1
Laurence Whitehead. On ‘Democracy’ and ‘Democratization’. Democratization: Theory and Experience. Oxford University Press 2002:6–35.
2
Damarys Canache. Citizens’ Conceptualizations of Democracy: Structured Complexity, Substantive Context, and Political Significance. Comparative Political Studies. ;45:1132–58. doi: 10.1177/0010414011434009
3
O’Donnell GA, Schmitter PC. Transitions from authoritarian rule: Tentative conclusions about uncertain democracies. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press 2013.
4
Przeworski A. Some Problems in the Study of the Transition to Democracy. Transitions from authoritarian rule: comparative perspectives. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press 1986:47-63-168–70.
5
Dietrich Rueschemeyer. Introduction: the Problem of Capitalist Development and Democracy. Capitalist development and democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1992:1-11–309.
6
Huntington SP. The third wave: democratization in the late twentieth century. Norman [Okla.]: University of Oklahoma Press 1991.
7
Carles Boix, Susan C. Stokes. Endogenous democratization. World Politics. 2003;55:517–49.
8
Linz JJ, Stepan AC. Problems of democratic transition and consolidation: southern Europe, South America, and post-communist Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1996.
9
Dankwart A. Rustow. Transitions to democracy: Toward a dynamic model. Comparative Politics. 1970;2:337–63.
10
Przeworski A. Democracy as a contingent outcome of conflicts. Constitutionalism and Democracy. 1988.
11
Peeler JA. Elite settlements and democratic consolidation: Colombia, Costa Rica, and Venezuela. Elites and Democratic consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1992:81–112.
12
John Higley, Michael G. Burton. The elite variable in democratic transitions and breakdowns. American Sociological Review. 1989;54:17–32.
13
Seymour Martin Lipset. Some social requisites of democracy: Economic development and political legitimacy. The American Political Science Review. 1959;53:69–105.
14
Jonathan Hartlyn, Arturo Valenzuela. Democracy in Latin America since 1930. In: Leslie Bethell, ed. The Cambridge History of Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1995:97–162.
15
Peeler JA. Building democracy in Latin America. 3rd ed. Boulder, Colo: Lynne Rienner 2009.
16
Diamond L, Hartlyn J, Linz JJ. Introduction: Politics, society, and democracy in Latin America. Democracy in developing countries: Latin America. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers 1999:1–70.
17
Remmer KL. Democratization in Latin America. Global transformation and the Third World. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers 1993:91–111.
18
Karl TL, Schmitter PC. Modes of transition in Latin America, Southern and Eastern Europe. International social science journal. 1991;XLIII:269–84.
19
Malloy JM, Seligson MA. Authoritarians and democrats: regime transition in Latin America. Pittsburgh, Pa: University of Pittsburgh Press 1987.
20
Douglas A. Chalmers, Craig H. Robinson. Why power contenders choose liberalization: Perspectives from South America. International Studies Quarterly. 1982;26:3–36.
21
Marcelo Cavarozzi. Beyond transitions to democracy in Latin America. Journal of Latin American Studies. 1992;24:665–84.
22
Garretón Merino MA, Newman E. Democracy in Latin America: (re)constructing political society. Tokyo: United Nations University Press 2001.
23
Georgina Waylen. Women and democratization: Conceptualizing gender relations in transition politics. World Politics. 1994;46:327–54.
24
Manuel Antonio Garreton M. Human rights in processes of democratisation. Journal of Latin American Studies. 1994;26:221–34.
25
Hillman RS, Peeler JA, Cardozo de Da Silva E. Democracy and human rights in Latin America. Westport, Conn: Praeger 2002.
26
Alfred Stepan, Cindy Skach. Constitutional frameworks and democratic consolidation: Parliamentarianism versus presidentialism. World Politics. 1993;46:1–22.
27
Ryan E. Carlin, Matthew M. Singer. Support for Polyarchy in the Americas. Comparative Political Studies. ;44:1500–26. doi: 10.1177/0010414011407471
28
O’Donnell G. Tensions in the bureaucratic-authoritarian state and the question of democracy. Counterpoints: selected essays on authoritarianism and democratization. Notre Dame, Ind: University of Notre Dame Press 1999.
29
Guillermo O. Tensions in the Bureaucratic-Authoritarian State and the Question of Democracy. The new authoritarianism in Latin America. Princeton: Princeton University Press 1979:285–318.
30
O’Donnell G. Notes for the study of processes of political democratization in the wake of the bureaucratic-authoritarian state. Counterpoints: selected essays on authoritarianism and democratization. Notre Dame, Ind: University of Notre Dame Press 1999:109–29.
31
Stepan A. The military in newly democratic regimes: the dimension of military contestation. Rethinking military politics: Brazil and the Southern Cone. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press 1988:68–92.
