Bibliography for ARCLG354: Islamic Archaeology

Ahmed, Shahab. What Is Islam?: The Importance of Being Islamic. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016. Web. <https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/0c483k875>.

Aillet, Cyrille, and Gabriel Martinez-Gros. Les Mozarabes: Christianisme, Islamisation et Arabisation En Péninsule Ibérique (IXe-XIIe Siècle). Bibliothèque de la Casa de Velázquez. Madrid: Casa de Velázquez, 2010. Print.

Al Quntar, Salam, and Brian I. Daniels. ‘Responses to the Destruction of Syrian Cultural Heritage: A Critical Review of Current Efforts’. International Journal of Islamic Architecture 5.2 (2016): 381–397. Web.

Alan Walmsley. ‘Economic Developments and the Nature of Settlement in the Towns and Countryside of Syria-Palestine, ca. 565-800’. Dumbarton Oaks Papers 61 (2007): 319–352. Web. <http://www.jstor.org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/stable/25472053?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>.

---. ‘Economic Developments and the Nature of Settlement in the Towns and Countryside of Syria-Palestine, ca. 565-800’. Dumbarton Oaks Papers 61 (2007): 319–352. Web. <http://www.jstor.org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/stable/25472053>.

Alexander, J. ‘Islam, Archaeology and Slavery in Africa’. World archaeology 44–60. Print.

Alexander, Michelle M. et al. ‘Diet, Society, and Economy in Late Medieval Spain: Stable Isotope Evidence from Muslims and Christians from Gandía, Valencia’. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 156.2 (2015): 263–273. Web.

Ali, Nadia. ‘The Royal Veil: Early Islamic Figural Art and the Reconsidered’. Religion 47.3 (2017): 425–444. Web.

AlSayyad, Nezar. Cairo: Histories of a City. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2011. Web.

Alston, R. ‘Urban Transformation in the East from Byzantium to Islam’. Acta byzantina fennica 3 (2009): 8–38. Print.

Aly Bahgat bey, and Albert Gabriel. Fouilles d’al Foustât : Publiées Les Auspices Du Comité de Conservation Des Monuments de l’art Arabe. Paris: E. de Boccard, 1921. Web. <http://copac.jisc.ac.uk/search?title=fouilles%20d%27al%20foustat&iids=63482059%20&show-library=V%26A%20Libraries&rn=1>.

Amar, Z. ‘The History of the Paper Industry in Al-Sham in the Middle Ages’. Towns and Material Culture in the Medieval Middle East. Medieval Mediterranean. Leiden: Brill, 2002. 119–134. Print.

Anderson, Benjamin. ‘"An Alternative Discourse”: Local Interpreters of Antiquities in the Ottoman Empire’. Journal of Field Archaeology 40.4 (2015): 450–460. Web.

---. ‘"An Alternative Discourse”: Local Interpreters of Antiquities in the Ottoman Empire’. Journal of Field Archaeology 40.4 (2015): 450–460. Web.

Anderson, Glaire D. ‘Integrating the Medieval Iberian Peninsula and North Africa in Islamic Architectural History’. The Journal of North African Studies 19.1 (2014): 83–92. Web.

Andre Raymond. ‘Islamic City, Arab City: Orientalist Myths and Recent Views’. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 21.1 (1994): 3–18. Web. <http://www.jstor.org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/stable/195564?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>.

Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Sawyer Seminar. Conversion in Late Antiquity: Christianity, Islam, and beyond : Papers from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Sawyer Seminar, University of Oxford, 2009-2010. Ed. Arietta Papaconstantinou, Neil B. McLynn, and Daniel Louis Schwartz. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate, 2015. Web. <http://UCL.eblib.com/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=2110649>.

Asad, Talal. Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity. Cultural memory in the present. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 2003. Print.

---. Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993. Print.

---. The Idea of an Anthropology of Islam. Occasional papers series / Center for Contemporary Arab Studies, Georgetown University. Washington, D.C.: Center for Contemporary Arab Studies, Georgetown University, 1986. Print.

‘Ashmolean − Eastern Art Online, Yousef Jameel Centre for Islamic and Asian Art’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://jameelcentre.ashmolean.org/>.

Ashtor, Eliyahu. Histoire Des Prix et Des Salaires Dans l’Orient Médiéval [ Edition Originale ]. [S.l.]: S.E.V.P.E.N., 1969. Print.

Avni, Gideon. The Byzantine-Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach. Oxford studies in Byzantium. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. Web. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199684335.001.0001>.

Bacharach, J.L. ‘Administrative Complexes, Palaces, and Citadels: Changes in the Loci of Medieval Muslim Rule’. The Ottoman City and Its Parts: Urban Structure and Social Order. Subsidia Balcanica, Islamica et Turcica. New Rochelle, N.Y.: A.D. Caratzas, 1991. 105–122. Print.

Bahrani, Zainab et al. Scramble for the Past: A Story of Archaeology in the Ottoman Empire, 1753-1914. Istanbul: SALT, 2011. Print.

Bang, Peter F. The Roman Bazaar: A Comparative Study of Trade and Markets in a Tributary Empire. Cambridge classical studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Print.

Bauer, Alexander A. ‘Editorial: The Destruction of Heritage in Syria and Iraq and Its Implications’. International Journal of Cultural Property 22.01 (2015): 1–6. Web.

Bazzana, A. ‘Irrigation Systems of Islamic Origin in the Valle de Ricote (Murcia, Spain)’. RURALIA II | ruralia II (1998): 152–160. Web. <http://www.ruralia.cz/Ruralia_PDF_2.html>.

‘BBC Radio 3 - The Essay, The Islamic Golden Age, The Establishment of the Islamic State’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03j9mcx>.

‘BBC Radio 4 - In Our Time, Sunni and Shia Islam - Broadcasts’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00l5mhl/broadcasts>.

‘BBC Radio 4 - Simon Schama: The Obliterators’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b071s6nr>.

‘BBC Radio 4 - Sunni-Shia: Islam Divided’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07wr3kx>.

‘BBC World Service - History Of Islam, Part One - Origins’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03qtyj4>.

‘BBC World Service - History Of Islam, Part Three - Islam’s Golden Age’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03qtyj0>.

‘BBC World Service - History Of Islam, Part Two - After Muhammad’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03qtyj5>.

Behrens-Abouseif, Doris, and Stephen Vernoit, eds. Islamic Art in the 19th Century: Tradition, Innovation, and Eclecticism. [Paperback reprint edition]. Leiden: Brill, 2015. Print.

Bennison, Amira K. The Great Caliphs: The Golden Age of the ’Abbasid Empire. London: I.B. Tauris, 2009. Web. <https://ucl.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9931062788204761&context=L&vid=44UCL_INST:UCL_VU2&lang=en&search_scope=UCLLibraryCatalogue&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&isFrbr=true&tab=UCLLibraryCatalogue&query=any,contains,The%20great%20caliphs:%20the%20golden%20age%20of%20the%20%27Abbasid%20Empire&sortby=date_d&facet=frbrgroupid,include,9009879645147047484&offset=0>.

---. The Great Caliphs: The Golden Age of the ’Abbasid Empire. London: I.B. Tauris, 2009. Print.

Bennison, Amira K., and Alison L. Gascoigne, eds. Cities in the Pre-Modern Islamic World: The Urban Impact of Religion, State and Society. SOAS/Routledge studies on the Middle East. London: Routledge, 2007. Print.

Berlekamp, Persis. Wonder, Image, and Cosmos in Medieval Islam. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011. Web. <https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00270>.

Bernbeck, R. ‘Heritage Politics: Learning from Mullah Omar?’ Controlling the Past, Owning the Future: The Political Uses of Archaeology in the Middle East. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2010. 27–54. Web.

---. ‘The Political Economy of Archaeological Practice and the Production of Heritage in the Middle East’. A Companion to Social Archaeology. Social archaeology. Malden, Mass: Blackwell, 2004. 334–352. Web. <https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470693605>.

Bernsted, Anne-Marie Keblow. Early Islamic Pottery: Materials and Techniques. London: Archetype, 2003. Print.

Bessard, F. ‘Between Localism and a Desire for Greater Openness: Teh Urban Economy in Southern Greater Syria from the 7th Century Tothe End of the Umayyads’. Local Economies?: Production and Exchange of Inland Regions in Late Antiquities. Ed. Luke Lavan. Late antique archaelogy. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2015. 363–406. Web. <https://brill-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/display/title/26260>.

Blair, Sheila S., and Jonathan M. Bloom. ‘The Mirage of Islamic Art: Reflections on the Study of an Unwieldy Field’. The Art Bulletin 85.1 (2003): n. pag. Web.

Boas, Adrian J. Crusader Archaeology: The Material Culture of the Latin East. London: Routledge, 1999. Web. <http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=UCL&isbn=9780203984666>.

Bonine, M.E. ‘Islamic Urbanism, Urbanites and the Middle Eastern City’. A Companion to the History of the Middle East. Blackwell companions to world history. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub, 2005. 393–406. Web. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470996423>.

Bonner, Michael. ‘The Naming of the Frontier: ՙAwāim, Thughūr, and the Arab Geographers’. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 57.01 (1994): n. pag. Web.

Borrut, Antoine. ‘Vanishing Syria: Periodization and Power in Early Islam’. Der Islam 91.1 (2014): n. pag. Web.

Bosworth, C. Edmund. ‘THE CITY OF TARSUS AND THE ARAB-BYZANTINE FRONTIERS IN EARLY AND MIDDLE ʿABBĀSID TIMES’. Oriens 33.1 (1992): 268–286. Web.

Bowersock, G. W. Roman Arabia. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1983. Print.

Bowersock, G.W. ‘Iconoclasms’,. Mosaics as History: The Near East from Late Antiquity to Islam. Revealing antiquity. Cambridge, MA: the Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2006. 91–112. Print.

Brauer, Ralph W. ‘Boundaries and Frontiers in Medieval Muslim Geography’. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 85.6 (1995): n. pag. Web.

Breen, C. ‘Towards an Archaeology of Early Islamic Ports on the Western Red Sea Coast’. Journal of maritime archaeology 311–323. Web. <http://metalib.ucl.ac.uk:9003/sfx_local?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&rfr_id=info:sid/sfxit.com:opac_856&url_ctx_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&sfx.ignore_date_threshold=1&rft.object_id=1000000000221944&svc_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:sch_svc&>.

Brogiolo, Gian Pietro, and J. B. Ward-Perkins. The Idea and Ideal of the Town between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Transformation of the Roman world. Leiden: Brill, 1999. Print.

Brooks, Alasdair, and Ruth Young. ‘Historical Archaeology and Heritage in the Middle East: A Preliminary Overview’. Historical Archaeology 50.4 (2016): 22–35. Web.

Brosché, Johan et al. ‘Heritage under Attack: Motives for Targeting Cultural Property during Armed Conflict’. International Journal of Heritage Studies 23.3 (2017): 248–260. Web.

Bulliet, Richard W. Cotton, Climate, and Camels in Early Islamic Iran: A Moment in World History. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009. Print.

---. Islam: The View from the Edge. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994. Print.

Cameron, Averil, and Averil Cameron. The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity, 395-700 AD. Second edition. Routledge history of the ancient world. London: Routledge, 2012. Print.

