A. W. Cowley. 1992. ‘Long-Term Control of Arterial Blood Pressure’. Physiological Reviews 72 (1): 231–300. http://physrev.physiology.org/content/72/1/231.
Abbott, N. Joan, Adjanie A.K. Patabendige, Diana E.M. Dolman, Siti R. Yusof, and David J. Begley. 2010. ‘Structure and Function of the Blood–Brain Barrier’. Neurobiology of Disease 37 (1): 13–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2009.07.030.
Altaf, N., S. T. MacSweeney, J. Gladman, and D. P. Auer. 2007. ‘Carotid Intraplaque Hemorrhage Predicts Recurrent Symptoms in Patients With High-Grade Carotid Stenosis’. Stroke 38 (5): 1633–35. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.106.473066.
Altaf, Nishath, Stephen D. Goode, Andrew Beech, et al. 2011. ‘Plaque Hemorrhage Is a Marker of Thromboembolic Activity in Patients with Symptomatic Carotid Disease’. Radiology 258 (2): 538–45. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.10100198.
Anderson, Craig S., Emma Heeley, Yining Huang, et al. 2013. ‘Rapid Blood-Pressure Lowering in Patients with Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage’. New England Journal of Medicine 368 (25): 2355–65. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1214609.
Astrup, J., L. Symon, N. M. Branston, and N. A. Lassen. 1977. ‘Cortical Evoked Potential and Extracellular K+ and H+ at Critical Levels of Brain Ischemia’. Stroke 8 (1): 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.8.1.51.
Atrial Fibrillation: The Management of Atrial Fibrillation | Guidance and Guidelines | NICE. n.d. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg180.
Attwell, David, Alastair M. Buchan, Serge Charpak, Martin Lauritzen, Brian A. MacVicar, and Eric A. Newman. 2010. ‘Glial and Neuronal Control of Brain Blood Flow’. Nature 468 (7321): 232–43. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09613.
Barker, Peter B., Xavier Golay, and Greg Zaharchuk. 2013. Clinical Perfusion MRI Techniques and Applications. Cambridge University Press.
Bohman, Leif-Erik, and Joshua M. Levine. 2014. ‘Fever and Therapeutic Normothermia in Severe Brain Injury’. Current Opinion in Critical Care 20 (2): 182–88. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCC.0000000000000070.
Bridges, Leslie R., Joycelyn Andoh, Andrew J. Lawrence, et al. 2014. ‘Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction and Cerebral Small Vessel Disease (Arteriolosclerosis) in Brains of Older People’. Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology 73 (11): 1026–33. https://doi.org/10.1097/NEN.0000000000000124.
Chatzizisis, Yiannis S., Ahmet Umit Coskun, Michael Jonas, Elazer R. Edelman, Charles L. Feldman, and Peter H. Stone. 2007. ‘Role of Endothelial Shear Stress in the Natural History of Coronary Atherosclerosis and Vascular Remodeling’. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 49 (25): 2379–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2007.02.059.
Clarkson, Andrew N., Ben S. Huang, Sarah E. MacIsaac, Istvan Mody, and S. Thomas Carmichael. 2010. ‘Reducing Excessive GABA-Mediated Tonic Inhibition Promotes Functional Recovery after Stroke’. Nature 468 (7321): 305–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09511.
Coupar, F., A. Pollock, P. Rowe, C. Weir, and P. Langhorne. 2012. ‘Predictors of Upper Limb Recovery after Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis’. Clinical Rehabilitation 26 (4): 291–313. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215511420305.
Culmsee, Carsten, and Josef Krieglstein. 2007. ‘Ischaemic Brain Damage after Stroke: New Insights into Efficient Therapeutic Strategies. International Symposium on Neurodegeneration and Neuroprotection’. EMBO Reports 8 (2): 129–33. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.embor.7400892.
Delcourt, Candice, and Craig Anderson. 2012. ‘Acute Intracerebral Haemorrhage: Grounds for Optimism in Management’. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 19 (12): 1622–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2012.05.018.
Ferro, José M. 2003. ‘Cardioembolic Stroke: An Update’. The Lancet Neurology 2 (3): 177–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(03)00324-7.
Fisch, Adam. 2012. Neuroanatomy: Draw It to Know It. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199845712.001.0001.
Flower, Oliver. n.d. ‘The Acute Management of Intracerebral Hemorrhage’. Current Opinion in Critical Care 17 (2). http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&AN=00075198-201104000-00005&LSLINK=80&D=ovft.
Furlan, Mauro, Gilles Marchal, Jean-Michel Derlon, Jean-Claude Baron, and Fausto Viader. 1996. ‘Spontaneous Neurological Recovery after Stroke and the Fate of the Ischemic Penumbra’. Annals of Neurology 40 (2): 216–26. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410400213.
