1.
Grotta JC, Albers GW, Broderick JP, Kasner SE, Lo EH, Mendelow AD, et al. Stroke: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management [Internet]. 6th ed. London: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2015. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780323295444
2.
Pantoni L, Gorelick PB, editors. Cerebral small vessel disease [Internet]. Vol. Cambridge medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2014. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139382694
3.
Pantoni L. Cerebral small vessel disease: from pathogenesis and clinical characteristics to therapeutic challenges. The Lancet Neurology. 2010 July;9(7):689–701.
4.
Gouw AA, Seewann A, van der Flier WM, Barkhof F, Rozemuller AM, Scheltens P, et al. Heterogeneity of small vessel disease: a systematic review of MRI and histopathology correlations. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2011 Feb 1;82(2):126–35.
5.
Homma S. Patent Foramen Ovale and Stroke. Circulation. 2005 Aug 16;112(7):1063–72.
6.
Hart RG, Diener HC, Coutts SB, Easton JD, Granger CB, O’Donnell MJ, et al. Embolic strokes of undetermined source: the case for a new clinical construct. The Lancet Neurology. 2014 Apr;13(4):429–38.
7.
Atrial fibrillation: the management of atrial fibrillation | Guidance and guidelines | NICE. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg180
8.
Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: the Framingham Study. Stroke. 1991 Aug 1;22(8):983–8.
9.
Wakili R, Voigt N, Kääb S, Dobrev D, Nattel S. Recent advances in the molecular pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2011 Aug 1;121(8):2955–68.
10.
Sposato LA, Cipriano LE, Riccio PM, Hachinski V, Saposnik G. Very short paroxysms account for more than half of the cases of atrial fibrillation detected after stroke and TIA: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Stroke. 2015 Aug;10(6):801–7.
11.
Ferro JM. Cardioembolic stroke: an update. The Lancet Neurology. 2003 Mar;2(3):177–88.
12.
Anderson CS, Heeley E, Huang Y, Wang J, Stapf C, Delcourt C, et al. Rapid Blood-Pressure Lowering in Patients with Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage. New England Journal of Medicine. 2013 June 20;368(25):2355–65.
13.
Bohman LE, Levine JM. Fever and therapeutic normothermia in severe brain injury. Current Opinion in Critical Care. 2014 Apr;20(2):182–8.
14.
Delcourt C, Anderson C. Acute intracerebral haemorrhage: Grounds for optimism in management. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 2012 Dec;19(12):1622–6.
15.
Grise, Erin M. Blood pressure control for acute ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Current Opinion in Critical Care [Internet]. 18(2). Available from: http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&AN=00075198-201204000-00005&LSLINK=80&D=ovft
16.
Guidelines for Management of Ischaemic Stroke and Transient Ischaemic Attack 2008. Cerebrovascular Diseases. 2008;25(5):457–507.
17.
Flower, Oliver. The acute management of intracerebral hemorrhage. Current Opinion in Critical Care [Internet]. 17(2). Available from: http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&AN=00075198-201104000-00005&LSLINK=80&D=ovft
18.
Gioia, Laura C.a. Blood pressure management in acute intracerebral hemorrhage:  current evidence and ongoing controversies. Current Opinion in Critical Care [Internet]. 21(2). Available from: http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&AN=00075198-201504000-00003&LSLINK=80&D=ovft
19.
Hemphill JC, Greenberg SM, Anderson CS, Becker K, Bendok BR, Cushman M, et al. Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke. 2015 July;46(7):2032–60.
20.
Jauch EC, Saver JL, Adams HP, Bruno A, Connors JJ, Demaerschalk BM, et al. Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2013 Mar 1;44(3):870–947.
21.
Kalanuria, Atul A.a , b. Early prognostication in acute brain damage:  where is the evidence? Current Opinion in Critical Care [Internet]. 19(2). Available from: http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&AN=00075198-201304000-00008&LSLINK=80&D=ovft
22.
Kirkman MA, Citerio G, Smith M. The intensive care management of acute ischemic stroke: an overview. Intensive Care Medicine. 2014 May;40(5):640–53.
23.
