919?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
64
REED W. Information, Power, and War. American Political Science Review 2003;97. doi:10.1017/S0003055403000923
65
Hegre H. Democracy and armed conflict. Journal of Peace Research 2014;51:159–72. doi:10.1177/0022343313512852
66
Gartzke E, Li Q, Boehmer C. Investing in the Peace: Economic Interdependence and International Conflict. International Organization 2001;55:391–438. doi:10.1162/00208180151140612
67
STEIN RM. War and Revenge: Explaining Conflict Initiation by Democracies. American Political Science Review 2015;109:556–73. doi:10.1017/S0003055415000301
68
Walter BF. Bargaining Failures and Civil War. Annual Review of Political Science 2009;12:243–61. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.10.101405.135301
69
FEARON JD, LAITIN DD. Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War. American Political Science Review 2003;97. doi:10.1017/S0003055403000534
70
Cederman L-E, Wimmer A, Min B. Why Do Ethnic Groups Rebel? New Data and Analysis. World Politics 2010;62. doi:10.1017/S0043887109990219
71
Costalli S, Ruggeri A. Indignation, Ideologies, and Armed Mobilization: Civil War in Italy, 1943–45. International Security 2015;40:119–57. doi:10.1162/ISEC_a_00218
72
Cunningham KG, Bakke KM, Seymour LJM. Shirts Today, Skins Tomorrow. Journal of Conflict Resolution 2012;56:67–93. doi:10.1177/0022002711429697
73
Cunningham DE. Veto Players and Civil War Duration. American Journal of Political Science 2006;50:875–92. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00221.x
74
Metternich NW, Dorff C, Gallop M, et al. Antigovernment Networks in Civil Conflicts: How Network Structures Affect Conflictual Behavior. American Journal of Political Science 2013;:n/a-n/a. doi:10.1111/ajps.12039
75
Staniland P. States, Insurgents, and Wartime Political Orders. Perspectives on Politics 2012;10:243–64. doi:10.1017/S1537592712000655
76
KEEN D. Greed and grievance in civil war. International Affairs 2012;88:757–77. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2346.2012.01100.x
77
Blattman C, Miguel E. Civil War. Journal of Economic Literature 2010;48:3–57. doi:10.1257/jel.48.1.3
78
CEDERMAN L-E, WEIDMANN NB, GLEDITSCH KS. Horizontal Inequalities and Ethnonationalist Civil War: A Global Comparison. American Political Science Review 2011;105:478–95. doi:10.1017/S0003055411000207
79
Ross ML. What Have We Learned about the Resource Curse? Annual Review of Political Science 2015;18:239–59. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-052213-040359
80
Paine J. Rethinking the Conflict "Resource Curse”: How Oil Wealth Prevents Center-Seeking Civil Wars. International Organization 2016;70:727–61. doi:10.1017/S0020818316000205
81
Lujala P. The spoils of nature: Armed civil conflict and rebel access to natural resources. Journal of Peace Research 2010;47:15–28. doi:10.1177/0022343309350015
82
Wucherpfennig J, Metternich NW, Cederman L-E, et al. Ethnicity, the State, and the Duration of Civil War. World Politics 2012;64:79–115. doi:10.1017/S004388711100030X
83
Stewart F. Horizontal inequalities and conflict: understanding group violence in multiethnic societies. Basingstoke: : Palgrave Macmillan 2008.