32
Alfred C. Stepan. The military in newly democratic regimes: the dimension of military prerogatives. Rethinking military politics: Brazil and the Southern Cone. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press 1988:93–127.
33
Rouquié A. Demilitarization and the institutionalization of military-dominated politics in Latin America. Transitions from authoritarian rule: comparative perspectives. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press 1986:108–36.
34
Rouquié A. The military and the state in Latin America. Berkeley: University of California Press 1987.
35
David Pion-Berlin. Military autonomy and emerging democracies in South America. Comparative Politics. 1992;25:83–102.
36
Wendy Hunter. Contradictions of civilian control: Argentina, Brazil and Chile in the 1990s. Third World Quarterly. 1994;15:633–53.
37
Fitch JS. Democracy, human rights, and the armed forces in Latin America. The United States and Latin America in the 1990s: beyond the cold war. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1992:181–213.
38
Panizza F. Human Rights in the Processes of Transition and Consolidation of Democracy in Latin America. Political Studies. 1995;43:168–88. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9248.1995.tb01742.x
39
Pereira AW. Political (in)justice: authoritarianism and the rule of law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina. Pittsburgh, Pa: University of Pittsburgh Press 2005.
40
J. Samuel Valenzuela. Labor movements in transitions to democracy: A framework for analysis. Comparative Politics. 1989;21:445–72.
41
Christian Smith. The spirit and democracy: Base communities, Protestantism, and democratization in Latin America. Sociology of Religion. 1994;55:119–43.
42
Friedman EJ, Hochstetler K. Assessing the third transition in Latin American democratization: Representational regimes and civil society in Argentina and Brazil. Comparative Politics. 2002;35:21–42.
43
Scott Mainwaring, Aníbal Pérez-Liñán. Democracies and Dictatorships in Latin America: Emergence, Survival, and Fall. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2014.
44
Torre JC, de Riz L. Argentina since 1946. In: Bethell L, ed. The Cambridge History of Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1991:73–194.
45
Carlos H. Waisman. Argentina: Capitalism and democracy. Democracy in developing countries: Latin America. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers 1999:71–130.
46
Cavarozzi M. Political cycles in Argentina since 1955. Transitions from authoritarian rule - Latin America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1986:19–48.
47
McGuire JW. Political parties and democracy in Argentina. Building democratic institutions: party systems in Latin America. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press 1995:200–46.
48
Waisman CH, Peralta-Ramos M. From military rule to liberal democracy in Argentina. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press 1986.
49
Epstein EC. The new Argentine democracy: the search for a successful formula. Westport, Conn: Praeger 1992.
50
Tulchin JS, Garland AM. Argentina: the challenges of modernization. Wilmington, Del: Scholarly Resources 1998.
51
Brysk A. The politics of human rights in Argentina: protest, change, and democratization. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press 1994.
52
Elizabeth Jelin. The politics of memory: The human rights movements and the construction of democracy in Argentina. Latin American Perspectives. 1994;21:38–58.
53
Navarro M. The personal is political: Las Madres de la Plaza de Mayo. Power and popular protest: Latin American social movements. Berkeley: University of California Press 2001:241–58.
54
Luis Roniger, Mario Sznajder. The legacy of human-rights violations in the Southern Cone: Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1999.
55
Munck GL. Authoritarianism and democratization: soldiers and workers in Argentina, 1976-1983. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press 1998.
56
Norden DL. Military rebellion in Argentina: between coups and consolidation. Lincoln [Neb.]: University of Nebraska Press 1996.
57
Deborah L. Norden. Democratic consolidation and military professionalism: Argentina in the 1980s. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. 1990;32:151–76.
58
David Pion-Berlin. Between confrontation and accommodation: Military and government policy in democratic Argentina. Journal of Latin American Studies. 2009;23:543–71. doi: 10.1017/S0022216X00015844
59
Pion-Berlin D. Through corridors of power: institutions and civil-military relations in Argentina. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press 1997.
60
McGuire JW. Peronism without Perón: unions, parties, and democracy in Argentina. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press 1997.
61
Georgina Waylen. Gender and democratic politics: A comparative analysis of consolidation in Argentina and Chile. Journal of Latin American Studies. 2000;32:765–93.
62
Tricia Gray. Electoral gender quotas: Lessons from Argentina and Chile. Bulletin of Latin American Research. 2003;22:52–78. doi: 10.1111/1470-9856.00064
63
Lewis CM, Torrents N. Argentina in the crisis years (1983-1990): from Alfonsin to Menem. London: Institute of Latin American Studies 1993.
64
Enrique Peruzzotti. The nature of the new Argentine democracy. The delegative democracy argument revisited. Journal of Latin American Studies. 2001;33:133–55.