Kirkman, Matthew A. MBBS*,†. Supratentorial Intracerebral Hemorrhage:  A Review of the Underlying Pathophysiology and its Relevance for Multimodality Neuromonitoring in Neurointensive Care. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology [Internet]. 25(3):228–39. Available from: http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&AN=00008506-201307000-00002&LSLINK=80&D=ovft
24.
Smith, Martin MBBS, FRCA. Monitoring Intracranial Pressure in Traumatic Brain Injury. Anesthesia & Analgesia [Internet]. 106(1):240–8. Available from: http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&AN=00000539-200801000-00042&LSLINK=80&D=ovft
25.
Wartenberg, Katja E. Malignant middle cerebral artery infarction. Current Opinion in Critical Care [Internet]. 18(2). Available from: http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&AN=00075198-201204000-00008&LSLINK=80&D=ovft
26.
Rose JC, Mayer SA. Optimizing Blood Pressure in Neurological Emergencies. Neurocritical Care. 2004;1(3):287–300.
27.
Oeinck M, Neunhoeffer F, Buttler KJ, Meckel S, Schmidt B, Czosnyka M, et al. Dynamic Cerebral Autoregulation in Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke. 2013 Oct 1;44(10):2722–8.
28.
Staessen JA, Wang J, Bianchi G, Birkenhäger WH. Essential hypertension. The Lancet. 2003 May;361(9369):1629–41.
29.
A. W. Cowley. Long-term control of arterial blood pressure. Physiological Reviews [Internet]. 1992 Jan 1;72(1):231–300. Available from: http://physrev.physiology.org/content/72/1/231
30.
Abbott NJ, Patabendige AAK, Dolman DEM, Yusof SR, Begley DJ. Structure and function of the blood–brain barrier. Neurobiology of Disease. 2010 Jan;37(1):13–25.
31.
Bridges LR, Andoh J, Lawrence AJ, Khoong CHL, Poon WW, Esiri MM, et al. Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction and Cerebral Small Vessel Disease (Arteriolosclerosis) in Brains of Older People. Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology. 2014 Nov;73(11):1026–33.
32.
Liu JYW, Thom M, Catarino CB, Martinian L, Figarella-Branger D, Bartolomei F, et al. Neuropathology of the blood-brain barrier and pharmaco-resistance in human epilepsy. Brain. 2012 Oct 1;135(10):3115–33.
33.
Taheri S, Gasparovic C, Huisa BN, Adair JC, Edmonds E, Prestopnik J, et al. Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Abnormalities in Vascular Cognitive Impairment. Stroke. 2011 Aug 1;42(8):2158–63.
34.
Wardlaw JM, Sandercock PAG, Dennis MS, Starr J, Kalimo H. Is Breakdown of the Blood-Brain Barrier Responsible for Lacunar Stroke, Leukoaraiosis, and Dementia? Stroke. 2003 Mar 1;34(3):806–12.
35.
Zhao Z, Sagare AP, Ma Q, Halliday MR, Kong P, Kisler K, et al. Central role for PICALM in amyloid-β blood-brain barrier transcytosis and clearance. Nature Neuroscience. 2015 May 25;18(7):978–87.
36.
Zlokovic BV. The Blood-Brain Barrier in Health and Chronic Neurodegenerative Disorders. Neuron. 2008 Jan;57(2):178–201.
37.
Zlokovic BV. Cerebrovascular Effects of Apolipoprotein E. JAMA Neurology. 2013 Apr 1;70(4).
38.
Hougaard KD, Hjort N, Zeidler D, Sorensen L, Norgaard A, Hansen TM, et al. Remote Ischemic Perconditioning as an Adjunct Therapy to Thrombolysis in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Randomized Trial. Stroke. 2014 Jan 1;45(1):159–67.
39.
Grupke S, Hall J, Dobbs M, Bix GJ, Fraser JF. Understanding history, and not repeating it. Neuroprotection for acute ischemic stroke: From review to preview. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 2015 Feb;129:1–9.
40.
Lees KR. Does neuroprotection improve stroke outcome? The Lancet. 1998 May;351(9114):1447–8.
41.
Wang Y, Reis C, Applegate R, Stier G, Martin R, Zhang JH. Ischemic conditioning-induced endogenous brain protection: Applications pre-, per- or post-stroke. Experimental Neurology. 2015 Apr;
42.