Campo, Juan Eduardo. The Other Sides of Paradise: Explorations into the Religious Meanings of Domestic Space in Islam. Studies in comparative religion. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press, 1991. Print.

Canby, Sheila. ‘The Curator’s Dilemma: Dispelling the Mystery of Exotic Collections’. Museum International 51.3 (1999): 11–15. Web.

Canby, Sheila1. ‘The Curator’s Dilemma: Dispelling the Mystery of Exotic Collections.’ Museum International 51.3 11–15. Web. <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=asu&AN=11676396&site=ehost-live&scope=site>.

Carvajal, José C. ‘Islamicization or Islamicizations? Expansion of Islam and Social Practice in the Vega of Granada (South-East Spain)’. World Archaeology 45.1 (2013): 109–123. Web.

Carvajal, Jose C., and Peter M. Day. ‘Cooking Pots and Islamicization in the Early Medieval Vega of Granada (Al-Andalus, Sixth to Twelfth Centuries)’. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 32.4 (2013): 433–451. Web.

Casana, j. ‘Satellite Imagery-Based Analysis of Archaeological Looting in Syria’. Near Eastern Archaeology: A Reader. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns, 2003. 142–152. Print.

Çelik, Zeynep. About Antiquities: Politics of Archaeology in the Ottoman Empire. First edition. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2016. Web. <https://hdl-handle-net.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/2027/heb33993.0001.001>.

Champion, T. C., and Margarita Díaz-Andreu García. Nationalism and Archaeology in Europe. London: UCL Pres, 1996. Print.

Chittick, H. ‘East African Trade with the Orient’. Islam and the Trade of Asia: A Colloquium. Papers on Islamic history. Oxford: Bruno Cassirer, 1970. 97–104. Print.

Clifford. Geertz. Islam Observed : Religious Development in Morocco and Indonesia / Clifford Geertz. N.p. Print.

‘Collections: Arts of the Islamic World | Freer and Sackler Galleries’. N.p., n.d. Web. <https://archive.asia.si.edu/collections/islamic.asp>.

Constable, Olivia Remie. Housing the Stranger in the Mediterranean World: Lodging, Trade, and Travel in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Print.

Cook, Michael. ‘Pharaonic History in Medieval Egypt’. Studia Islamica 57 (1983): n. pag. Web.

---. The Koran: A Very Short Introduction. Very short introductions. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Web. <https://doi-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/10.1093/actrade/9780192853448.001.0001>.

---. The Koran: A Very Short Introduction. Very short introductions. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Web. <https://doi-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/10.1093/actrade/9780192853448.001.0001>.

---. The Koran: A Very Short Introduction. Very short introductions. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Web. <https://doi-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/10.1093/actrade/9780192853448.001.0001>.

Crill, Rosemary, Tim Stanley, and Victoria and Albert Museum. The Making of the Jameel Gallery of Islamic Art: At the Victoria and Albert Museum. London: V&A Publications, 2006. Print.

Crone, Patricia. From Arabian Tribes to Islamic Empire: Army, State and Society in the Near East, c.600-850. Variorum collected studies series. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate, 2008. Print.

Cunliffe, Emma, Nibal Muhesen, and Marina Lostal. ‘The Destruction of Cultural Property in the Syrian Conflict: Legal Implications and Obligations’. International Journal of Cultural Property 23.01 (2016): 1–31. Web.

Cytryn-Silverman, Katia. The Road Inns (Khāns) in Bilād al-Shām. BAR international series. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2010. Web. <https://doi-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/10.30861/9781407306711>.

D. FAIRCHILD RUGGLES. ‘HISTORIOGRAPHY AND THE REDISCOVERY OF MADĪNAT AL-ZAHRĀ’’. Islamic Studies 30.1 (1991): 129–140. Web. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/20840030?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>.

Daly, Okasha El. Egyptology: The Missing Millennium ; Ancient Egypt in Medieval Arabic Writings. London: UCL Press, 2005. Print.

Damgaard, Kristoffer. ‘Access Granted: The Phenomenology of Approach in Early Islamic Palatial Architecture’. International Journal of Islamic Architecture 2.2 (2013): 273–305. Web.

Daryaee, Touraj et al. Christians and Others in the Umayyad State. Ed. Antoine Borrut and Fred McGraw Donner. Late Antique and Medieval Islamic Near East (LAMINE). Chicago, Illinois: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 2016. Print.

David Whitehouse. ‘Siraf: A Medieval Port on the Persian Gulf’. World Archaeology 2.2 (1970): 141–158. Web. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/124129?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>.

Davis, Simon J.M. ‘Zooarchaeological Evidence for Moslem and Christian Improvements of Sheep and Cattle in Portugal’. Journal of Archaeological Science 35.4 (2008): 991–1010. Web.

De Cesari, Chiara. ‘Ottonostalgias and Urban Apartheid’. International Journal of Islamic Architecture 5.2 (2016): 339–357. Web.

---. ‘POST-COLONIAL RUINS’: Anthropology Today 31.6 (2015): 22–26. Web.

Decker, Michael. Tilling the Hateful Earth: Agricultural Production and Trade in the Late Antique East. Oxford studies in Byzantium. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. Web. <https://doi-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199565283.001.0001>.

Di Meglio, R.R. ‘Arab Trade with Indonesia and the Malay Peninsula from the 8th to the 16th Century’. Islam and the Trade of Asia: A Colloquium. Papers on Islamic history. Oxford: Bruno Cassirer, 1970. 105–136. Print.

Díaz-Andreu, Margarita, and Timothy Champion. ‘Islamic Archaeology and the Origin of the Spanish Nation’. Nationalism and Archaeology in Europe. Ed. Margarita Díaz-Andreu García and T. C. Champion. volume 21. London: Routledge, 2015. 68–89. Web. <https://ucl.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=14763765330004761&institutionId=4761&customerId=4760&VE=true>.

‘Discover Islamic Art - Virtual Museum’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.discoverislamicart.org/>.

Donald Malcolm Reid. ‘Cultural Imperialism and Nationalism: The Struggle to Define and Control the Heritage of Arab Art in Egypt’. International Journal of Middle East Studies 24.1 (1992): 57–76. Web. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/163762?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>.

Donner, F. ‘Visions of the Early Islamic Expansion: Between the Heroic and the Horrific’. Byzantium in Early Islamic Syria: Proceedings of a Conference Organized by the American University of Beirut and the University of Balamand, June 18-19, 2007. Ed. Nadia Maria El-Cheikh and Shaun O’Sullivan. Beirut, Lebanon: American University of Beirut, 2011. 9–30. Print.

Donner, F.M. ‘Modern Approaches to Early Islamic History’. The New Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries. Ed. Chase F. Robinson. The New Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. 625–647. Web. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521838238>.

---. ‘The Role of Nomads in the Near East in Late Antiquity (400-800 CE)’. The Arabs and Arabia on the Eve of Islam. The formation of the classical Islamic world. Aldershot: Ashgate/Variorum, 1999. 21–33. Print.

---. ‘The Role of Nomads in the Near East in Late Antiquity (400-800 CE)’. The Arabs and Arabia on the Eve of Islam. The formation of the classical Islamic world. Aldershot: Ashgate/Variorum, 1999. 21–33. Print.

Donner, Fred McGraw. Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2012. Print.

---. Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2012. Print.

---. The Early Islamic Conquests. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981. Web. <http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.00877>.

---. The Expansion of the Early Islamic State. The formation of the classical Islamic world. Aldershot: Ashgate Variorum, 2008. Print.

Eaton, Richard Maxwell and American Council of Learned Societies. The Rooting of Islam in Bengal,. Vol. 17. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993. Web. <http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.02373>.

Edited by Liv Nilsson Stutz and Sarah Tarlow. ‘Beautiful Things and Bones of Desire’. The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Death and Burial. N.p. Web. <http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199569069.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199569069-e-1>.

Edited by Scott Fitzgerald Johnson. ‘Early Islam as a Late Antique Religion’. The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity. N.p. Web. <http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195336931.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780195336931-e-32>.

Eger, A. ‘Frontier or Frontiers? Interaction and Exchange in Frontier Societies’. The Islamic-Byzantine Frontier: Interaction and Exchange among Muslim and Christian Communities. London: I.B. Tauris, 2015. 277–309. Web. <https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=c71e1e5d-88cb-e711-80cd-005056af4099>.

Eger, A.A. ‘Mapping Medieval Antioch: Urban Transformations from the Early Islamic to the Middle Byzantine Periods’. Dumbarton Oaks Papers: Number Sixty-Seven. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 2013. 95–134. Print.

Eger, Alexander Asa. The Islamic-Byzantine Frontier: Interaction and Exchange among Muslim and Christian Communities. London: I.B. Tauris, 2015. Print.

Elad, A. ‘Why Did ’Abd al-Malik Build the Dome of the Rock?’ Bayt Al-Maqdis: Abd al-Malik’s Jerusalem, Part 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. 33–58. Print.

Elias, Jamal J. Aisha’s Cushion: Religious Art, Perception, and Practice in Islam. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 2012. Print.

Elias, J.L. ‘The Taliban, Baniyan, and Revisonist Iconoclam’. Striking Images, Iconoclasms Past and Present. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing, 2013. Print.

‘Encyclopædia Iranica | Home’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.iranicaonline.org/>.

‘Erster Vorläufiger Bericht Über Die Ausgrabungen von Samarra :: AMAR Archive of Mesopotamian Archaeological Reports’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://digital.library.stonybrook.edu/cdm/ref/collection/amar/id/157367>.

Ettinghausen, R. ‘Islamic Art and Archaeologv’. Near Eastern Culture and Society. Ed. T. Cuyler Young. Princeton oriental studies. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1951. Print.

Ettinghausen, Richard, Oleg Grabar, and Marilyn Jenkins. The Art and Architecture of Islam 650-1250. 2nd ed. Yale University Press Pelican history of art. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001. Print.

Exell, Karen, and Trinidad Rico. ‘“There Is No Heritage in Qatar”: Orientalism, Colonialism and Other Problematic Histories’. World Archaeology 45.4 (2013): 670–685. Web.

Fentress, E. ‘The House of the Prophet: North African Islamic Housing’. Archeologia Medievale 14 n. pag. Web. <https://search-proquest-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/docview/1298016577/ABC18DCF39894D7FPQ/6?accountid=14511>.

---. ‘The House of the Prophet: North African Islamic Housing’. Archeologia Medievale 14 n. pag. Web. <https://search-proquest-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/docview/1298016577/66050C09B418462EPQ/6?accountid=14511>.

Fenwick, C. ‘Archaeology, Empire and the Conquest of North Africa’. Past and present n. pag. Print.

Fenwick, Corisande. ‘From Africa to Ifrīqiya: Settlement and Society in Early Medieval North Africa (650–800)’. Al-Masaq 25.1 (2013): 9–33. Web.

---. ‘From Africa to Ifrīqiya: Settlement and Society in Early Medieval North Africa (650–800)’. Al-Masaq 25.1 (2013): 9–33. Web.

Fischel, Walter J. ‘The Spice Trade in Mamluk Egypt: A Contribution to the Economic History of Medieval Islam’. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 1.2 (1958): n. pag. Web.

Fisher, Greg, ed. Arabs and Empires before Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015. Web. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199654529.001.0001>.

---. Between Empires: Arabs, Romans, and Sasanians in Late Antiquity. Oxford classical monographs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. Web.