65
Carlos S. Nino. Hyper-presidentialism and constitutional reform in Argentina. Institutional design in new democracies: Eastern Europe and Latin America. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press 1996:161–74.
66
Mark P. Jones. Evaluating Argentina’s presidential democracy: 1983-1995. Presidentialism and democracy in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1997:259–99.
67
Levitsky S. Argentina: From crisis to consolidation (and back). In: Domínguez JI, Shifter M, eds. Constructing democratic governance in Latin America. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press 2013.
68
Levitsky S. Argentina: Democratic survival amidst economic failure. The third wave of democratization in Latin America: advances and setbacks. New York: Cambridge University Press 2005:63–89.
69
Angell A. Chile since 1958. In: Bethell L, ed. The Cambridge History of Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1991:311–82.
70
Arturo V. Chile: Origins and consolidation of a Latin American democracy. Democracy in developing countries: Latin America. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers 1999:120–247.
71
Scully TR. Reconstituting party politics in Chile. Building democratic institutions: party systems in Latin America. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press 1995:100–37.
72
Agüero F. Chile: unfinished transition and increased political competition. Constructing democratic governance in Latin America. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press 2003:292-424-320–432.
73
Drake PW, Jaksic I. The struggle for democracy in Chile, 1982-1990. Lincoln, Neb: University of Nebraska Press 1991.
74
Valenzuela JS, Valenzuela A. Party oppositions under the Chilean authoritarian regime. Military rule in Chile: dictatorship and oppositions. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1986:184–229.
75
Brian Loveman. Military dictatorship and political opposition in Chile, 1973-1986. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. 1986;28:1–38.
76
Brian Loveman. Mision cumplida? Civil military relations and the Chilean political transition. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. 1991;33:35–74.
77
Alan Angell, Benny Pollack. The Chilean elections of 1989 and the politics of the transition to democracy. Bulletin of Latin American Research. 1990;9:1–23.
78
Alan Angell, Benny Pollack. The Chilean presidential elections of 1999-2000 and democratic consolidation. Bulletin of Latin American Research. 2000;19:357–78.
79
James C. Cavendish. Christian base communities and the building of democracy: Brazil and Chile. Sociology of Religion. 1994;55:179–95.
80
Philip Oxhorn. Understanding political change after authoritarian rule: The popular sectors and Chile’s new democratic regime. Journal of Latin American Studies. 2009;26:737–59. doi: 10.1017/S0022216X00008580
81
Manuel Antonio Garreton Merino. Redemocratization in Chile. Journal of Democracy. 1995;6:146–58. doi: 10.1353/jod.1995.0009
82
Mark Ensalaco. In with the new, out with the old? The democratising impact of constitutional reform in Chile. Journal of Latin American Studies. 1994;26:409–29. doi: 10.1017/S0022216X00016278
83
Jonathan R. Barton, Warwick E. Murray. The end of transition? Chile 1990-2000. Bulletin of Latin American Research. 2002;21:329–38.
84
Alexander Wilde. Irruptions of Memory: Expressive Politics in Chile’s Transition to Democracy. Journal of Latin American Studies. 2000;31:473–500.
85
Georgina Waylen. Gender and democratic politics: A comparative analysis of consolidation in Argentina and Chile. Journal of Latin American Studies. ;32:765–93.
86
Tricia Gray. Electoral gender quotas: Lessons from Argentina and Chile. Bulletin of Latin American Research. ;22:52–78. doi: 10.1111/1470-9856.00064
87
Alexandra Barahona de Brito. Human rights and democratization in Latin America: Uruguay and Chile. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1997.
88
Luis Roniger, Mario Sznajder. The legacy of human-rights violations in the Southern Cone: Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1999.
89
J. Samuel Valenzuela, Timothy R. Scully. Electoral choices and the party system in Chile: Continuities and changes at the recovery of democracy. Comparative Politics. 1997;29:511–27.
90
Peter Siavelis, Arturo Valenzuela. Electoral engineering and democratic stability: The legacy of authoritarian rule in Chile. Institutional design in new democracies: Eastern Europe and Latin America. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press 1996:77–99.
91
Rhoda Rabkin. Redemocratization, electoral engineering, and party strategies in Chile, 1989-1995. Comparative Political Studies. ;29:335–56. doi: 10.1177/0010414096029003004
92
Arturo Valenzuela. Party politics and the failure of presidentialism in Chile. The failure of presidential democracy: The Case of Latin America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1994.
93
Paul W. Posner. Popular Representation and Political Dissatisfaction in Chile’s New Democracy. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. 1999;41:v-+ 59-85. doi: 10.2307/166227
94
Roberts KM. Deepening democracy?: the modern left and social movements in Chile and Peru. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press 1998.