Habs M, Pfefferkorn T, Cyran CC, Grimm J, Rominger A, Hacker M, et al. Age determination of vessel wall hematoma in spontaneous cervical artery dissection: A multi-sequence 3T Cardiovascular Magnetic resonance study. Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. 2011;13(1).
43.
Gupta A, Baradaran H, Schweitzer AD, Kamel H, Pandya A, Delgado D, et al. Carotid Plaque MRI and Stroke Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Stroke. 2013 Nov 1;44(11):3071–7.
44.
Yuan C, Kerwin WS, Yarnykh VL, Cai J, Saam T, Chu B, et al. MRI of atherosclerosis in clinical trials. NMR in Biomedicine. 2006 Oct;19(6):636–54.
45.
Altaf N, MacSweeney ST, Gladman J, Auer DP. Carotid Intraplaque Hemorrhage Predicts Recurrent Symptoms in Patients With High-Grade Carotid Stenosis. Stroke. 2007 May 1;38(5):1633–5.
46.
Altaf N, Goode SD, Beech A, Gladman JRF, Morgan PS, MacSweeney ST, et al. Plaque Hemorrhage Is a Marker of Thromboembolic Activity in Patients with Symptomatic Carotid Disease. Radiology. 2011 Feb;258(2):538–45.
47.
Jones DK. Diffusion MRI: theory, methods, and applications. New York: Oxford University Press; 2011.
48.
Barker PB, Golay X, Zaharchuk G. Clinical perfusion MRI techniques and applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2013.
49.
Wilson D, Adams ME, Robertson F, Murphy M, Werring DJ. Investigating intracerebral haemorrhage. BMJ. 2015 May 20;350(may20 10):h2484–h2484.
50.
Wilson D, Charidimou A, Werring DJ. Advances in understanding spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: insights from neuroimaging. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 2014 June;14(6):661–78.
51.
Hemphill JC, Greenberg SM, Anderson CS, Becker K, Bendok BR, Cushman M, et al. Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke. 2015 July;46(7):2032–60.
52.
Murphy TH, Corbett D. Plasticity during stroke recovery: from synapse to behaviour. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2009 Dec;10(12):861–72.
53.
Zeiler SR, Krakauer JW. The interaction between training and plasticity in the poststroke brain. Current Opinion in Neurology. 2013 Dec;26(6):609–16.
54.
Krakauer JW, Carmichael ST, Corbett D, Wittenberg GF. Getting Neurorehabilitation Right: What Can Be Learned From Animal Models? Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. 2012 Oct 1;26(8):923–31.
55.
Ward NS. Does neuroimaging help to deliver better recovery of movement after stroke? Current Opinion in Neurology. 2015 Aug;28(4):323–9.
56.
Ward NS. Using oscillations to understand recovery after stroke. Brain. 2015 Oct;138(10):2811–3.
57.
Krakauer J, Marshall R. The proportional recovery rule for stroke revisited. Annals of Neurology. 2015 Oct;n/a-n/a.
58.
Coupar F, Pollock A, Rowe P, Weir C, Langhorne P. Predictors of upper limb recovery after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Rehabilitation. 2012 Apr 1;26(4):291–313.
59.
Stinear CM, Barber PA, Petoe M, Anwar S, Byblow WD. The PREP algorithm predicts potential for upper limb recovery after stroke. Brain. 2012 Aug 1;135(8):2527–35.
60.
Hope TMH, Seghier ML, Leff AP, Price CJ. Predicting outcome and recovery after stroke with lesions extracted from MRI images. NeuroImage: Clinical. 2013;2:424–33.
61.
Clarkson AN, Huang BS, MacIsaac SE, Mody I, Carmichael ST. Reducing excessive GABA-mediated tonic inhibition promotes functional recovery after stroke. Nature. 2010 Nov 11;468(7321):305–9.
62.
Hall SD, Stanford IM, Yamawaki N, McAllister CJ, Rönnqvist KC, Woodhall GL, et al. The role of GABAergic modulation in motor function related neuronal network activity. NeuroImage. 2011 June;56(3):1506–10.
63.