Flood, F.B. ‘Appropriation as Inscription: Making History in the First Friday Mosque of Delhi’. Reuse Value: Spolia and Appropriation in Art and Architecture from Constantine to Sherrie Levine. Farnham: Ashgate, 2011. 121–147. Web. <https://ucl.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=14687290910004761&institutionId=4761&customerId=4760&VE=true>.

Flood, Finbarr Barry. ‘Between Cult and Culture: Bamiyan, Islamic Iconoclasm, and the Museum’. The Art Bulletin 84.4 (2002): n. pag. Web.

---. ‘Image against Nature’. The Medieval History Journal 9.1 (2006): 143–166. Web.

---. The Great Mosque of Damascus: Studies on the Makings of an Ummayad Visual Culture. Islamic history and civilization. Studies and texts. Leiden: Brill, 2001. Print.

---. The Great Mosque of Damascus: Studies on the Makings of an Ummayad Visual Culture. Islamic history and civilization. Studies and texts. Leiden: Brill, 2001. Print.

Flood, Finbarr Barry, and Jaś Elsner. ‘Idol Breaking as Image Making in the Islamic State’. Religion and Society 7.1 (2016): n. pag. Web.

Foote, Rebecca M. ‘Frescoes and Carved Ivory from the Abbasid Family Homestead at Humeima’. Journal of Roman Archaeology 12 (1999): 423–428. Web.

Foote, R.M. ‘Commerce, Industrial Expansion, and Orthogonal Planning: Mutually Compatible Terms in Settlements of Bilad al-Sham during the Umayyad Period’. Mediterranean archaeology 13 (2000): 25–38. Print.

Fowden, Garth. Empire to Commonwealth: Consequences of Monotheism in Late Antiquity. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1993. Print.

---. ‘Late-Antique Art in Syria and Its Umayyad Evolutions’. Journal of Roman Archaeology 17 (2004): 282–304. Web.

---. ‘Late-Antique Art in Syria and Its Umayyad Evolutions’. Journal of Roman Archaeology 17 (2004): 282–304. Web.

---. Quṣayr ʻAmra: Art and the Umayyad Elite in Late Antique Syria. The transformation of the classical heritage. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press, 2004. Print.

---. Quṣayr ʻAmra: Art and the Umayyad Elite in Late Antique Syria. The transformation of the classical heritage. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press, 2004. Print.

Frantz-Murphy, Gladys. ‘A New Interpretation of the Economic History of Medieval Egypt: The Role of the Textile Industry 254-567/868-1171’. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 24.3 (1981): n. pag. Web.

Freestone, I. C. ‘The Relationship between Enamelling on Ceramics and on Glass in the Islamic World’. Archaeometry 44.2 (2002): 251–255. Web.

Freestone, Ian C. et al. ‘Glass Production at an Early Islamic Workshop in Tel Aviv’. Journal of Archaeological Science 62 (2015): 45–54. Web.

Friedrich Paul Theodor Sarre, 1865-1945 Ernst Herzfeld, 1879-1948; Hans Arnold, 1850-1927; Technische Hochschule Berlin. ‘Die Keramik von Samarra / Friedrich Sarre / Unter Mitwirkung von Ernst Herzfeld, Mit Beiträgen Vom Materialprüfungsamt Der Technischen Hochschule, Berlin, Und von Dr. Hans Arnold’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://ucl-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&ct=display&fn=search&doc=UCL_LMS_DS000317226&indx=7&recIds=UCL_LMS_DS000317226&recIdxs=6&elementId=6&renderMode=poppedOut&displayMode=full&frbrVersion=&frbg=&&dscnt=0&scp.scps=scope%3A%28UCL_LMS_DS%29&tb=t&mode=Basic&vid=UCL_VU1&srt=rank&tab=local&dum=true&vl(freeText0)=samarra&dstmp=1509712145812>.

‘From Prophet to Postmodernism? New World Orders and the End of Islamic Art.’ Journal of Art Historiography 6 (2012): 31–53. Web. <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=asu&AN=76385007&site=ehost-live&scope=site>.

Gaifman, Milette. ‘Aniconism: Definitions, Examples and Comparative Perspectives’. Religion 47.3 (2017): 335–352. Web.

Gamboni, Dario. The Destruction of Art: Iconoclasm and Vandalism since the French Revolution. Picturing history. London: Reaktion Books, 1997. Print.

Gascoigne, A.L. ‘Cooking Pots and Choices in the Medieval Middle East’. Pottery and Social Dynamics in the Mediterranean and beyond in Medieval and Post-Medieval Times. BAR international series. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2013. 1–10. Web. <https://ucl.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=14746678250004761&institutionId=4761&customerId=4760&VE=true>.

---. ‘The Water Supply of Tinnis: Public Amenities and Private Investments’. Cities in the Pre-Modern Islamic World: The Urban Impact of Religion, State and Society. Ed. Amira K. Bennison and Alison L. Gascoigne. SOAS/Routledge studies on the Middle East. London: Routledge, 2007. 161–176. Print.

Geertz, Clifford, Hildred Geertz, and Lawrence Rosen. Meaning and Order in Moroccan Society: Three Essays in Cultural Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978. Print.

Gellner, Ernest. Saints of the Atlas. Nature of human society series. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969. Print.

Genequand, D. ‘Umayyad Castles: The Shift from Late Antique Military Architecture to Early Islamic Palatial Building’. Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria: From the Coming of Islam to the Ottoman Period. History of warfare. Leiden: Brill, 2006. 3–25. Web. <https://ucl.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=14908149530004761&institutionId=4761&customerId=4760&VE=true>.

Gerstenblith, P. ‘The Destruction of Cultural Heritage: A Crime against Property or a Crime against People?’ The John Marshall Review of Intelluctual Property Law 15.3 (2013): 337–393. Web. <http://www.lexisnexis.com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/uk/legal/search/homesubmitForm.do>.

Gharipour, Mohammad, ed. Sacred Precincts. BRILL, 2015. Web. <https://brill.com/view/title/26570>.

Gibb, H. A. R., and P. J. Bearman. The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New edition. Leiden: Brill, 1960. Print.

GIDEON AVNI. ‘``From Polis to Madina’’ Revisited — Urban Change in Byzantine and Early Islamic Palestine’. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 21.3 (2011): 301–329. Web. <http://www.jstor.org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/stable/23011474?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>.

Gideon Avni. ‘From Standing Stones to Open Mosques in the Negev Desert: The Archaeology of Religious Transformation on the Fringes’. Near Eastern Archaeology 70.3 (2007): 124–138. Web. <http://www.jstor.org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/stable/20361319?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>.

Goitein, S. D. ‘From the Mediterranean to India: Documents on the Trade to India, South Arabia, and East Africa from the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries’. Speculum 29.2, Part 1 (1954): 181–197. Web.

---. ‘The Main Industries of the Mediterranean Area as Reflected in the Records of the Cairo Geniza’. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 4.2 (1961): n. pag. Web.

Goitein, Shelomo Dov. Letters of Medieval Jewish Traders. [Princeton, N.J.]: Princeton University Press, 1974. Print.

Goitein, Shelomo Dov and Gustave E. von Grunebaum Center for Near Eastern Studies. A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967. Print.

Goode, James F. Negotiating for the Past: Archaeology, Nationalism, and Diplomacy in the Middle East, 1919-1941. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2007. Web. <https://ucl.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9931982253204761&context=L&vid=44UCL_INST:UCL_VU2&lang=en&search_scope=UCLLibraryCatalogue&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&isFrbr=true&tab=UCLLibraryCatalogue&query=any,contains,Negotiating%20for%20the%20past:%20archaeology,%20nationalism,%20and%20diplomacy%20in%20the%20Middle%20East,%201919-1941&sortby=date_d&facet=frbrgroupid,include,9010091050791534175&offset=0>.

Grabar, Oleg. The Formation of Islamic Art. Revised and enlarged edition. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987. Web. <https://ucl.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9931935316404761&context=L&vid=44UCL_INST:UCL_VU2&lang=en&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&isFrbr=true&tab=Everything&query=any,contains,The%20formation%20of%20Islamic%20art&sortby=date_d&facet=frbrgroupid,include,9033506427898697600&offset=0>.

---. The Shape of the Holy: Early Islamic Jerusalem. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1996. Print.

---. The Shape of the Holy: Early Islamic Jerusalem. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1996. Print.

Graber, O. ‘Islamic Art and Archaeology’. The Study of the Middle East: Research and Scholarship in the Humanities and the Social Sciences : A Project of the Research and Training Committee of the Middle East Studies Association. New York: Wiley, 1976. 229–263. Print.

Grau-Sologestoa, Idoia. ‘Socio-Economic Status and Religious Identity in Medieval Iberia: The Zooarchaeological Evidence’. Environmental Archaeology 22.2 (2017): 189–199. Web.

Graves, Margaret S. et al. Architecture in Islamic Arts: Treasures of the Aga Khan Museum. Geneva, Switzerland: Aga Khan Trust for Culture, 2011. Print.

Griffith, Sidney Harrison. The Church in the Shadow of the Mosque: Christians and Muslims in the World of Islam. Jews, Christians, and Muslims from the ancient to the modern world. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2008. Web. <http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.30657>.

Guidetti, Mattia. In the Shadow of the Church: The Building of Mosques in Early Medieval Syria. Arts and archaeology of the Islamic world. Leiden: Brill, 2017. Web.

---. ‘The Contiguity between Churches and Mosques in Early Islamic Bilād Al-Shām’. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 76.02 (2013): 229–258. Web.

Haiman, Mordechai. ‘Agriculture and Nomad-State Relations in the Negev Desert in the Byzantine and Early Islamic Periods’. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 297 (1995): n. pag. Web.

Haldon, J.F. ‘The Arab-Byzantine Frontier in the Eighth and Ninth Centuries: Military Organization and Society in the Borderlands’. Zbornik radova Vizantoloskog instituta =: Recueil des travaux de l’Institut d’Etudes Byzantines 19 (1980): 79–116. Print.

Haldon, John F. Money, Power and Politics in Early Islamic Syria: A Review of Current Debates. Farnham: Ashgate, 2010. Print.

Harmanşah, Ömür1. ‘ISIS, HERITAGE, AND THE SPECTACLES OF DESTRUCTION IN THE GLOBAL MEDIA.’ Near Eastern Archaeology 78.3 (2015): 170–177. Web. <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=asu&AN=109515255&site=ehost-live&scope=site>.

Harrell, J.A. ‘Discovery of a Medieval Islamic Industry for Steatite Cooking Vessels in Egypt’s Eastern Desert’. New Approaches to Old Stones: Recent Studies of Ground Stone Artifacts. Approaches to anthropological archaeology. London: Equinox Pub, 2008. 41–65. Web. <https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=ade173e1-86cb-e711-80cd-005056af4099>.

Hassan S. Khalilieh. ‘The Ribât System and Its Role in Coastal Navigation’. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 42.2 (1999): 212–225. Web. <http://www.jstor.org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/stable/3632336?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>.

Heath, Ian. The Representation of Islam in British Museums. BAR international series. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2007. Web. <https://www-fulcrum-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/concern/monographs/t435gf68v>.

Heidemann, S. ‘Numismatics’. The New Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries. Ed. Chase F. Robinson. The New Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. 648–663. Web. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521838238>.