95
Vergara P. Market economy, social welfare and democratic consolidation in Chile. Democracy, markets, and structural reform in Latin America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico. Miami, Fla: North-South Center Press, University of Miami 1994:237–61.
96
Patrick S. Barrett. The limits of democracy: Socio-political compromise and regime change in post-Pinochet Chile. Studies in Comparative International Development. ;34:3–36. doi: 10.1007/BF02687625
97
Peter M. Siavelis. Electoral system, coalitional disintegration, and the future of Chile’s concertación. Latin American Research Review. 2005;40:56–82.
98
Patricio Silva. Doing politics in a depoliticised society: Social change and political deactivation in Chile. Bulletin of Latin American Research. ;23:63–78. doi: 10.1111/j.1470-9856.2004.00096.x
99
J. Samuel Valenzuela, Timothy R. Scully, Nicolás Somma. The enduring presence of religion in Chilean ideological positionings and voter options. Comparative Politics. 2007;40:1–20.
100
Alan Angell. Democratic governance in Chile. Democratic governance in Latin America. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press 2010:269–306.
101
Juan Pablo Luna, David Altman. Uprooted but Stable: Chilean Parties and the Concept of Party System Institutionalization. Latin American Politics and Society. ;53:1–28. doi: 10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00115.x
102
Lamounier B. Brazil: Inequality against democracy. Democracy in developing countries: Latin America. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers 1999:131–89.
103
Bruneau T. Brazil’s political transition. Elites and democratic consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1992:257–81.
104
Frances Hagopian. ‘Democracy by undemocratic means’?: Elites, political pacts, and regime transition in Brazil. Comparative Political Studies. ;23:147–70. doi: 10.1177/0010414090023002001
105
Mainwaring S. Brazil: Weak parties, feckless democracy. Building democratic institutions: party systems in Latin America. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press 1995:354–98.
106
Bolívar Lamounier. Brazil: An Assessment of the Cardoso Administration. In: Jorge I. Domínguez, Michael Shifter, eds. Constructing democratic governance in Latin America. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press 2013:269–91.
107
Kingstone PR, Power TJ. Democratic Brazil: actors, institutions, and processes. Pittsburgh, Pa: University of Pittsburgh Press 2000.
108
Skidmore TE. The politics of military rule in Brazil, 1964-85. New York: Oxford University Press 1988.
109
Hunter W. Eroding military influence in Brazil: politicians against soldiers. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1997.
110
Mainwaring S. Rethinking party systems in the third wave of democratization: the case of Brazil. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press 1999.
111
Stepan AC. Democratizing Brazil: problems of transition and consolidation. New York: Oxford University Press 1989.
112
Scott Mainwaring. Politicians, parties, and electoral systems: Brazil in comparative perspective. Comparative Politics. 1991;24:21–43.
113
Lamounier B. Presidentialism and parliamentarism in Brazil. Parliamentary versus presidential government. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1992:133–6.
114
Martínez-Lara J, St. Antony’s College (University of Oxford). Building democracy in Brazil: the politics of constitutional change, 1985-95. Basingstoke: Macmillan in association with St. Antony’s College 1996.
115
Barry Ames. The deadlock of democracy in Brazil. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press 2001.
116
Hagopian F. Traditional politics and regime change in Brazil. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1996.
117
Martínez-Lara J, St. Antony’s College (University of Oxford). Building democracy in Brazil: the politics of constitutional change, 1985-95. Basingstoke: Macmillan in association with St. Antony’s College 1996.
118
Keck ME. The Workers’ Party and democratization in Brazil. New Haven: Yale University Press 1992.
119
Sader E, Silverstein K. Without fear of being happy: Lula, the Workers Party and Brazil. London: Verso 1991.
120
Payne LA. Brazilian industrialists and democratic change. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1994.
121
Power TJ. The political right in postauthoritarian Brazil: elites, institutions, and democratization. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press 2000.
122
Souza CM de. Constitutional engineering in Brazil: the politics of federalism and decentralization. Basingstoke: Macmillan 1997.
123
Alvarez SE. Engendering democracy in Brazil: women’s movements in transition politics. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press 1990.
124
James C. Cavendish. Christian base communities and the building of democracy: Brazil and Chile. Sociology of Religion. 1994;55:179–95.
125
Purcell SK, Roett R. Brazil under Cardoso. Boulder, Colo: L. Rienner Publishers 1997.
126
Kurt Weyland. Obstacles to social reform in Brazil’s new democracy. Comparative Politics. 1996;29:1–22.
127
Kurt Weyland. The Brazilian state in the new democracy. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. 1997;39:63–94.