84
Roessler P. The Enemy Within: Personal Rule, Coups, and Civil War in Africa. World Politics 2011;63:300–46. doi:10.1017/S0043887111000049
85
Gurr T. Psychological Factors in Civil Violence. World Politics 1968;20:245–78. doi:10.2307/2009798
86
Wood EJ. Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511808685
87
Hegre H, Sambanis N. Sensitivity Analysis of Empirical Results on Civil War Onset. Journal of Conflict Resolution 2006;50:508–35. doi:10.1177/0022002706289303
88
Gaibulloev K, Sandler T. An empirical analysis of alternative ways that terrorist groups end. Public Choice 2014;160:25–44. doi:10.1007/s11127-013-0136-0
89
Sandler T. The analytical study of terrorism. Journal of Peace Research 2014;51:257–71. doi:10.1177/0022343313491277
90
Kydd AH, Walter BF. The Strategies of Terrorism. International Security 2006;31:49–80. doi:10.1162/isec.2006.31.1.49
91
Fortna VP. Do Terrorists Win? Rebels’ Use of Terrorism and Civil War Outcomes. International Organization 2015;69:519–56. doi:10.1017/S0020818315000089
92
Goodwin J. A Theory of Categorical Terrorism. Social Forces 2006;84:2027–46. doi:10.1353/sof.2006.0090
93
McCauley C, Moskalenko S. Understanding political radicalization: The two-pyramids model. American Psychologist 2017;72:205–16. doi:10.1037/amp0000062
94
Tilly C. Terror, Terrorism, Terrorists. Sociological Theory 2004;22:5–13. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2004.00200.x
95
David Rapoport. The Four Waves of Rebel Terror and September 11. http://ucl-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&ct=display&fn=search&doc=TN_doaj_soai_doaj_org_article_87d41c0575a84431aeb012f966ada66a&indx=1&recIds=TN_doaj_soai_doaj_org_article_87d41c0575a84431aeb012f966ada66a&recIdxs=0&elementId=0&renderMode=poppedOut&displayMode=full&frbrVersion=&frbg=&&dscnt=0&scp.scps=scope%3A%28UCL%29%2Cprimo_central_multiple_fe&tb=t&mode=Basic&vid=UCL_VU1&srt=rank&tab=local&dum=true&vl(freeText0)=The%20Four%20Waves%20of%20Rebel%20Terror%20and%20September%2011&dstmp=1500997285942
96
Jacob N. Shapiro. Terrorist Decision-Making: Insights from Economics and Political Science. http://ucl-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&ct=display&fn=search&doc=TN_doaj_soai_doaj_org_article_98a1ae3a96334904bd92e3623c6a011d&indx=1&recIds=TN_doaj_soai_doaj_org_article_98a1ae3a96334904bd92e3623c6a011d&recIdxs=0&elementId=0&renderMode=poppedOut&displayMode=full&frbrVersion=&frbg=&&dscnt=0&scp.scps=scope%3A%28UCL%29%2Cprimo_central_multiple_fe&tb=t&mode=Basic&vid=UCL_VU1&srt=rank&tab=local&dum=true&vl(freeText0)=Terrorist%20Decision-Making%3A%20Insights%20from%20Economics%20and%20Political%20Science&dstmp=1500997320952
97
de la Calle L, Sánchez-Cuenca I. Rebels without a Territory. Journal of Conflict Resolution 2012;56:580–603. doi:10.1177/0022002711431800
98
Abrahms M, Potter PBK. Explaining Terrorism: Leadership Deficits and Militant Group Tactics. International Organization 2015;69:311–42. doi:10.1017/S0020818314000411
99
PAPE RA. The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism. American Political Science Review 2003;97. doi:10.1017/S000305540300073X
100
Goodwin J. What Do We Really Know About (Suicide) Terrorism? Sociological Forum 2006;21:315–30. doi:10.1007/s11206-006-9017-3
101
Bueno de Mesquita E, Dickson ES. The Propaganda of the Deed: Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Mobilization. American Journal of Political Science 2007;51:364–81. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00256.x
102
Kydd, Andrew H. ; Walter, Barbara F. Sabotaging the Peace: The Politics of Extremist Violence. http://ucl-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?frbrVersion=9&tabs=detailsTab&ct=display&fn=search&doc=TN_museS1531508802202639&indx=1&recIds=TN_museS1531508802202639&recIdxs=0&elementId=0&renderMode=poppedOut&displayMode=full&frbrVersion=9&frbg=&&dscnt=0&scp.scps=scope%3A%28UCL%29%2Cprimo_central_multiple_fe&tb=t&mode=Basic&vid=UCL_VU1&srt=rank&tab=local&dum=true&vl(freeText0)=Sabotaging%20the%20Peace%3A%20The%20Politics%20of%20Extremist%20Violence&dstmp=1500997638145
103
Thomas J. Rewarding Bad Behavior: How Governments Respond to Terrorism in Civil War. American Journal of Political Science 2014;58:804–18. doi:10.1111/ajps.12113
104
Abrahms M. The Political Effectiveness of Terrorism Revisited. Comparative Political Studies 2012;45:366–93. doi:10.1177/0010414011433104
105
Piazza JA. Incubators of Terror: Do Failed and Failing States Promote Transnational Terrorism? International Studies Quarterly 2008;52:469–88. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2008.00511.x
106
Braithwaite A. Transnational Terrorism as an Unintended Consequence of a Military Footprint. Security Studies 2015;24:349–75. doi:10.1080/09636412.2015.1038192
107