---. ‘The Representation of the Early Islamic Empire and Its Religion on Coin Imagery’. Court Cultures in the Muslim World: Seventh to Nineteenth Centuries. Ed. Albrecht Fuess and Jan-Peter Hartung. SOAS/Routledge studies on the Middle East. London: Taylor & Francis, 2014. 30–53. Print.

Henderson, Julian. Ancient Glass: An Interdisciplinary Exploration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. Print.

---. ‘Experiment and Innovation: Early Islamic Industry at al-Raqqa, Syria’. Antiquity 79.303 (2005): 130–145. Web.

Herzfeld, Ernst. Geschichte Der Stadt Samarra. Forschungen zur islamischen Kunst. Hamburg: Eckardt & Messtorff, 1948. Print.

Herzfeld, Ernst, and M. E. L. Mallowan. Die Vorgeschichtlichen Töpfereien von Samarra: Mit 240 Textbildern Und 47 Tafeln, Darunter 6 in Farbendruck. Forschungen zur islamischen Kunst. Berlin: D. Reimer, 1930. Print.

Hillenbrand, R. ‘Anjar and Early Islamic Urbanism’. The Idea and Ideal of the Town between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Transformation of the Roman world. Leiden: Brill, 1999. 59–98. Print.

---. ‘The “Abbasids”’. Islamic Art and Architecture. World of art. London: Thames and Hudson, 1999. 38–60. Print.

Hillenbrand, Robert. ‘Creswell and Contemporary Central European Scholarship’. Muqarnas 8 (1991): n. pag. Web.

---. ‘IN EARLY ISLAMIC SYRIA: THE EVIDENCE OF LATER UMAYYAD PALACES’. Art History 5.1 (1982): 1–35. Web.

---. Islamic Art and Architecture. World of art. London: Thames and Hudson, 1999. Print.

---. ‘Studying Islamic Architecture: Challenges and Perspectives’. Architectural History 46 (2003): n. pag. Web.

Hodges, R. ‘The Abbasid Caliphate’. Mohammed, Charlemagne & the Origins of Europe: Archaeology and the Pirenne Thesis. London: Duckworth, 1983. 123–157. Print.

Hodgson, M. The Venture of Islam. University of Chicago Press, 1977. Web. <http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.00894>.

Horton, M.C. ‘Islam, Archaeology and Swahili Identity’. Changing Social Identity with the Spread of Islam: Archaeological Perspectives. Oriental Institute seminars. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 2004. 67–68. Print.

Hourani, G.F. ‘Trade Routes under the Caliphate’. Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times. Expanded ed. Princeton paperbacks. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1995. 51–86. Print.

Howard-Johnston, James. Witnesses to a World Crisis: Historians and Histories of the Middle East in the Seventh Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. Web. <https://doi-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199208593.001.0001>.

HOYLAND, ROBERT. ‘New Documentary Texts and the Early Islamic State’. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 69.03 (2006): n. pag. Web.

Hoyland, Robert G. Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam. London: Routledge, 2001. Print.

---. Seeing Islam as Others Saw It: A Survey and Evaluation of Christian, Jewish, and Zoroastrian Writings on Early Islam. Studies in late antiquity and early Islam. Princeton, N.J: Darwin Press, 1997. Print.

---. Seeing Islam as Others Saw It: A Survey and Evaluation of Christian, Jewish, and Zoroastrian Writings on Early Islam. Studies in late antiquity and early Islam. Princeton, N.J: Darwin Press, 1997. Print.

Hudson, G.F. ‘The Medieval Trade of China’. Islam and the Trade of Asia: A Colloquium. Papers on Islamic history. Oxford: Bruno Cassirer, 1970. 159–167. Print.

Hugh Kennedy. ‘From Polis to Madina: Urban Change in Late Antique and Early Islamic Syria’. Past & Present 106 (1985): 3–27. Web. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/650637?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>.

---. ‘From Shahristan to Medina’. Studia Islamica 102 (2006): 5–34. Web. <http://www.jstor.org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/stable/20141082?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>.

Humphreys, R. Stephen. Islamic History: A Framework for Inquiry. Rev. ed. London: I. B. Tauris, 1991. Print.

Ian C. Freestone and Yael Gorin-Rosen. ‘THE GREAT GLASS SLAB AT BET SHE’ARIM, ISRAEL: AN EARLY ISLAMIC GLASSMAKING EXPERIMENT?’ Journal of Glass Studies 41 (1999): 105–116. Web. <http://www.jstor.org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/stable/24190848?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>.

Insoll, T. ‘Introduction’. The Archaeology of Islam. Social archaeology. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, 1999. 1–25. Web. <https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=571a6460-9a33-ea11-80cd-005056af4099>.

---. ‘Syncretism, Time and Identity: Islamic Archaeology in West Africa’. Changing Social Identity with the Spread of Islam: Archaeological Perspectives. Oriental Institute seminars. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 2004. 89–101. Print.

---. ‘Timbuktu and Europe: Trade, Cities and Islam in “Medieval West Africa”’. The Medieval World. London: Routledge, 2001. 469–484. Print.

Insoll, Timothy. The Archaeology of Islam. Social archaeology. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, 1999. Print.

---. The Archaeology of Islam. Social archaeology. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, 1999. Print.

---. The Archaeology of Islam. Social archaeology. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, 1999. Print.

---. The Archaeology of Islam. Social archaeology. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, 1999. Print.

---. The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cambridge world archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Print.

Irwin, R. ‘Artists, Guilds and Craft Technology’. Islamic Art in Context: Art, Architecture, and the Literary World. Perspectives. New York, N.Y.: Harry N. Abrams, Inc, 1997. 133–136. Print.

Irwin, Robert. Dangerous Knowledge: Orientalism and Its Discontents. [1st paperback ed.]. Woodstock, NY: Overlook Press, 2008. Print.

---. For Lust of Knowing: The Orientalists and Their Enemies. London: Allen Lane, 2006. Print.

---. Islamic Art in Context: Art, Architecture, and the Literary World. Perspectives. New York, N.Y.: Harry N. Abrams, Inc, 1997. Print.

---. Islamic Art in Context: Art, Architecture, and the Literary World. Perspectives. New York, N.Y.: Harry N. Abrams, Inc, 1997. Print.

Isakhan, B. ‘Creating the Iraq Cultural Property Destruction Database: Calculating a Heritage Destruction Index’. Cultural Heritage in the Crosshairs: Protecting Cultural Property during Conflict. Ed. Joris Kila and James A. Zeidler. Heritage and identity. Leiden: Brill, 2013. 1–21. Web. <https://brill-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/edcollbook/title/22900>.

---. ‘Heritage Destruction and Spikes in Violence: The Case of Iraq’. Cultural Heritage in the Crosshairs: Protecting Cultural Property during Conflict. Ed. Joris Kila and James A. Zeidler. Heritage and identity. Leiden: Brill, 2013. 219–247. Web. <https://brill-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/edcollbook/title/22900>.

---. ‘The Iraq Legacies and the Roots of the “Islamic State”’. The Legacy of Iraq: From the 2003 War to the ‘Islamic State’. Ed. Benjamin Isakhan. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2015. 223–235. Web. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt16r0j1w>.

Isakhan, Benjamin, and José Antonio González Zarandona. ‘Layers of Religious and Political Iconoclasm under the Islamic State: Symbolic Sectarianism and Pre-Monotheistic Iconoclasm’. International Journal of Heritage Studies (2017): 1–16. Web.

‘Islamic Art | Keyword | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art’. N.p., n.d. Web. <https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/islamic-art/>.

‘Islamic Art | The Metropolitan Museum of Art’. N.p., n.d. Web. <https://www.metmuseum.org/about-the-met/curatorial-departments/islamic-art>.

‘Islamic Art - The David Collection’. N.p., n.d. Web. <https://www.davidmus.dk/en/collections/islamic>.

‘Islamic Arts and Architecture | Islamic Arts and Architecture’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://islamic-arts.org/>.

Jacoby, David. ‘Venetian Commercial Expansion in the Eastern Mediterranean 8th-11th Centuries’. Byzantine Trade, 4th-12th Centuries: The Archaeology of Local, Regional and International Exchange : Papers of the Thirty-Eighth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, St John’s College, University of Oxford, March 2004. Society for the Promotion of Byzantine Studies publications; 14. Farnham: Ashgate, 2009. 371–392. Print.

Jamel Akbar. ‘KHATTA AND THE TERRITORIAL STRUCTURE OF EARLY MUSLIM TOWNS’. Muqarnas Online 6.1 (1988): 22–32. Web. <http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/content/journals/10.1163/22118993-90000231>.

Janet L. Abu-Lughod. ‘The Islamic City--Historic Myth, Islamic Essence, and Contemporary Relevance’. International Journal of Middle East Studies 19.2 (1987): 155–176. Web. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/163352?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>.

Jaś Elsner. ‘Iconoclasm as Discourse: From Antiquity to Byzantium’. The Art Bulletin 94.3 (2012): 368–394. Web. <http://www.jstor.org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/stable/23268277?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>.

Jayyusi, Salma Khadra et al. The City in the Islamic World. Handbook of Oriental studies. Section 1, The Near and Middle East. Leiden: Brill, 2008. Web. <https://doi-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/10.1163/ej.9789004162402.i-1500>.

---. The City in the Islamic World. Handbook of Oriental studies. Section 1, The Near and Middle East. Leiden: Brill, 2008. Web. <https://doi-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/10.1163/ej.9789004162402.i-1500>.

---. The City in the Islamic World. Handbook of Oriental studies. Section 1, The Near and Middle East. Leiden: Brill, 2008. Web. <https://doi-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/10.1163/ej.9789004162402.i-1500>.

Jemkins-Madina, Marilyn. ‘Collecting the "orient” at the Met: Early Tastemakers in America.’ Ars Orientalis 30 (2000): 69–89. Web. <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=asu&AN=505852810&site=ehost-live&scope=site>.

Jennifer Pruitt. ‘Method in Madness: Recontextualizing the Destruction of Churches in the Fatimid Era’. Muqarnas Online 30.1 (2013): 119–139. Web. <http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/content/journals/10.1163/22118993-0301p0007>.

Jere L. Bacharach. ‘MARWANID UMAYYAD BUILDING ACTIVITIES: SPECULATIONS ON PATRONAGE’. Muqarnas Online 13.1 (1996): 27–44. Web. <http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/content/journals/10.1163/22118993-90000355>.

Jeremy Johns. ‘Archaeology and the History of Early Islam: The First Seventy Years’. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 46.4 (2003): 411–436. Web. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/3632827?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>.

Johns, J. ‘The House of the Prophet and the Concept of the Mosque’. Bayt Al-Maqdis: Jerusalem and Early Islam. Ed. Jeremy Johns. Oxford studies in Islamic art. Oxford: Published by Oxford University Press for the Board of Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Oxford, 1999. 59–112. Print.

---. ‘The Longue Duree: State and Settlement Strategies in Southern Jordan across the Islamic Centuries’. Village, Steppe and State: The Social Origins of Modern Jordan. Ed. Eugene L. Rogan and Tariq Tell. London: British Academic Press, 1994. 1–31. Web. <https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=7a652ae4-89cb-e711-80cd-005056af4099>.