128
S. Mainwaring. Urban popular movements, identity, and democratization in Brazil. Comparative Political Studies. ;20:131–59. doi: 10.1177/0010414087020002001
129
Kinzo MDG, University of London. Brazil, the challenges of the 1990s. London: Institute of Latin American Studies, University of London 1993.
130
Journal of interamerican studies and world affairs. ;40.
131
Ron Ahnen. Between tyranny of the majority and liberty: The persistence of human rights violations under democracy in Brazil. Bulletin of Latin American Research. ;22:319–39. doi: 10.1111/1470-9856.00080
132
Kees Koonings. Strengthening citizenship in Brazil’s democracy: Local participatory governance in Porto Alegre. Bulletin of Latin American Research. ;23:79–99. doi: 10.1111/j.1470-9856.2004.00097.x
133
Kurt Wayland. The growing sustainability of Brazil’s low-quality democracy. The third wave of democratization in Latin America: advances and setbacks. New York: Cambridge University Press 2005:120–90.
134
Brian, Wampler. Participatory publics: Civil society and new institutions in democratic Brazil. Comparative Politics. 2004;36:291–312.
135
Ronald E. Ahnen. The politics of police violence in democratic Brazil. Latin American Politics and Society. 2007;49:141–64.
136
Brian Wampler. When does participatory democracy deepen the quality of democracy? Lessons from Brazil. Comparative Politics. 2008;41:61–81.
137
Alfredo Alejandro Gugliano, Carlos Artur Gallo. On the Ruins of the Democratic Transition: Human Rights as an Agenda Item in Abeyance for the Brazilian Democracy. Bulletin of Latin American Research. 2013;32:325–38. doi: 10.1111/blar.12034
138
Lamounier B. Constructing Democratic Governance in Latin America. In: Domínguez JI, Shifter M, eds. Constructing democratic governance in Latin America. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press 2013.
139
Kingstone PR, Power TJ. Democratic Brazil: actors, institutions, and processes. Pittsburgh, Pa: University of Pittsburgh Press 2000.
140
Ewell J. Venezuela since 1930. In: Bethell L, ed. The Cambridge History of Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1991:727–90.
141
Levine DH. Venezuela since 1958: The consolidation of democratic politics. The breakdown of democratic regimes. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1978:82–109.
142
Peeler JA. Elite settlements and democratic consolidation: Colombia, Costa Rica, and Venezuela. Elites and Democratic consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1992:81–112.
143
Bryan T. Froehle. Religious competition, community building, and democracy in Latin America: Grassroots religious organizations in Venezuela. Sociology of Religion. 1994;55:145–62.
144
Levine DH, Crisp BF. Venezuela: The character, crisis, and possible future of democracy. Democracy in developing countries: Latin America. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers 1999:367–428.
145
Levine DH. Conflict and political change in Venezuela. 1973.
146
Martz JD, Myers DJ. Venezuela: the democratic experience. Rev. ed. New York: Praeger 1986.
147
Kevin Neuhouser. Democratic stability in Venezuela: Elite consensus or class compromise? American Sociological Review. 1992;57:117–35.
148
Daniel H. Levine. The transition to democracy: are there lessons from Venezuela? Bulletin of Latin American Research. 1985;4:47–61.
149
Terry Lynn Karl. Petroleum and political pacts: The transition to democracy in Venezuela. Latin American Research Review. 1987;22:63–94.
150
Kornblith M, Levine DH. Venezuela: The life and times of the party system. Building democratic institutions: party systems in Latin America. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press 1995:37–71.
151
Coppedge MJ. Strong parties and lame ducks: a study of the quality and stability of Venezuelan democracy. Ann Arbor, Mich: UMI 1992.
152
John D. Martz. Party elites and leadership in Colombia and Venezuela. Journal of Latin American Studies. 1992;24:87–121.
153
Goodman LW. Lessons of the Venezuelan experience. Washington, D.C: Woodrow Wilson Center Press 1994.
154
Trinkunas HA. Crafting civilian control of the military in Venezuela: a comparative perspective. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 2005.
155
Ricardo Córdova Macías. El Salvador: transition from civil war. Constructing democratic governance: Latin America and the Caribbean in the 1990s : themes and issues. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1996:26–49.
156
Tulchin JS, Bland G. Is there a transition to democracy in El Salvador? Boulder: L. Rienner Publishers 1992.
157
Elisabeth J. Wood. Civil war and the transformation of elite representation in El Salvador. Conservative parties, the right, and democracy in Latin America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 2000:223–54.
158
Knut Walter, Philip J. Williams. The military and democratization in El Salvador. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. 1993;35:39–88.
159
Charles T. Call. Democratisation, war and state-building: Constructing the rule of law in El Salvador. Journal of Latin American Studies. 2003;35:827–62.