Ginsberg, M. D. 2003. ‘Adventures in the Pathophysiology of Brain Ischemia: Penumbra, Gene Expression, Neuroprotection: The 2002 Thomas Willis Lecture’. Stroke 34 (1): 214–23. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000048846.09677.62.
Gioia, Laura C.a. n.d. ‘Blood Pressure Management in Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Current Evidence and Ongoing Controversies’. Current Opinion in Critical Care 21 (2). http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&AN=00075198-201504000-00003&LSLINK=80&D=ovft.
Gouw, A. A., A. Seewann, W. M. van der Flier, et al. 2011. ‘Heterogeneity of Small Vessel Disease: A Systematic Review of MRI and Histopathology Correlations’. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 82 (2): 126–35. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2009.204685.
Grise, Erin M. n.d. ‘Blood Pressure Control for Acute Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke’. Current Opinion in Critical Care 18 (2). http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&AN=00075198-201204000-00005&LSLINK=80&D=ovft.
Grotta, James C., Gregory W. Albers, Joseph P. Broderick, et al. 2015. Stroke: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management. 6th ed. Elsevier Health Sciences. Electronic resource. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780323295444.
Grupke, Stephen, Jason Hall, Michael Dobbs, Gregory J. Bix, and Justin F. Fraser. 2015. ‘Understanding History, and Not Repeating It. Neuroprotection for Acute Ischemic Stroke: From Review to Preview’. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 129 (February): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2014.11.013.
‘Guidelines for Management of Ischaemic Stroke and Transient Ischaemic Attack 2008’. 2008. Cerebrovascular Diseases 25 (5): 457–507. https://doi.org/10.1159/000131083.
Gupta, A., H. Baradaran, A. D. Schweitzer, et al. 2013. ‘Carotid Plaque MRI and Stroke Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis’. Stroke 44 (11): 3071–77. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.002551.
Habs, Maximilian, Thomas Pfefferkorn, Clemens C Cyran, et al. 2011. ‘Age Determination of Vessel Wall Hematoma in Spontaneous Cervical Artery Dissection: A Multi-Sequence 3T Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Study’. Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 13 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1532-429X-13-76.
Hall, Catherine N., Clare Reynell, Bodil Gesslein, et al. 2014. ‘Capillary Pericytes Regulate Cerebral Blood Flow in Health and Disease’. Nature 508 (7494): 55–60. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13165.
Hall, S.D., I.M. Stanford, N. Yamawaki, et al. 2011. ‘The Role of GABAergic Modulation in Motor Function Related Neuronal Network Activity’. NeuroImage 56 (3): 1506–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.02.025.
Harris, Julia J., Renaud Jolivet, and David Attwell. 2012. ‘Synaptic Energy Use and Supply’. Neuron 75 (5): 762–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.08.019.
Hart, Robert G, Hans-Christoph Diener, Shelagh B Coutts, et al. 2014. ‘Embolic Strokes of Undetermined Source: The Case for a New Clinical Construct’. The Lancet Neurology 13 (4): 429–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70310-7.
Hemphill, J. Claude, Steven M. Greenberg, Craig S. Anderson, et al. 2015a. ‘Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage’. Stroke 46 (7): 2032–60. https://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0000000000000069.
Hemphill, J. Claude, Steven M. Greenberg, Craig S. Anderson, et al. 2015b. ‘Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage’. Stroke 46 (7): 2032–60. https://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0000000000000069.
Homma, S. 2005. ‘Patent Foramen Ovale and Stroke’. Circulation 112 (7): 1063–72. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.524371.
Hope, Thomas M.H., Mohamed L. Seghier, Alex P. Leff, and Cathy J. Price. 2013. ‘Predicting Outcome and Recovery after Stroke with Lesions Extracted from MRI Images’. NeuroImage: Clinical 2: 424–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2013.03.005.
Hougaard, K. D., N. Hjort, D. Zeidler, et al. 2014. ‘Remote Ischemic Perconditioning as an Adjunct Therapy to Thrombolysis in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Randomized Trial’. Stroke 45 (1): 159–67. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.001346.
Jauch, E. C., J. L. Saver, H. P. Adams, et al. 2013. ‘Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association’. Stroke 44 (3): 870–947. https://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0b013e318284056a.
Jones, Derek K. 2011. Diffusion MRI: Theory, Methods, and Applications. Oxford University Press.
Kalanuria, Atul A.a , b. n.d. ‘Early Prognostication in Acute Brain Damage: Where Is the Evidence?’ Current Opinion in Critical Care 19 (2). http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&AN=00075198-201304000-00008&LSLINK=80&D=ovft.
Kirkman, Matthew A., Giuseppe Citerio, and Martin Smith. 2014. ‘The Intensive Care Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke: An Overview’. Intensive Care Medicine 40 (5): 640–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-014-3266-z.