Johnson, Sarah Cresap. ‘“Return to Origin Is Non-Existence”: Al-Mada’in and Perceptions of Ruins in Abbasid Iraq’. International Journal of Islamic Architecture 6.2 (2017): 257–283. Web.

Jones, Richard, Caroline Cartwright, and Konstantinos D. Politis. Sweet Waste: Medieval Sugar Production in the Mediterranean Viewed from the 2002 Excavation at the Tawahin Es-Sukkar, Safi, Jordan. Early materials and practices series. Glasgow: Potingair Press, 2017. Print.

Joy, C. ‘“UNESCO Is What?” World Heritage, Militant Islam and the Search for a Common Humanity in Mali’. World Heritage on the Ground: Ethnographic Perspectives. Ed. Christoph Brumann and David Berliner. EASA series. New York: Berghahn Books, 2016. 60–77. Web. <https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=6b049a4b-ffd0-e711-80cd-005056af4099>.

Joy, Charlotte. The Politics of Heritage Management in Mali: From UNESCO to Djenné. Publications of the Institute of Archaeology, University College London. Walnut Creek, Calif: Left Coast Press, 2012. Print.

JULIA GONNELLA. ‘COLUMNS AND HIEROGLYPHS: MAGIC “SPOLIA” IN MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE OF NORTHERN SYRIA’. Muqarnas 27 (2010): 103–120. Web. <http://www.jstor.org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/stable/25769694?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>.

Junod, Benoît. Islamic Art and the Museum: Approaches to Art and Archeology of the Muslim World in the Twenty-First Century. London: Saqi, 2012. Print.

Karev, Y. ‘Samarqand in the 8th Century: The Evidence of Transformation’. Changing Social Identity with the Spread of Islam: Archaeological Perspectives. Oriental Institute seminars. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 2004. 51–66. Print.

Karimian, Hassan. ‘Transition from Equality to the Hierarchical Social Structure and Urban Form in the Early Islamic Cities’. Der Islam 86.2 (2011): 237–270. Web. <https://search-proquest-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/docview/1114873039/FECD54897BC54B84PQ/2?accountid=14511>.

Karl W. Butzer, Juan F. Mateu, Elisabeth K. Butzer and Pavel Kraus. ‘Irrigation Agrosystems in Eastern Spain: Roman or Islamic Origins?’ Annals of the Association of American Geographers 75.4 (1985): 479–509. Web. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/2563108?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>.

Keenan, J.G. ‘Fayyum Agriculture at the End of the Ayyubid Era: Nabulsi’s Survey’. Agriculture in Egypt: From Pharaonic to Modern Times. Proceedings of the British Academy. Oxford: Oxford University Press for the British Academy, 1999. 287–299. Web. <https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=159f41f2-87cb-e711-80cd-005056af4099>.

Kennedy, H. ‘How to Found an Islamic City’. Cities, Texts and Social Networks, 400-1500: Experiences and Perceptions of Medieval Urban Space. Farnham: Ashgate, 2010. 45–63. Print.

---. ‘The Early “Abbasid Caliphate”’. The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century. A History of the Near East. London: Longman, 1986. 123–155. Web. <https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=22332a64-81cb-e711-80cd-005056af4099>.

Kennedy, Hugh. An Historical Atlas of Islam. 2nd, rev. ed. = Nouv. éd ed. Leiden: Brill, 2002. Web. <http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/historical-atlas-of-islam>.

---. The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. Warfare and history. London: Routledge, 2001. Print.

---. The Caliphate: A Pelican Introduction. UK: Pelican, 2016. Print.

---. The Caliphate: A Pelican Introduction. UK: Pelican, 2016. Print.

---. ‘The Decline and Fall of the First Muslim Empire’. Der Islam 81.1 (2004): n. pag. Web.

---. The Early Abbasid Caliphate: A Political History. London: Croom Helm, 1981. Print.

---. The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In. London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 2007. Print.

---. The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In. London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 2007. Print.

---. The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century. 2nd ed. Harlow: Pearson Longman, 2004. Web. <http://ucl.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=2931225550004761&institutionId=4761&customerId=4760>.

Kennet, Derek. ‘On the Eve of Islam: Archaeological Evidence from Eastern Arabia’. Antiquity 79.303 (2005): 107–118. Web.

---. ‘On the Eve of Islam: Archaeological Evidence from Eastern Arabia’. Antiquity 79.303 (2005): 107–118. Web.

Khalaf, Roha W. ‘Traditional vs Modern Arabian Morphologies’. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 2.1 (2012): 27–43. Web. <https://search-proquest-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/docview/1016331866/EC271760B094030PQ/3?accountid=14511>.

Kila, Joris, and James A. Zeidler, eds. Cultural Heritage in the Crosshairs: Protecting Cultural Property during Conflict. Heritage and identity. Leiden: Brill, 2013. Web. <https://brill-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/edcollbook/title/22900>.

King, G. R. D. ‘Islam, Iconoclasm, and the Declaration of Doctrine’. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 48.02 (1985): n. pag. Web.

King, G.R.D. ‘Settlement Patterns in Islamic Jordan: The Umayyads and Their Use of the Land’. Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan: 4. Amman: Department of Antiquities in cooperation with: Maison de l’Orient Méditerranéen, Université Lumiere, Lyon, 1992. 369–375. Print.

Komaroff, Linda. ‘Exhibiting the Middle East: Collections and Perceptions of Islamic Art.’ Ars Orientalis 30 (2000): 1–8. Web. <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=asu&AN=505852794&site=ehost-live&scope=site>.

Kornegay, K. D. ‘Destroying the Shrines of Unbelievers: The Challenge of Iconoclasm to the International Framework for the Protection of Cultural Property’. Military Law Review 221 (2014): 153–182. Web. <http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?public=false&handle=hein.journals/milrv221&id=159>.

La Kalaa Des Beni-Hammad : Une Capitale Berbère de l’Afrique Du Nord Au XIe Siècle / Général L. de Beylié. E. Leroux (Paris), 1909. Web. <http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6546822q>.

La Vaissière, Étienne de. Sogdian Traders: A History. Handbook of Oriental studies = Handbuch der Orientalistik. Section eight, Central Asia. Leiden: Brill, 2005. Web. <https://ucl.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9931160653604761&context=L&vid=44UCL_INST:UCL_VU2&lang=en&search_scope=UCLLibraryCatalogue&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=UCLLibraryCatalogue&query=any,contains,Sogdian%20traders:%20a%20history&offset=0>.

La Vaissière, Étienne de and Association pour l’avancement des études iraniennes (Paris, France). Islamisation de l’Asie Centrale: Processus Locaux d’acculturation Du VIIe Au XIe Siècle. Studia Iranica. Cahier. Paris: Association pour l’avancement des études iraniennes, 2008. Print.

Lafrenz Samuels, Kathryn. ‘Trajectories of Development: International Heritage Management of Archaeology in the Middle East and North Africa’. Archaeologies 5.1 (2009): 68–91. Web.

Lamm, Carl Johan. Das Glas von Samarra. Forschungen zur islamischen Kunst. Berlin: D. Reimer, 1928. Print.

Lamprakos, Michele. Building a World Heritage City: Sana’a, Yemen. Heritage, culture and identity. London: Routledge, 2017. Print.

Lassner, J. ‘The Building of Madinat As-Salam’. The Topography of Baghdad in the Early Middle Ages: Text and Studies. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1970. 45–59. Print.

---. ‘The Dar Al-Khalifa’. The Topography of Baghdad in the Early Middle Ages: Text and Studies. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1970. 85–89. Print.

Lecker, M. ‘Pre-Islamic Arabia’. The New Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. 153–172. Web. <https://ucl.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=14488947860004761&institutionId=4761&customerId=4760&VE=true>.

León, Alberto, and Juan Fco. Murillo. ‘Advances in Research on Islamic Cordoba’. Journal of Islamic Archaeology 1.1 (2014): 5–35. Web.

Leone, A. ‘Vandal, Byzantine, and Arab Rural Landscapes in North Africa’. Landscapes of Change: Rural Evolution in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004. 135–162. Web. <https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=a5f9ed01-8bcb-e711-80cd-005056af4099>.

‘Les Fouilles de Paykend: Nouveaux Elements’. Cahiers d’Asie centrale 21/22 237–258. Web. <http://asiecentrale.revues.org/1841>.

‘---’. Cahiers d’Asie centrale 21/22 237–258. Web. <http://asiecentrale.revues.org/1841>.

Leturcq, J. ‘The Museum of Arab Art in Cairo (1869-2014): A Disoriented Heritage’. After Orientalism: Critical Perspectives on Western Agency and Eastern Re-Appropriations. Ed. François Pouillon and Jean-Claude Vatin. Leiden studies in Islam and society. Leiden: Brill, 2015. 145–161. Web. <https://brill.com/edcollbook/title/26809>.

Lev, E. ‘Trade of Medical Substances in the Medieval and Ottoman Levant’. Towns and Material Culture in the Medieval Middle East. Medieval Mediterranean. Leiden: Brill, 2002. 159–184. Print.

Levy-Rubin, Milka. Non-Muslims in the Early Islamic Empire: From Surrender to Coexistence. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. Web. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511977435>.

Lewis, Bernard. The World of Islam: Faith, People, Culture. London: Thames and Hudson, 1976. Print.

Lilie, Ralph-Johannes. ‘The Byzantine-Arab Borderland from the Seventh to the Ninth Century’. Borders, Barriers, and Ethnogenesis: Frontiers in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Studies in the early Middle Ages. Turnhout: Brepols, 2005. 13–21. Print.

Little, Lester K., ed. Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541–750. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Web. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511812934>.

Lopez, Robert S., and Irving W. Raymond. Medieval Trade in the Mediterranean World: Illustrative Documents. Records of civilization, sources and studies. New York: W.W. Norton, 1967. Web. <http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.06015>.

Lostal, Marina. International Cultural Heritage Law in Armed Conflict: Case Studies of Syria, Libya, Mali, the Invasion of Iraq, and the Buddhas of Bamiyan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. Web.

MacKenzie, John M. Orientalism: History, Theory and the Arts. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1995. Print.

MacLean, Rachel, and Timothy Insoll. ‘Archaeology, Luxury and the Exotic: The Examples of Islamic Gao (Mali) and Bahrain’. World Archaeology 34.3 (2003): 558–570. Web.

Magness, J. ‘Early Islamic Pottery: Evidence of a Revolution in Diet and Dinning Habits’. Agency and Identity in the Ancient Near East: New Paths Forward. Approaches to anthropological archaeology. London: Equinox, 2010. 117–126. Web. <https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=92d12bbb-4642-e811-80cd-005056af4099>.

Makdisi, Ussama. ‘Ottoman Orientalism’. The American Historical Review 107.3 (2002): 768–796. Web.

Mango, Marlia Mundell and Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies. Byzantine Trade, 4th-12th Centuries: The Archaeology of Local, Regional and International Exchange : Papers of the Thirty-Eighth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, St John’s College, University of Oxford, March 2004. Society for the Promotion of Byzantine Studies publications; 14. Farnham: Ashgate, 2009. Print.

Mark Horton. ‘Artisans, Communities, and Commodities: Medieval Exchanges between Northwestern India and East Africa’. Ars Orientalis 34 (2004): 62–80. Web. <http://www.jstor.org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/stable/4629608?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>.