Stary HC, Chandler AB, Dinsmore RE, Fuster V, Glagov S, Insull W, et al. A Definition of Advanced Types of Atherosclerotic Lesions and a Histological Classification of Atherosclerosis : A Report From the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association. Circulation. 1995 Sept 1;92(5):1355–74.
64.
Virmani R, Kolodgie FD, Burke AP, Farb A, Schwartz SM. Lessons From Sudden Coronary Death : A Comprehensive Morphological Classification Scheme for Atherosclerotic Lesions. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2000 May 1;20(5):1262–75.
65.
Malek AM. Hemodynamic Shear Stress and Its Role in Atherosclerosis. JAMA. 1999 Dec 1;282(21).
66.
Chatzizisis YS, Coskun AU, Jonas M, Edelman ER, Feldman CL, Stone PH. Role of Endothelial Shear Stress in the Natural History of Coronary Atherosclerosis and Vascular Remodeling. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2007 June;49(25):2379–93.
67.
Libby P. Inflammation in atherosclerosis. Nature. 2002 Dec 19;420(6917):868–74.
68.
Astrup J, Symon L, Branston NM, Lassen NA. Cortical evoked potential and extracellular K+ and H+ at critical levels of brain ischemia. Stroke. 1977 Jan 1;8(1):51–7.
69.
Sharp FR, Lu A, Tang Y, Millhorn DE. Multiple Molecular Penumbras After Focal Cerebral Ischemia. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 2000 July;1011–32.
70.
Ginsberg MD. Adventures in the Pathophysiology of Brain Ischemia: Penumbra, Gene Expression, Neuroprotection: The 2002 Thomas Willis Lecture. Stroke. 2003 Jan 1;34(1):214–23.
71.
Furlan M, Marchal G, Derlon JM, Baron JC, Viader F. Spontaneous neurological recovery after stroke and the fate of the ischemic penumbra. Annals of Neurology. 1996 Aug;40(2):216–26.
72.
Ramos-Cabrer P, Campos F, Sobrino T, Castillo J. Targeting the Ischemic Penumbra. Stroke. 2011 Jan 1;42(1, Supplement 1):S7–11.
73.
Lo EH. A new penumbra: transitioning from injury into repair after stroke. Nature Medicine. 2008 May;14(5):497–500.
74.
Sharp FR, Lu A, Tang Y, Millhorn DE. Multiple Molecular Penumbras After Focal Cerebral Ischemia. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 2000 July;1011–32.
75.
Lok J, Gupta P, Guo S, Kim WJ, Whalen MJ, van Leyen K, et al. Cell–cell Signaling in the Neurovascular Unit. Neurochemical Research. 2007 Dec;32(12):2032–45.
76.
del Zoppo GJ, Hallenbeck JM. Advances in the Vascular Pathophysiology of Ischemic Stroke. Thrombosis Research. 2000 May;98(3):73–81.
77.
T P Obrenovitch. The ischaemic penumbra: Twenty years on. Cerebrovascular and brain metabolism reviews. 1995;7(4).
78.
Harris JJ, Jolivet R, Attwell D. Synaptic Energy Use and Supply. Neuron. 2012 Sept;75(5):762–77.
79.
Attwell D, Buchan AM, Charpak S, Lauritzen M, MacVicar BA, Newman EA. Glial and neuronal control of brain blood flow. Nature. 2010 Nov 11;468(7321):232–43.
80.
Lo EH, Dalkara T, Moskowitz MA. Neurological diseases: Mechanisms, challenges and opportunities in stroke. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2003 May;4(5):399–414.
81.
Culmsee C, Krieglstein J. Ischaemic brain damage after stroke: new insights into efficient therapeutic strategies. International Symposium on Neurodegeneration and Neuroprotection. EMBO reports. 2007 Feb;8(2):129–33.
82.
Hall CN, Reynell C, Gesslein B, Hamilton NB, Mishra A, Sutherland BA, et al. Capillary pericytes regulate cerebral blood flow in health and disease. Nature. 2014 Mar 26;508(7494):55–60.
83.
Fisch A. Neuroanatomy: draw it to know it [Internet]. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2012. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199845712.001.0001
84.
T A Yousry. Localization of the motor hand area to a knob on the precentral gyrus. A new landmark. Brain [Internet]. 1997;120(1):141–57. Available from: http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/120/1/141