Kirkman, Matthew A. MBBS*,†. n.d. ‘Supratentorial Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Review of the Underlying Pathophysiology and Its Relevance for Multimodality Neuromonitoring in Neurointensive Care’. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology 25 (3): 228–39. http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&AN=00008506-201307000-00002&LSLINK=80&D=ovft.
Krakauer, J. W., S. T. Carmichael, D. Corbett, and G. F. Wittenberg. 2012. ‘Getting Neurorehabilitation Right: What Can Be Learned From Animal Models?’ Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 26 (8): 923–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968312440745.
Krakauer, JW, and RS Marshall. 2015. ‘The Proportional Recovery Rule for Stroke Revisited’. Annals of Neurology, October, n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.24537.
Lees, Kennedy R. 1998. ‘Does Neuroprotection Improve Stroke Outcome?’ The Lancet 351 (9114): 1447–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)78865-6.
Libby, Peter. 2002. ‘Inflammation in Atherosclerosis’. Nature 420 (6917): 868–74. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01323.
Liu, J. Y. W., M. Thom, C. B. Catarino, et al. 2012. ‘Neuropathology of the Blood-Brain Barrier and Pharmaco-Resistance in Human Epilepsy’. Brain 135 (10): 3115–33. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/aws147.
Lo, Eng H. 2008. ‘A New Penumbra: Transitioning from Injury into Repair after Stroke’. Nature Medicine 14 (5): 497–500. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1735.
Lo, Eng H., Turgay Dalkara, and Michael A. Moskowitz. 2003. ‘Neurological Diseases: Mechanisms, Challenges and Opportunities in Stroke’. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 4 (5): 399–414. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1106.
Lok, Josephine, Punkaj Gupta, Shuzhen Guo, et al. 2007. ‘Cell–Cell Signaling in the Neurovascular Unit’. Neurochemical Research 32 (12): 2032–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-007-9342-9.
Malek, Adel M. 1999. ‘Hemodynamic Shear Stress and Its Role in Atherosclerosis’. JAMA 282 (21). https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.21.2035.
Murphy, Timothy H., and Dale Corbett. 2009. ‘Plasticity during Stroke Recovery: From Synapse to Behaviour’. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 10 (12): 861–72. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2735.
Oeinck, M., F. Neunhoeffer, K.-J. Buttler, et al. 2013. ‘Dynamic Cerebral Autoregulation in Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage’. Stroke 44 (10): 2722–28. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.001913.
Pantoni, L., and Philip B. Gorelick, eds. 2014. Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. Cambridge medicine. Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139382694.
Pantoni, Leonardo. 2010. ‘Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: From Pathogenesis and Clinical Characteristics to Therapeutic Challenges’. The Lancet Neurology 9 (7): 689–701. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70104-6.
Ramos-Cabrer, P., F. Campos, T. Sobrino, and J. Castillo. 2011. ‘Targeting the Ischemic Penumbra’. Stroke 42 (1, Supplement 1): S7–11. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.596684.
Rose, Jack C., and Stephan A. Mayer. 2004. ‘Optimizing Blood Pressure in Neurological Emergencies’. Neurocritical Care 1 (3): 287–300. https://doi.org/10.1385/NCC:1:3:287.
Sharp, Frank R., Aigang Lu, Yang Tang, and David E. Millhorn. 2000a. ‘Multiple Molecular Penumbras After Focal Cerebral Ischemia’. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, July, 1011–32. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004647-200007000-00001.
Sharp, Frank R., Aigang Lu, Yang Tang, and David E. Millhorn. 2000b. ‘Multiple Molecular Penumbras After Focal Cerebral Ischemia’. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, July, 1011–32. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004647-200007000-00001.
Smith, Martin MBBS, FRCA. n.d. ‘Monitoring Intracranial Pressure in Traumatic Brain Injury’. Anesthesia & Analgesia 106 (1): 240–48. http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&AN=00000539-200801000-00042&LSLINK=80&D=ovft.
Sposato, Luciano A., Lauren E. Cipriano, Patricia M. Riccio, Vladimir Hachinski, and Gustavo Saposnik. 2015. ‘Very Short Paroxysms Account for More than Half of the Cases of Atrial Fibrillation Detected after Stroke and TIA: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis’. International Journal of Stroke 10 (6): 801–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijs.12555.
Staessen, Jan A, Jiguang Wang, Giuseppe Bianchi, and Willem H Birkenhäger. 2003. ‘Essential Hypertension’. The Lancet 361 (9369): 1629–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13302-8.
Stary, H. C., A. B. Chandler, R. E. Dinsmore, et al. 1995. ‘A Definition of Advanced Types of Atherosclerotic Lesions and a Histological Classification of Atherosclerosis : A Report From the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association’. Circulation 92 (5): 1355–74. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.92.5.1355.