Marranci, G. ‘Beyond the Stereotype: Challenges in Understanding Muslim Identities’. The Anthropology of Islam. Oxford: Berg, 2008. 89–102. Web.

Marranci, Gabriele. The Anthropology of Islam. Oxford: Berg, 2008. Web. <http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474215626>.

Marsham, Andrew. Rituals of Islamic Monarchy: Accession and Succession in the First Muslim Empire. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009. Web. <https://ucl.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9931063274104761&context=L&vid=44UCL_INST:UCL_VU2&lang=en&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&isFrbr=true&tab=Everything&query=any,contains,Rituals%20of%20Islamic%20monarchy:%20accession%20and%20succession%20in%20the%20first%20Muslim%20empire&sortby=date_d&facet=frbrgroupid,include,9084245728077332141&offset=0>.

MASON, R. B., and M. S. TITE. ‘THE BEGINNINGS OF TIN-OPACIFICATION OF POTTERY GLAZES’. Archaeometry 39.1 (1997): 41–58. Web.

MATTIA GUIDETTI. ‘The Byzantine Heritage in the Dar al Islam: CHURCHES AND MOSQUES IN AL-RUHA BETWEEN THE SIXTH AND TWELFTH CENTURIES’. Muqarnas 26 (2009): 1–36. Web. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/27811133?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>.

Mayerson, Philip. ‘The Role of Flax in Roman and Fatimid Egypt.’ Journal of Near Eastern Studies 56 (1997): 201–207. Web. <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=asu&AN=505686136&site=ehost-live&scope=site>.

McPhillips, Stephen, and Paul D. Wordsworth, eds. Landscapes of the Islamic World: Archaeology, History, and Ethnography. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, Inc, 2016. Web. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/j.ctt1c2cr8z>.

Melčák, Miroslav, and Ondřej Beránek. ‘ISIS’s Destruction of Mosul’s Historical Monuments: Between Media Spectacle and Religious Doctrine’. International Journal of Islamic Architecture 6.2 (2017): 389–415. Web.

Meskell, Lynn. Archaeology under Fire: Nationalism, Politics and Heritage in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. London: Routledge, 1998. Print.

---. ‘Sites of Violence: Terrorism, Tourism, and Heritage in the Archaeological Present’. Embedding Ethics. Wenner-Gren international symposium series. Oxford: Berg, 2005. 123–146. Print.

Michael Decker. ‘Frontier Settlement and Economy in the Byzantine East’. Dumbarton Oaks Papers 61 (2007): 217–267. Web. <http://www.jstor.org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/stable/25472050?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>.

---. ‘Plants and Progress: Rethinking the Islamic Agricultural Revolution’. Journal of World History 20.2 (2009): 187–206. Web. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/40542757?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>.

Michaudel, B. ‘The Development of Islamic Military Architecture during the Ayyubid and Mamluk Reconquest of Frankish Syria’. Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria: From the Coming of Islam to the Ottoman Period. History of warfare. Leiden: Brill, 2006. 106–121. Web. <https://ucl.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=14908149530004761&institutionId=4761&customerId=4760&VE=true>.

Mikkelsen, E. ‘The Vikings and Islam’. The Viking World. The Routledge worlds. London: Routledge, 2008. 543–549. Web. <https://ucl.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=14387402010004761&institutionId=4761&customerId=4760&VE=true>.

Milwright, M. ‘Crafts and Industry’. An Introduction to Islamic Archaeology. The new Edinburgh Islamic surveys. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2010. 143–158. Web. <https://www-jstor-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1r29m5>.

---. ‘The Countryside’. An Introduction to Islamic Archaeology. The new Edinburgh Islamic surveys. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2010. 59–74. Web. <https://www-jstor-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1r29m5>.

Milwright, Marcus. ‘An Arabic Description of the Activities of Antique Dealers in Late Ottoman Damascus’. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 143.1 (2011): 8–18. Web.

---. An Introduction to Islamic Archaeology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2010. Web. <http://ucl.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=2931109190004761&institutionId=4761&customerId=4760>.

---. ‘Introductions’. An Introduction to Islamic Archaeology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2022. 1–23. Web. <https://www-degruyter-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/document/doi/10.1515/9780748629954-005/html>.

---. Islamic Arts and Crafts: An Anthology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd, 2017. Print.

Moreland, John. Archaeology and Text. Duckworth debates in archaeology. London: Duckworth, 2001. Print.

---. Archaeology and Text. Duckworth debates in archaeology. London: Duckworth, 2001. Print.

Mousavi, A. ‘The Sasanian Empire: An Archaeological Survey,c.220-AD60’. A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. Blackwell companions to the ancient world. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. 1076–1094. Web. <https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/doi/book/10.1002/9781444360790>.

Mulder, Stephennie. ‘Imagining Localities of Antiquity in Islamic Societies’. International Journal of Islamic Architecture 6.2 (2017): 229–254. Web.

Nassar, Ahmad E. ‘The International Criminal Court and the Applicability of International Jurisdiction under Islamic Law’. Chicago Journal of International Law 4 587–596. Web. <https://search-proquest-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/docview/237209883/20C2D17849B24924PQ/19?accountid=14511>.

Nasser Rabbat. ‘THE MEANING OF THE UMAYYAD DOME OF THE ROCK’. Muqarnas Online 6.1 (1988): 12–21. Web. <http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/content/journals/10.1163/22118993-90000230>.

Necipoglu, G. ‘The Concept of Islamic Art: Inherited Discourses and New Approaches’. Islamic Art and the Museum: Approaches to Art and Archeology of the Muslim World in the Twenty-First Century. London: Saqi, 2012. 57–75. Web. <https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=6f276a12-6738-ea11-80cd-005056af4099>.

Neumeier, Emily. ‘Spoils for the New Pyrrhus: Alternative Claims to Antiquity in Ottoman Greece’. International Journal of Islamic Architecture 6.2 (2017): 311–337. Web.

Nevo, Yehuda D. and Negev Archaeological Project for the Study of Ancient Arab Desert Cultures. Pagans and Herders: A Re-Examination of the Negev Runoff Cultivation Systems in the Byzantine and Early Arab Periods. New sources for the history of the Byzantine and early Arab periods--the Negev, fourth to eighth centuries AD. Negev, Israel: IPS Ltd, 1991. Print.

Nixon, Sam. ‘Excavating Essouk-Tadmakka (Mali): New Archaeological Investigations of Early Islamic Trans-Saharan Trade’. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 44.2 (2009): 217–255. Web.

Nixon, SamRehren, ThiloGuerra, Maria Filomena. ‘New Light on the Early Islamic West African Gold Trade: Coin Moulds from Tadmekka, Mali’. Antiquity 85 1353–1368. Web. <https://search-proquest-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/docview/917778613/2B07C69B58734165PQ/18?accountid=14511>.

Northedge, A. ‘Archaeology and Islam’. Companion Encyclopedia of Archaeology. London: Routledge, 1999. 1077–1107. Web. <https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=c5cd076b-683b-ea11-80cd-005056af4099>.

---. ‘Archaeology and New Urban Settlement in Early Islamic Syria and Iraq’. The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East: (Papers of the Second Workshop on Late Antiquity and Early Islam), 2: Land Use and Settlement Patterns. Studies in late antiquity and early Islam. Princeton, N.J.: Darwin Press, 1994. 231–265. Print.

---. ‘Ernst Herzfeld, Samarra and Islamic Archaeology’. Ernst Herzfeld and the Development of Near Eastern Studies, 1900-1950. Leiden: Brill, 2005. 383–403. Print.

---. ‘The Contents of the First Muslim Houses: Thoughts about the Assemblages from the Amman Citadel’. Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East: 12 April - 16 April 2010, the British Museum and UCL, London. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2012. 633–659. Print.

Northedge, Alastair. ‘An Interpretation of the Palace of the Caliph at Samarra (Dar al-Khilafa or Jawsaq al-Khaqani)’. Ars Orientalis 23 (1993): 143–170. Web. <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=asu&AN=505651456&site=ehost-live&scope=site>.

Northedge, Alastair. ‘Remarks on Samarra and the Archaeology of Large Cities’. Antiquity 79.303 (2005): 119–129. Web.

Northedge, Alastair, Fondation Max van Berchem, and British School of Archaeology in Iraq. The Historical Topography of Samarra. Samarra studies. London: British School of Archaeology in Iraq (BSAI), 2005. Print.

Nováček, Karel et al. Medieval Urban Landscape in Northeastern Mesopotamia. Archaeopress archaeology. Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing Ltd, 2016. Print.

Noyes, James. The Politics of Iconoclasm: Religion, Violence and the Culture of Image-Breaking in Christianity and Islam. Library of modern religion. London: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 2013. Print.

Nuha N. N. Khoury. ‘THE DOME OF THE ROCK, THE KAʿBA, AND GHUMDAN: ARAB MYTHSAND UMAYVAD MONUMENTS’. Muqarnas Online 10.1 (1992): 57–66. Web. <http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/22118993-90000295>.

Papaconstantinou, Arietta, Dr and Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Sawyer Seminar. Conversion in Late Antiquity: Christianity, Islam, and beyond : Papers from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Sawyer Seminar, University of Oxford, 2009-2010. Ed. Arietta Papaconstantinou, Neil McLynn, and Daniel L. Schwartz. London, [England]: Routledge, 2016. Web. <http://ucl.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=2945666550004761&institutionId=4761&customerId=4760>.

Parker, S. Thomas and American Schools of Oriental Research. Romans and Saracens: A History of the Arabian Frontier. American Schools of Oriental Research Dissertation Series. Philadelphia, Pa: American Schools of Oriental Research, 1986. Print.

Peacock, A. C. S., ed. Islamisation: Comparative Perspectives from History. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2017. Web. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1g09v0p>.

Peacock, A. C. S., Bruno De Nicola, and Sara Nur Yildiz, eds. Islam and Christianity in Medieval Anatolia. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2015. Print.

Peacock, A.C.S. ‘Black Sea Trade and the Islamic World down to the Mongol Period’. The Black Sea: Past, Present and Future : Proceedings of the International Interdisciplinary Conference, Istanbul, 14-16 October 2004. British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara monograph. London: British Institute at Ankara, 2007. 65–72. Web. <https://ucl.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9931063351804761&context=L&vid=44UCL_INST:UCL_VU2&lang=en&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&isFrbr=true&tab=Everything&query=any,contains,990011598830204761&sortby=date_d&facet=frbrgroupid,include,9048004703144335437&offset=0>.

Peeters Publishers. Cultural Interchange during the Umayyad Era in Bilad Al-Sham. [Place of publication not identified]: Peeters Publishers, 1994. Print.

Peters, F. E. Jerusalem and Mecca: The Typology of the Holy City in the Near East. New York University studies in Near Eastern civilization. New York: New York University Press, 1986. Print.

Petersen, A.D. ‘The Archaeology of Muslim Pilgrimage and Shrines in Palestine’. Case Studies in Archaeology and World Religion: The Proceedings of the Cambridge Conference. BAR international series. Oxford: Archaeopress, 1999. 116–127. Web. <https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=1520a686-83cb-e711-80cd-005056af4099>.

Petersen, Andrew. Dictionary of Islamic Architecture. London: Routledge, 1996. Print.

Petersen, Andrew. ‘Politics and Narratives: Islamic Archaeology in Israel’. Antiquity 79.306 858–864. Web. <https://search.proquest.com/docview/217562860?accountid=14511>.