160
Charles T. Call. War transitions and the new civilian security in Latin America. Comparative Politics. 2002;35:1–20.
161
J. Michael Dodson, Donald W. Jackson. Re‐inventing the rule of law: Human rights in El Salvador. Democratization. ;4:110–34. doi: 10.1080/13510349708403538
162
Weiss Fagen P. El Salvador: Lessons in peace consolidation. Beyond sovereignty: collectively defending democracy in the Americas. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1996:213–37.
163
Enrique A. Baloyra-Herp. Elections, civil war, and transition in El Salvador, 1982-1994. Elections and democracy in Central America, revisited. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1995:45–65.
164
Wood EJ. Challenges to political democracy in El Salvador. The third wave of democratization in Latin America: advances and setbacks. New York: Cambridge University Press 2005:79–201.
165
Rachel Sieder. War, peace, and memory politics in Central America. The politics of memory: transitional justice in democratizing societies. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2001:161–89.
166
Angelika Rettberg. The private sector and peace in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Colombia. Journal of Latin American Studies. 2007;39:463–94.
167
Dinorah Azpuru. The Salience of Ideology: Fifteen Years of Presidential Elections in El Salvador. Latin American Politics and Society. ;52:103–38. doi: 10.1111/j.1548-2456.2010.00083.x
168
Sonja Wolf. Subverting Democracy: Elite Rule and the Limits of Political Participation in Post-War El Salvador. Journal of Latin American Studies. ;41:429–65. doi: 10.1017/S0022216X09990149
169
Alisha C. Holland. Insurgent Successor Parties: Scaling Down to Build a Party after War. In: Steven Levitsky, James Loxton, Brandon Van Dyck, et al., eds. Challenges of Party-Building in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2016:245–72.
170
Booth JA. The end and the beginning: the Nicaraguan Revolution. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press 1982.
171
Philip J. Williams. Dual transitions from authoritarian rule: Popular and electoral democracy in Nicaragua. Comparative Politics. 1994;26:169–85.
172
Spalding RJ. Nicaragua: Politics, poverty and polarization. In: Domínguez JI, Lowenthal AF, eds. Constructing democratic governance: Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean in the 1990s. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press 1996:3-25-199–206.
173
Arnson C, Tulchin JS, Woodrow Wilson International Center For Scholars. Latin American Program. Nicaragua’s search for democratic consensus. 1995.
174
Anderson L. Elections and public opinion in the development of Nicaraguan democracy. Elections and democracy in Central America, revisited. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1995:84–102.
175
Gilbert D. Sandinistas: the party and the revolution. Cambridge, Mass., USA: B. Blackwell 1990.
176
Anderson L, Dodd LC. Learning democracy: citizen engagement and electoral choice in Nicaragua, 1990-2001. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2005.
177
Magda Hinojosa, Ana Vijil Gurdián. Alternative Paths to Power? Women’s Political Representation in Nicaragua. Latin American Politics and Society. ;54:61–88. doi: 10.1111/j.1548-2456.2012.00173.x
178
Forrest D. Colburn, Arturo S. Cruz. Personalism and Populism in Nicaragua. Journal of Democracy. ;23:104–18.
179
Salvador Martí i Puig. The Adaptation of the FSLN: Daniel Ortega’s Leadership and Democracy in Nicaragua. Latin American Politics and Society. ;52:79–106. doi: 10.1111/j.1548-2456.2010.00099.x
180
Lynn R. Horton. From Collectivism to Capitalism: Neoliberalism and Rural Mobilization in Nicaragua. Latin American Politics and Society. ;55:119–40. doi: 10.1111/j.1548-2456.2013.00186.x
181
Middlebrook KJ. Mexico’s democratic transitions: Dynamics and prospects. Dilemmas of political change in Mexico. London: Institute of Latin American Studies, University of London 2004:1–53.
182
Kenneth F. Greene, Mariano Sánchez-Talanquer. Authoritarian Legacies and Party System Stability in Mexico. In: Mainwaring S, ed. Party Systems in Latin America. Cambridge University Press 2018:201–26.
183
Laurence Whitehead. Prospects for a ‘transition’ from authoritarian rule in Mexico. In: Maria Lorena Cook, Kevin J. Middlebrook, Juan Molinar Horcasitas, eds. The politics of economic restructuring: state-society relations and regime change in Mexico. San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego 1994:327–46.
184
Ilán Bizberg. Transition or restructuring of society? Mexico’s politics and society in transition. Boulder, Colo: L. Rienner 2003:143–75.
185
Darren Wallis. The Mexican presidential and congressional elections of 2000 and democratic transition. Bulletin of Latin American Research. 2001;20:304–23.