Stinear, C. M., P. A. Barber, M. Petoe, S. Anwar, and W. D. Byblow. 2012. ‘The PREP Algorithm Predicts Potential for Upper Limb Recovery after Stroke’. Brain 135 (8): 2527–35. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/aws146.
T A Yousry. 1997. ‘Localization of the Motor Hand Area to a Knob on the Precentral Gyrus. A New Landmark.’ Brain 120 (1): 141–57. http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/120/1/141.
T P Obrenovitch. 1995. ‘The Ischaemic Penumbra: Twenty Years On’. Cerebrovascular and Brain Metabolism Reviews 7 (4).
Taheri, S., C. Gasparovic, B. N. Huisa, et al. 2011. ‘Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Abnormalities in Vascular Cognitive Impairment’. Stroke 42 (8): 2158–63. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.611731.
Virmani, R., F. D. Kolodgie, A. P. Burke, A. Farb, and S. M. Schwartz. 2000. ‘Lessons From Sudden Coronary Death : A Comprehensive Morphological Classification Scheme for Atherosclerotic Lesions’. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 20 (5): 1262–75. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.20.5.1262.
Wakili, Reza, Niels Voigt, Stefan Kääb, Dobromir Dobrev, and Stanley Nattel. 2011. ‘Recent Advances in the Molecular Pathophysiology of Atrial Fibrillation’. Journal of Clinical Investigation 121 (8): 2955–68. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI46315.
Wang, Yuechun, Cesar Reis, Richard Applegate, Gary Stier, Robert Martin, and John H. Zhang. 2015. ‘Ischemic Conditioning-Induced Endogenous Brain Protection: Applications Pre-, per- or Post-Stroke’. Experimental Neurology, ahead of print, April. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.04.009.
Ward, Nick S. 2015a. ‘Does Neuroimaging Help to Deliver Better Recovery of Movement after Stroke?’ Current Opinion in Neurology 28 (4): 323–29. https://doi.org/10.1097/WCO.0000000000000223.
Ward, Nick S. 2015b. ‘Using Oscillations to Understand Recovery after Stroke’. Brain 138 (10): 2811–13. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awv265.
Wardlaw, J.M., P.A.G. Sandercock, M.S. Dennis, J. Starr, and H. Kalimo. 2003. ‘Is Breakdown of the Blood-Brain Barrier Responsible for Lacunar Stroke, Leukoaraiosis, and Dementia?’ Stroke 34 (3): 806–12. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000058480.77236.B3.
Wartenberg, Katja E. n.d. ‘Malignant Middle Cerebral Artery Infarction’. Current Opinion in Critical Care 18 (2). http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&AN=00075198-201204000-00008&LSLINK=80&D=ovft.
Wilson, D., M. E. Adams, F. Robertson, M. Murphy, and D. J. Werring. 2015. ‘Investigating Intracerebral Haemorrhage’. BMJ 350 (may20 10): h2484–h2484. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h2484.
Wilson, Duncan, Andreas Charidimou, and David J Werring. 2014. ‘Advances in Understanding Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Insights from Neuroimaging’. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 14 (6): 661–78. https://doi.org/10.1586/14737175.2014.918506.
Wolf, P. A., R. D. Abbott, and W. B. Kannel. 1991. ‘Atrial Fibrillation as an Independent Risk Factor for Stroke: The Framingham Study’. Stroke 22 (8): 983–88. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.22.8.983.
Yuan, Chun, William S. Kerwin, Vasily L. Yarnykh, et al. 2006. ‘MRI of Atherosclerosis in Clinical Trials’. NMR in Biomedicine 19 (6): 636–54. https://doi.org/10.1002/nbm.1065.
Zeiler, Steven R., and John W. Krakauer. 2013. ‘The Interaction between Training and Plasticity in the Poststroke Brain’. Current Opinion in Neurology 26 (6): 609–16. https://doi.org/10.1097/WCO.0000000000000025.
Zhao, Zhen, Abhay P Sagare, Qingyi Ma, et al. 2015. ‘Central Role for PICALM in Amyloid-β Blood-Brain Barrier Transcytosis and Clearance’. Nature Neuroscience 18 (7): 978–87. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4025.
Zlokovic, Berislav V. 2008. ‘The Blood-Brain Barrier in Health and Chronic Neurodegenerative Disorders’. Neuron 57 (2): 178–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.01.003.
Zlokovic, Berislav V. 2013. ‘Cerebrovascular Effects of Apolipoprotein E’. JAMA Neurology 70 (4). https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.2152.
Zoppo, Gregory J del, and John M Hallenbeck. 2000. ‘Advances in the Vascular Pathophysiology of Ischemic Stroke’. Thrombosis Research 98 (3): 73–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0049-3848(00)00218-8.