Wilson MC, Piazza JA. Autocracies and Terrorism: Conditioning Effects of Authoritarian Regime Type on Terrorist Attacks. American Journal of Political Science 2013;:n/a-n/a. doi:10.1111/ajps.12028
108
HEGGHAMMER T. Should I Stay or Should I Go? Explaining Variation in Western Jihadists’ Choice between Domestic and Foreign Fighting. American Political Science Review 2013;107:1–15. doi:10.1017/S0003055412000615
109
Piazza JA. Is Islamist Terrorism More Dangerous?: An Empirical Study of Group Ideology, Organization, and Goal Structure. Terrorism and Political Violence 2009;21:62–88. doi:10.1080/09546550802544698
110
Isaacs M. Sacred violence or strategic faith? Disentangling the relationship between religion and violence in armed conflict. Journal of Peace Research 2016;53:211–25. doi:10.1177/0022343315626771
111
Moghaddam FM. The Staircase to Terrorism: A Psychological Exploration. American Psychologist 2005;60:161–9. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.60.2.161
112
BERREBI C, KLOR EF. Are Voters Sensitive to Terrorism? Direct Evidence from the Israeli Electorate. American Political Science Review 2008;102:279–301. doi:10.1017/S0003055408080246
113
Hirsch-Hoefler S, Canetti D, Rapaport C, et al. Conflict will Harden your Heart: Exposure to Violence, Psychological Distress, and Peace Barriers in Israel and Palestine. British Journal of Political Science 2016;46:845–59. doi:10.1017/S0007123414000374
114
Lehrke JP, Schomaker R. Kill, Capture, or Defend? The Effectiveness of Specific and General Counterterrorism Tactics Against the Global Threats of the Post-9/11 Era. Security Studies 2016;25:729–62. doi:10.1080/09636412.2016.1220199
115
Davenport C. State Repression and Political Order. Annual Review of Political Science 2007;10:1–23. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.10.101405.143216
116
Valentino BA. Why We Kill: The Political Science of Political Violence against Civilians. Annual Review of Political Science 2014;17:89–103. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-082112-141937
117
BARBARA HARFF. No Lessons Learned from the Holocaust? Assessing Risks of Genocide and Political Mass Murder since 1955. American Political Science Review 2003;97.https://www.jstor.org/stable/3118221?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
118
Fjelde H, Hultman L. Weakening the Enemy. Journal of Conflict Resolution 2014;58:1230–57. doi:10.1177/0022002713492648
119
HUMPHREYS M, WEINSTEIN JM. Handling and Manhandling Civilians in Civil War. American Political Science Review 2006;100:429–47. doi:10.1017/S0003055406062289
120
Kalyvas SN. The logic of violence in civil war. New York, N.Y.: : Cambridge University Press 2006. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511818462
121
Owens PB, Su Y, Snow DA. Social Scientific Inquiry Into Genocide and Mass Killing: From Unitary Outcome to Complex Processes. Annual Review of Sociology 2013;39:69–84. doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-071312-145650
122
Straus S. Retreating from the Brink: Theorizing Mass Violence and the Dynamics of Restraint. Perspectives on Politics 2012;10:343–62. doi:10.1017/S1537592712000709
123
Benjamin Valentino, Paul Huth, Dylan Balch-Lindsay. "Draining the Sea”: Mass Killing and Guerrilla Warfare. International Organization 2004;58.https://www.jstor.org/stable/3877862?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
124
Hagan J, Rymond-Richmond W. The Collective Dynamics of Racial Dehumanization and Genocidal Victimization in Darfur. American Sociological Review 2008;73:875–902. doi:10.1177/000312240807300601
125
Salehyan I, Siroky D, Wood RM. External Rebel Sponsorship and Civilian Abuse: A Principal-Agent Analysis of Wartime Atrocities. International Organization 2014;68:633–61. doi:10.1017/S002081831400006X
126
Balcells L. Rivalry and Revenge: Violence against Civilians in Conventional Civil Wars1. International Studies Quarterly 2010;54:291–313. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2010.00588.x
127
Wood RM. Rebel capability and strategic violence against civilians. Journal of Peace Research 2010;47:601–14. doi:10.1177/0022343310376473
128
Lyall J. Does Indiscriminate Violence Incite Insurgent Attacks? Journal of Conflict Resolution 2009;53:331–62. doi:10.1177/0022002708330881
129
COHEN DK. Explaining Rape during Civil War: Cross-National Evidence (1980–2009). American Political Science Review 2013;107:461–77. doi:10.1017/S0003055413000221
130
Siegel DA. When Does Repression Work? Collective Action in Social Networks. The Journal of Politics 2011;73:993–1010. doi:10.1017/S0022381611000727
131
Moore WH. Repression and Dissent: Substitution, Context, and Timing. American Journal of Political Science 1998;42. doi:10.2307/2991732
132
Carey SC, Mitchell NJ. Progovernment Militias. Annual Review of Political Science 2017;20:127–47. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051915-045433
133