186
Maria L. Cook, Kevin J. Middlebrook, Juan Molinar Horcasitas. The politics of economic restructuring in Mexico: actors, sequencing, and coalition change. The politics of economic restructuring: state-society relations and regime change in Mexico. [San Diego]: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego 1994:3–52.
187
Roderic Ai Camp. The cross in the polling booth: religion, politics, and the laity in Mexico. Latin American Research Review. 1994;29:69–100.
188
Bruhn K. Taking on Goliath: the emergence of a new left party and the struggle for democracy in Mexico. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press 1997.
189
Middlebrook KJ. Party politics and the struggle for democracy in Mexico: national and state-level analyses of the Partido Acción Nacional. San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California 2001.
190
Lawson CH. Building the fourth estate: democratization and the rise of a free press in Mexico. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press 2002.
191
Haber P. Power from experience: urban popular movements in late twentieth-century Mexico. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press 2006.
192
Domínguez JI, McCann JA. Democratizing Mexico: public opinion and electoral choices. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1996.
193
Review by: Joseph L. Klesner. An electoral route to democracy? Mexico’s transition in comparative perspective. Comparative Politics. 1998;30:477–97.
194
James A. McCann. An electorate adrift? Public opinion and the quality of democracy in Mexico. Latin American Research Review. 2003;38:60–81.
195
Joseph L. Klesner. Who participates? Determinants of political action in Mexico. Latin American Politics and Society. 2009;51:59–90.
196
Domínguez JI, Poiré A, Conference on Mexican Democratization. Toward Mexico’s democratization: parties, campaigns, elections, and public opinion. New York: Routledge 1999.
197
Serrano M, University of London. Governing Mexico: political parties and elections. London: Institute of Latin American Studies 1998.
198
Judith Teichman. Neoliberalism and the transformation of Mexican authoritarianism. Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos. ;13:121–47. doi: 10.2307/1051868
199
Domínguez JI, Lawson CH. Mexico’s pivotal democratic election: candidates, voters, and the presidential campaign of 2000. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press 2004.
200
Covarrubias A. El ámbito internacional y el proceso de cambio político en México. Caminos a la democracia. México, D.F.: Centro de Estudios Internacionales, Colegio de México 2001.
201
Dresser D. Treading lightly and without a stick: International actors and the promotion of democracy in Mexico. Beyond sovereignty: collectively defending democracy in the Americas. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1996:316–42.
202
Jorge I. Dominguez, Chappell Lawson, editors. Consolidating Mexico’s democracy : the 2006 presidential campaign in comparative perspective. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press 2009.
203
Jonathan T. Hiskey, Gary L. Goodman. The Participation Paradox of Indigenous Autonomy in Mexico. Latin American Politics and Society. ;53:61–86. doi: 10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00117.x
204
D. Xavier Medina Vidal, Antonio Ugues Jr., Shaun Bowler, et al. Partisan Attachment and Democracy in Mexico: Some Cautionary Observations. Latin American Politics and Society. ;52:63–87. doi: 10.1111/j.1548-2456.2010.00074.x
205
Tina Hilgers. Causes and Consequences of Political Clientelism: Mexico’s PRD in Comparative Perspective. Latin American Politics and Society. ;50:123–53. doi: 10.1111/j.1548-2456.2008.00032.x
206
Claudio A. Holzner. The Poverty of Democracy: Neoliberal Reforms and Political Participation of the Poor in Mexico. Latin American Politics and Society. ;49:87–122. doi: 10.1111/j.1548-2456.2007.tb00408.x
207
Claudio A. Holzner. Authoritarian Legacies and Democratic Consolidation in Mexico. Latin American Politics and Society. ;51:143–59. doi: 10.1111/j.1548-2456.2009.00059.x
208
Kenneth F. Greene. The Niche Party: Authoritarian Regime Legacies and Party-Building in New Democracies. In: Levitsky S, Loxton J, Van Dyck B, et al., eds. Challenges of Party-Building in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2016:133–58.
209
Julio Ríos-Figueroa. Fragmentation of Power and the Emergence of an Effective Judiciary in Mexico. Latin American Politics and Society. ;49:31–57. doi: 10.1111/j.1548-2456.2007.tb00373.x
210
Roderic Ai Camp. The 2012 Presidential Election and What It Reveals about Mexican Voters. Journal of Latin American Studies. ;45:451–81. doi: 10.1017/S0022216X1300076X
211
Sonja Wolf. Drugs, Violence, and Corruption: Perspectives from Mexico and Central America. Latin American Politics and Society. 2016;58:146–55. doi: 10.1111/j.1548-2456.2016.00298.x
212
O’Donnell G, Schmitter PC. Convoking elections (and provoking parties). Transitions from authoritarian rule: Tentative conclusions about uncertain democracies. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press 2013:66–74.