Petersen, Andrew. The Towns of Palestine under Muslim Rule, AD 600-1600. BAR international series. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2005. Print.

---. ‘What Is Islamic Archaeology’. Antiquity 79.303 (2005): 100–106. Web.

Petersen, Andrew and Council for British Research in the Levant. The Medieval and Ottoman Hajj Route in Jordan: An Archaeological and Historical Study. Levant supplementary series. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2012. Web. <https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/116030>.

Phelps, Matt et al. ‘Natron Glass Production and Supply in the Late Antique and Early Medieval Near East: The Effect of the Byzantine-Islamic Transition’. Journal of Archaeological Science 75 (2016): 57–71. Web.

Philips, W.D. ‘Sugar Production and Trade in the Mediterranean at the Time of the Crusades’. The Meeting of Two Worlds: Europe and the Americas 1492-1650. Proceedings of the British Academy. Oxford: published for the British Academy by Oxford University Press, 1993. 393–406. Print.

Plets Gertjan. ‘Violins and Trowels for Palmyra: Post‐conflict Heritage Politics’. Anthropology Today 33.4 (2017): 18–22. Web. <http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/doi/10.1111/1467-8322.12362/full>.

Pollock, Susan. ‘Archaeology and Contemporary Warfare’. Annual Review of Anthropology 45.1 (2016): 215–231. Web.

Porter, Venetia and British Museum. Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam. London: British Museum Press, 2012. Print.

Power, Timothy. The Red Sea from Byzantium to the Caliphate: AD 500-1000. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2012. Web. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt15m7h9n>.

‘Qantara’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/index.php?lang=en>.

R. Rante. ‘THE TOPOGRAPHY OF RAYY DURING THE EARLY ISLAMIC PERIOD’. Iran 45 (2007): 161–180. Web. <http://www.jstor.org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/stable/25651417?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>.

Rabbat, Nasser. ‘Heritage as a Right: Heritage and the Arab Spring’. International Journal of Islamic Architecture 5.2 (2016): 267–278. Web.

Radoine, Hassan. ‘Planning Paradigm in the : Order in Randomness’. Planning Perspectives 26.4 (2011): 527–549. Web.

‘Regarding the Exhibition: The Munich Exhibition Masterpieces of Muhammadan Art (1910) and Its Scholarly Position.’ Journal of Art Historiography; 6 (2012): 1–34. Web. <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=asu&AN=76385024&site=ehost-live&scope=site>.

Rehren, T. ‘Cutting Edge Technology - The Ferghana Process of Medieval Crucible Steel Smelting’. Metalla: Forschungsberichte des Deutschen Bergbau-Museums 7 (2000): 55–69. Print.

Rehren, Th., and S. Nixon. ‘Refining Gold with Glass – an Early Islamic Technology at Tadmekka, Mali’. Journal of Archaeological Science 49 (2014): 33–41. Web.

Rico, Trinidad, ed. The Making of Islamic Heritage: Muslim Pasts and Heritage Presents. Heritage studies in the Muslim world. Singapore, Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017. Web. <https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/52616>.

Rim Lababidi. ‘Did They Really Forget How to Do It?: Iraq, Syria, and the International Response to Protect a Shared Heritage’. Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies 4.4 (2016): 341–362. Web. <https://muse-jhu-edu.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/article/637045>.

Risso, Patricia. Merchants and Faith: Muslim Commerce and Culture in the Indian Ocean. New perspectives on Asian history. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press, 1995. Web. <http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.31178>.

Robinson, C. ‘The First Islamic Empire’. The Roman Empire in Context: Historical and Comparative Perspectives. Ancient world--comparative histories. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. 229–248. Web. <https://ucl.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=14428531010004761&institutionId=4761&customerId=4760&VE=true>.

Robinson, C.F. ‘The Rise of Islam, 600-705’. The New Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. 173–225. Web. <https://ucl.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=14488947860004761&institutionId=4761&customerId=4760&VE=true>.

Robinson, Chase F. Empire and Elites after the Muslim Conquest: The Transformation of Northern Mesopotamia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Web.

---, ed. The New Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries. The New Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Web. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521838238>.

Rogers, J. M. From Antiquarianism to Islamic Archaeology. Quaderni dell’Istituto italiano di cultura per la R.A.E. Nuova serie. Cairo: Istituto italiano di cultura per la R.A.E., 1974. Print.

Rosser-Owen, M. ‘“Collecting the Alhambra”: Owen Jones and Islamic Spain at the South Kensington Museum’. Owen Jones y La Alhambra. Granada: Patronato de la Alhambra y Generalife, 2011. 159–168. Print.

Roxburgh, David J. ‘Au Bonheur Des Amateurs: Collecting and Exhibiting Islamic Art, ca. 1880-1910.’ Ars Orientalis 30 (2000): 9–38. Web. <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=asu&AN=505852813&site=ehost-live&scope=site>.

Ruggles, D. ‘The Countryside: The Roman Agricultural and Hydraulic Legacy of the Islamic Mediterranean’. The City in the Islamic World. Handbook of Oriental studies. Section 1, The Near and Middle East. Leiden: Brill, 2008. 795–816. Web. <https://doi-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/10.1163/ej.9789004162402.i-1500>.

Ruggles, D. Fairchild, ed. Islamic Art and Visual Culture: An Anthology of Sources. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. Print.

---, ed. Islamic Art and Visual Culture: An Anthology of Sources. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. Print.

---, ed. Islamic Art and Visual Culture: An Anthology of Sources. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. Print.

Ruggles, D.F. ‘Madinat Al-Zahra’. Gardens, Landscape, and Vision in the Palaces of Islamic Spain. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000. 3–18. Print.

Ruthven, Malise. Islam: A Very Short Introduction. Very short introductions. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. Print.

---. Islam: A Very Short Introduction. Very short introductions. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. Print.

Sahner, Christian C. ‘The First Iconoclasm in Islam: A New History of the Edict of Yazīd II (AH 104/AD 723)’. Der Islam 94.1 (2017): n. pag. Web.

Said, Edward W. Orientalism. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978. Print.

---. Orientalism. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978. Print.

Saitowitz, S.J. ‘Early Indian Ocean Glass Bead Trade between Egypt and Malaysia: A Pilot Study’. Indo-Pacific Prehistory: The Chiang Mai Papers. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. Canberra: Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, Australian National University, 1996. 119–123. Print.

Saladin, Henri, and Gaston Migeon. Manuel d’art Musulman. Paris: A. Picard, 1907. Print.

Sarre, F. Archaologische Reise Im Euphrat- Und Tigris-Begiet : Sarre, Friedrich Paul Theodor, 1865-1945 : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive. Berlin: D. Reimer, 1911. Web. <https://archive.org/details/archaologischere03sarr>.

Schacht, Joseph, and Clifford Edmund Bosworth. The Legacy of Islam. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979. Print.

Schick, Robert. The Christian Communities of Palestine from Byzantine to Islamic Rule: A Historical and Archaeological Study. Studies in late antiquity and early Islam. Princeton, N.J.: Darwin Press, 1995. Print.

Shalem, Avinoam. Islam Christianized: Islamic Portable Objects in the Medieval Church Treasuries of the Latin West. 2nd rev. ed. Ars faciendi. New York: Peter Lang, 1999. Print.

Shaw, Wendy M. K. ‘In Situ: The Contraindications of World Heritage’. International Journal of Islamic Architecture 6.2 (2017): 339–365. Web.

Sidi, Ali Ould. ‘Maintaining Timbuktu’s Unique Tangible and Intangible Heritage’. International Journal of Heritage Studies 18.3 (2012): 324–331. Web.

Sijpesteijn, Petra. Shaping a Muslim State: Papyri Related to a Mid-Eighth Century Egyptian Official. Ann Arbor, Mich: UMI Dissertation Services, 2005. Print.

Sijpesteijn, P.M. ‘Arabic Papyri and Islamic Egypt’. The Oxford Handbook of Papyrology. Oxford handbooks. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. 452–472. Print.

Sijpesteijn, P.M. ‘New Rule over Old Sturctures: Egypt after the Muslim Conquest’. Regime Change in the Ancient Near East and Egypt: From Sargon of Agade to Saddam Hussein. Oxford: Published for the British Academy by Oxford University Press, 2007. 183–200. Web. <https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=18891ab9-85cb-e711-80cd-005056af4099>.

Silverstein, Adam J. Islamic History: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. Web. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199545728.001.0001>.

---. Islamic History: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. Web. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199545728.001.0001>.

Simpson, I. ‘Market Buildings at Jerash:Commerical Transformations at the Tetrakionion in the 6th to 9th Centuries CE’. Residences, Castles, Settlements: Transformation Processes from Late Antiquity to Early Islam in Bilad al-Sham : Proceedings of the International Conference Held at Damascus, 5-9 November, 2006. Orient-Archäologie. Rahden/Westf: Marie Leidorf, 2008. 115–124. Print.

Simpson, St John. ‘Death and Burial in the Late Islamic Near East: Some Insights from Archaeology and Ethnograhy’. The Archaeology of Death in the Ancient Near East. Oxbow monograph. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 1995. 240–251. Web. <https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=1bb74168-8dcb-e711-80cd-005056af4099>.

Smith, Claire et al. ‘The Islamic State’s Symbolic War: Da’esh’s Socially Mediated Terrorism as a Threat to Cultural Heritage’. Journal of Social Archaeology 16.2 (2016): 164–188. Web.

‘SOAS, University of London Holdings Information for “Die Malereien von Samarra : Mit 83 Textbildern Und 88 Ta...” | Copac’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://copac.jisc.ac.uk/search?title=ausgrabungen%20von%20samarra&iids=107610019%20&show-library=SOAS%2C%20University%20of%20London&rn=8>.

‘SOAS, University of London Holdings Information for “Entre Memoire et Pouvoir : L’espace Syrien Sous Les Dern...” | Copac’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://copac.jisc.ac.uk/search?title=entre%20memoire%20et%20pouvoir&iids=107777719%20&show-library=SOAS%2C%20University%20of%20London&rn=3>.

Starzmann, M.T. ‘Archaeological Fieldwork in the Middle East: Academic Agendas, Labour Politics and Neo-Colonialism’. European Archaeology Abroad: Global Settings, Comparative Perspectives. Leiden: Sidestone Press, 2012. 401–414. Web. <https://www.sidestone.com/books/european-archaeology-abroad>.

---. ‘Archaeological Fieldwork in the Middle East: Academic Agendas, Labour Politics and Neo-Colonialism’. European Archaeology Abroad: Global Settings, Comparative Perspectives. Leiden: Sidestone Press, 2012. 401–414. Web. <https://www.sidestone.com/books/european-archaeology-abroad>.

Stefan Heidemann. ‘The History of the Industrial and Commercial Area of ’Abbāsid Al-Raqqa, Called Al-Raqqa Al-Muḥtariqa’. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 69.1 (2006): 33–52. Web. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/20181988?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>.

Stephen Vernoit. ‘THE RISE OF ISLAMIC ARCHAEOLOGY’. Muqarnas Online 14.1 (1997): 1–10. Web. <http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/22118993-90000366>.

Stillman, Norman A. ‘The Eleventh Century Merchant House of Ibn ’Awkal (a Geniza Study)’. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 16.1 (1973): 15–87. Web.