Mason TD, Krane DA. The Political Economy of Death Squads: Toward a Theory of the Impact of State-Sanctioned Terror. International Studies Quarterly 1989;33. doi:10.2307/2600536
134
Buhaug H, Gleditsch KS. Contagion or Confusion? Why Conflicts Cluster in Space. International Studies Quarterly 2008;52:215–33. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2008.00499.x
135
Cederman L-E, Gleditsch KS, Salehyan I, et al. Transborder Ethnic Kin and Civil War. International Organization 2013;67:389–410. doi:10.1017/S0020818313000064
136
Cederman L-E, Gleditsch KS, Salehyan I, et al. Transborder Ethnic Kin and Civil War. International Organization 2013;67:389–410. doi:10.1017/S0020818313000064
137
Walter BF. The New New Civil Wars. Annual Review of Political Science 2017;20:469–86. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-060415-093921
138
Buhaug H. Climate not to blame for African civil wars. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2010;107:16477–82. doi:10.1073/pnas.1005739107
139
Salehyan, Idean. Transnational Rebels: Neighboring States as Sanctuary for Rebel Groups. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40060187?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
140
Gleditsch KS, Beardsley K. Nosy Neighbors. Journal of Conflict Resolution 2004;48:379–402. doi:10.1177/0022002704263710
141
Kathman JD. Civil War Contagion and Neighboring Interventions1. International Studies Quarterly 2010;54:989–1012. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2010.00623.x
142
Salehyan, Idean ; Salehyan, I. Rebels without Borders : Transnational Insurgencies in World Politics. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt7z6bx
143
Idean Salehyan, Kristian Skrede Gleditsch. Refugees and the Spread of Civil War. International Organization 2006;60.https://www.jstor.org/stable/3877896?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
144
Gleditsch KS. Transnational Dimensions of Civil War. Journal of Peace Research 2007;44:293–309. doi:10.1177/0022343307076637
145
Beardsley K. Peacekeeping and the Contagion of Armed Conflict. The Journal of Politics 2011;73:1051–64. doi:10.1017/S0022381611000764
146
Burke MB, Miguel E, Satyanath S, et al. Warming increases the risk of civil war in Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2009;106:20670–4. doi:10.1073/pnas.0907998106
147
Hendrix CS, Glaser SM. Trends and triggers: Climate, climate change and civil conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa. Political Geography 2007;26:695–715. doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2007.06.006
148
Fortna VP. Does Peacekeeping Keep Peace? International Intervention and the Duration of Peace After Civil War. International Studies Quarterly 2004;48:269–92. doi:10.1111/j.0020-8833.2004.00301.x
149
Fortna VP, Howard LM. Pitfalls and Prospects in the Peacekeeping Literature. Annual Review of Political Science 2008;11:283–301. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.041205.103022
150
HULTMAN L, KATHMAN J, SHANNON M. Beyond Keeping Peace: United Nations Effectiveness in the Midst of Fighting. American Political Science Review 2014;108:737–53. doi:10.1017/S0003055414000446
151
Beardsley K. Agreement without Peace? International Mediation and Time Inconsistency Problems. American Journal of Political Science 2008;52:723–40. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2008.00339.x
152
Sambanis N, Schulhofer-Wohl J. What’s in a Line? Is Partition a Solution to Civil War? International Security 2009;34:82–118. doi:10.1162/isec.2009.34.2.82
153
Doyle MW, Sambanis N. International Peacebuilding: A Theoretical and Quantitative Analysis. American Political Science Review 2000;94:779–801. doi:10.2307/2586208
154
Gilligan MJ. Do UN Interventions Cause Peace? Using Matching to Improve Causal Inference. Quarterly Journal of Political Science 2008;3:89–122. doi:10.1561/100.00007051
155
King, Gary, Zeng, Langche. Improving Forecasts of State Failure. World Politics: A Quarterly Journal of International Relations 2001;53.https://gking.harvard.edu/files/gking/files/civil.pdf
156
Kathman JD. Civil War Contagion and Neighboring Interventions1. International Studies Quarterly 2010;54:989–1012. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2010.00623.x
157
Balch-Lindsay D, Enterline AJ, Joyce KA. Third-Party Intervention and the Civil War Process. Journal of Peace Research 2008;45:345–63. doi:10.1177/0022343308088815
158
Hultman L, Kathman J, Shannon M. United Nations Peacekeeping and Civilian Protection in Civil War. American Journal of Political Science 2013;:n/a-n/a. doi:10.1111/ajps.12036
159
O’Brien SP. Crisis Early Warning and Decision Support: Contemporary Approaches and Thoughts on Future Research. International Studies Review 2010;12:87–104. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2486.2009.00914.x