Thomas F. Glick. Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages. N.p. Print.

Thomas Leisten. ‘BETWEEN ORTHODOXY AND EXEGESIS: SOME ASPECTS OF ATTITUDES IN THE SHARIʿA TOWARD FUNERARY ARCHITECTURE’. Muqarnas Online 7.1 (1989): 12–22. Web. <http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/content/journals/10.1163/22118993-90000245>.

Tonghini, Cristina, and Julian Henderson. ‘An Eleventh-Century Pottery Production Workshop at al-Raqqa. Preliminary Report’. Levant 30.1 (1998): 113–127. Web.

Tsafrir, Yoram. ‘Trade, Workshops and Shops in Bet Shean/Scythopolis, 4th-8th Centuries’. Byzantine Trade, 4th-12th Centuries: The Archaeology of Local, Regional and International Exchange : Papers of the Thirty-Eighth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, St John’s College, University of Oxford, March 2004. Society for the Promotion of Byzantine Studies publications; 14. Farnham: Ashgate, 2009. 61–82. Print.

Tsugitaka, S. ‘Sugar in the Economic Life of Mamluk Egypt’. Mamlūk studies review 8.2 (2004): 87–108. Web. <http://metalib.ucl.ac.uk:9003/sfx_local?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&rfr_id=info:sid/sfxit.com:opac_856&url_ctx_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&sfx.ignore_date_threshold=1&rft.object_id=991042732661906&svc_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:sch_svc&>.

University of Oxford. Faculty of Oriental Studies. Walid and His Friends: An Umayyad Tragedy. Oxford studies in Islamic art. Oxford: Oxford University Press on behalf of the Faculty of Oriental Studies, 1988. Print.

‘V&A · Islamic Middle East’. N.p., n.d. Web. <https://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/islamic-middle-east>.

Vallejo Triano, A. ‘Madinat Al-Zahra: Transformation of a Caliphal City’. Revisiting Al-Andalus: Perspectives on the Material Culture of Islamic Iberia and Beyond. The Medieval and early modern Iberian world. Leiden: Brill, 2007. 3–26. Web. <https://ucl.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=14687291100004761&institutionId=4761&customerId=4760&VE=true>.

Van der Veen, M. ‘Agricultural Innovation: Invention and Adoption or Change and Adaptation?’ World archaeology 1–12. Print.

Van der Veen, Marijke, and Jacob Morales. ‘The Roman and Islamic Spice Trade: New Archaeological Evidence’. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 167 (2015): 54–63. Web.

Varisco, Daniel Martin. Islam Obscured: The Rhetoric of Anthropological Representation. Contemporary anthropology of religion. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. Web. <http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=UCL&isbn=9781403973429>.

---. Reading Orientalism: Said and the Unsaid. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2011. Web. <https://ucl.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=15430819710004761&institutionId=4761&customerId=4760>.

Veintimilla, D. ‘Islamic Law and War Crimes Trials: The Possibility and Challenges of a War Crimes Tribunal against the Assad Regime and ISIL’. Cornell International Law Journal 49.2 (2016): n. pag. Web. <http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?public=false&handle=hein.journals/cintl49&id=1>.

Velázquez Bosco, Ricardo. Arte Del Califato de Cordoba: Medina Azzahra y Alamiriya, Texto, Planos, y Dibujos Del Mismo. Madrid: Jose Blass, 1912. Web. <https://archive.org/details/artedelcalifatod00vel>.

Vernoit, S. ‘Islamic Art and Architecture: An Overview of Scholarship and Collecting, c. 1850-c 1950’. Discovering Islamic Art: Scholars, Collectors and Collections, 1850-1950. London: I.B. Tauris, 2000. 1–61. Web. <https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=5fed1b33-6438-ea11-80cd-005056af4099>.

Vickers, Michael et al. From Silver to Ceramic: The Potter’s Debt to Metalwork in the Graeco-Roman, Oriental and Islamic Worlds. Oxford: Ashmolean Museum, 1986. Print.

Viollet, Henry. ‘Fouilles à Samara En Mésopotamie. Un Palais Musulman Du IXe Siècle’. Mémoires présentés par divers savants à l’Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres de l’Institut de France. Première série, Sujets divers d’érudition 12.2 (1913): 685–718. Web.

Vroom, Joanita. After Antiquity: Ceramics and Society in the Aegean from the 7th to the 20th Century A.C. ; a Case Study from Boeotia, Central Greece. Archaeological studies Leiden University. Leiden: Faculty of Archaeology, University of Leiden, 2003. Print.

Walasek, Helen. Bosnia and the Destruction of Cultural Heritage. Heritage, culture and identity. Farnham: Ashgate, 2015. Web. <https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315569789>.

---. Bosnia and the Destruction of Cultural Heritage. Heritage, culture and identity. Farnham: Ashgate, 2015. Web. <https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315569789>.

Walmsley, A. ‘Archaeology and Islamic Studies: The Development of a Relationship’. From Handaxe to Khan: Essays Presented to Peder Mortensen on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday. Aarhus, Oakville, CT: Aarhus University Press, 2004. 317–329. Print.

---. ‘Fihl (Pella) and the Cities of North Jordan during the Umayyad and Abbasid Periods’. Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan: 4. Amman: Department of Antiquities in cooperation with: Maison de l’Orient Méditerranéen, Université Lumiere, Lyon, 1992. 377–384. Print.

---. ‘Production, Exchange and Regional Trade in the Islamic Near East: Old Structures, New Systems?’ The Long Eighth Century. The transformation of the Roman world. Leiden: Brill, 2000. 264–343. Print.

---. ‘Production, Exchange and Regional Trade in the Islamic Near East: Old Structures, New Systems?’ The Long Eighth Century. The transformation of the Roman world. Leiden: Brill, 2000. 264–343. Print.

---. ‘Regional Exchange and the Role of the Shop in Byzantine and Early Islamic Syria-Palestine: An Archeological View’. Trade and Markets in Byzantium. Dumbarton Oaks Byzantine symposia and colloquia. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 2012. 311–330. Print.

---. ‘The Excavation of an Umayyad Period House at Pella in Jordan’. Housing in Late Antiquity: From Palaces to Shops. Late antique archaeology. Leiden: Brill, 2007. 515–522. Web. <https://ucl.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=14990242040004761&institutionId=4761&customerId=4760&VE=true>.

Walmsley, Alan. Early Islamic Syria: An Archaeological Assessment. London: Duckworth, 2007. Web. <http://ucl.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=2931027770004761&institutionId=4761&customerId=4760>.

---. Early Islamic Syria: An Archaeological Assessment. Duckworth debates in archaeology. London: Duckworth, 2007. Print.

Walmsley, Alan, and Kristoffer Damgaard. ‘The Umayyad Congregational Mosque of Jarash in Jordan and Its Relationship to Early Mosques’. Antiquity 79.304 (2005): 362–378. Web.

Watenpaugh, Heghnar Zeitlian. ‘Cultural Heritage and the Arab Spring: War over Culture, Culture of War and Culture War’. International Journal of Islamic Architecture 5.2 (2016): 245–263. Web.

Watson, Andrew M. Agricultural Innovation in the Early Islamic World: The Diffusion of Crops and Farming Techniques, 700-1100. Cambridge studies in Islamic civilization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983. Print.

Watson, Oliver. Ceramics from Islamic Lands. London: Thames & Hudson, 2004. Print.

---. Ceramics from Islamic Lands. London: Thames & Hudson, 2004. Print.

Wendy M. K. Shaw. ‘Islamic Arts in the Ottoman Imperial Museum, 1889-1923’. Ars Orientalis 30 (2000): 55–68. Web. <http://www.jstor.org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/stable/4434262?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>.

Wheatley, Paul. The Places Where Men Pray Together: Cities in Islamic Lands, Seventh through the Tenth Centuries. Chicago, Ill: University of Chicago Press, 2001. Print.

---. The Places Where Men Pray Together: Cities in Islamic Lands, Seventh through the Tenth Centuries. Chicago, Ill: University of Chicago Press, 2001. Print.

Whitcomb, D. ‘An Urban Structure for the Early Islamic City’. Cities in the Pre-Modern Islamic World: The Urban Impact of Religion, State and Society. Ed. Amira K. Bennison and Alison L. Gascoigne. SOAS/Routledge studies on the Middle East. London: Routledge, 2007. 15–26. Print.

---. ‘Hesban, Amman and Abbasid Archaeology in Jordan’. The Archaeology of Jordan and beyond: Essays in Honor of James A. Sauer. Studies in the archaeology and history of the Levant. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns, 2000. 505–515. Print.

Whitcomb, Donald. ‘Reassessing the Archaeology of Jordan of the Abbasid Period’. Studies in the history and archaeology of Jordan: 4 (1992): 385–390. Print.

WHITCOMB, DONALD. ‘Urbanism in Arabia’. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 7.1 (1996): 38–51. Web.

Whitcomb, Donald S. Changing Social Identity with the Spread of Islam: Archaeological Perspectives. Oriental Institute seminars. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 2004. Print.

‘Whose Hajj Is It Anyway?’ N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.ihrc.org.uk/publications/briefings/11763-whose-hajj-is-it-anyway>.

Wickham, Chris. Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean 400-800. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. Web. <http://UCL.eblib.com/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=834766>.

---. ‘The Mediterranean around 800: On the Brink of the Second Trade Cycle’. Dumbarton Oaks Papers 58 (2004): n. pag. Web.

Wilkinson, Charles Kyrle and Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.). Nishapur: Some Early Islamic Buildings and Their Decoration. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1987. Print.

Williams, T. ‘The City of Sultan Kala, Merv, Turkmenistan: Communities, Neighbourhoods and Urban Planning from the Eighth to Thirteenth Century’. Cities in the Pre-Modern Islamic World: The Urban Impact of Religion, State and Society. Ed. Amira K. Bennison and Alison L. Gascoigne. SOAS/Routledge studies on the Middle East. London: Routledge, 2007. 42–61. Print.

Wilson, A. ‘Classical Water Technology in Ht Early Islamic World’. Technology, Ideology, Water: From Frontinus to the Renaissance and beyond : Papers from a Conference at the Institutum Romanum Finlandiae, May 19-20, 2000. Ed. Christer Bruun. Acta Instituti Romani Finlandiae. Rome: Institutum Romanum Finlandiae, 2003. 115–141. Print.

Wood, P. ‘Christians in the Middle East, 600-1000:Conquest, Competition and Conversion’. Islam and Christianity in Medieval Anatolia. Ed. A. C. S. Peacock, Bruno De Nicola, and Sara Nur Yildiz. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2015. 23–50. Print.

Wordsworth, P. ‘Merv on Khorasanian Trade Routes from the 10th -13th Centuries’. Greater Khorasan: History, Geography, Archaeology and Material Culture. Ed. Rocco Rante. Studies in the History and Culture of the Middle East (SME). Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter, 2015. 51–62. Web. <https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110331707>.

---. ‘Sustaining Travel - the Economy of Medieval Stopping-Places across the Karakum Desert Turkmenistan’. Landscapes of the Islamic World: Archaeology, History, and Ethnography. Ed. Stephen McPhillips and Paul D. Wordsworth. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016. 219–236. Web. <https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=c8ed055f-00d1-e711-80cd-005056af4099>.

Bibliography for ARCLG354: Islamic Archaeology BETA