213
Mainwaring S, Scully TR. Introduction: party systems in Latin America. Building democratic institutions: party systems in Latin America. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press 1995:1–36.
214
Scott Mainwaring, Fernando Bizzarro, Ana Petrova. Party System Institutionalization, Decay, and Collapse. In: Scott Mainwaring, ed. Party Systems in Latin America. Cambridge University Press 2018:17–33.
215
Scott Mainwaring. Party System Institutionalization, Predictability, and Democracy. In: Mainwaring S, ed. Party Systems in Latin America. Cambridge University Press 2018:71–101.
216
Steven Levitsky, James Loxton, Brandon Van Dyck. Introduction: Challenges of Party-Building in Latin America. In: Levitsky S, Loxton J, Van Dyck B, et al., eds. Challenges of Party-Building in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2016:1–48.
217
Herbert Kitschelt, Kirk A. Hawkins, Juan Pablo Luna, et al. Latin American Party Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2010.
218
O’Donnell G. Delegative democracy. Counterpoints: selected essays on authoritarianism and democratization. Notre Dame, Ind: University of Notre Dame Press 1999.
219
Helmke G, Levitsky S. Informal institutions and democracy: lessons from Latin America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 2006.
220
César Cansino. Party government in Latin America: Theoretical guidelines for an empirical analysis. International Political Science Review / Revue internationale de science politique. 1995;16:169–82.
221
Robert H. Dix. Democratization and the institutionalization of Latin American political parties. Comparative Political Studies. ;24:488–511. doi: 10.1177/0010414092024004004
222
Robert H. Dix. Cleavage structures and party systems in Latin America. Comparative Politics. 1989;22:23–37.
223
Dominguez JI, editor. Parties, elections, and political participation in Latin America. New York: Garland Pub. 1994.
224
McDonald RH, Ruhl JM. Party politics and elections in Latin America. Boulder: Westview Press 1989.
225
Wills-Otero L. Electoral systems in Latin America: Explaining the adoption of proportional representation systems during the Twentieth century. Latin American Politics and Society. 2009;51:33–58.
226
Karen L. Remmer. The political economy of elections in Latin America, 1980-1991. The American Political Science Review. 1993;87:393–407.
227
Drake PW, Silva E, Middlebrook KJ, et al. Elections and democratization in Latin America, 1980-1985. San Diego, Calif: Center for Iberian and Latin American Studies, University of California 1986.
228
Dietz HA, Shidlo G. Urban elections in democratic Latin America. Wilmington, Del: Scholarly Resources 1998.
229
Lijphart A, Waisman CH. Institutional design in new democracies: Eastern Europe and Latin America. [Place of publication not identified]: Routledge 2018.
230
Mark P. Jones. Presidential election laws and multipartism in Latin America. Political Research Quarterly. 1994;47:41–57.
231
Mark P. Jones. A guide to the electoral systems of the Americas. Electoral studies. ;14:5–21.
232
Kevin J Middlebrook. Introduction: Conservative parties, elite representation, and democracy in Latin America. Conservative parties, the right, and democracy in Latin America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 2000:1–52.
233
Gibson EL. Class and conservative parties: Argentina in comparative perspective. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1996.
234
Mainwaring S, Scully T. Christian democracy in Latin America: electoral competition and regime conflicts. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press 2003.
235
Alan Angell. The Left in Latin America since c. 1920. In: Leslie Bethell, ed. The Cambridge History of Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1995:163–232.
236
Mainwaring S. Rethinking party systems in the third wave of democratization: the case of Brazil. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press 1999.
237
Scott Mainwaring. Political parties and democratization in Brazil and the Southern Cone. Comparative Politics. 1988;21:91–120.
238
Cavarozzi M, Garreton Merino MA. Muerte y resurrección: los partidos políticos en el autoritarismo y las transiciones del Cono Sur. [Santiago, Chile]: Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales 1989.
239
Seligson MA, Booth JA. Elections and democracy in Central America, revisited. New&enl. ed. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1995.
240
Michael Coppedge. Parties and society in Mexico and Venezuela: Why competition matters. Comparative Politics. 1993;25:253–74.
241
Leiv Marsteintredet. Reducing the perils of presidentialism in Latin America through presidential interruptions. Comparative Politics. 2008;41:83–101.
242
Javier Corrales. Can Anyone Stop the President? Power Asymmetries and Term Limits in Latin America, 1984-2016. Latin American Politics and Society. 2016;58:3–25. doi: 10.1111/j.1548-2456.2016.00308.x
243
Goldfrank B. The politics of deepening local democracy: Decentralization, party institutionalization, and participation. Comparative Politics. 2007;39:147–68.
244
Brian Wampler. When does participatory democracy deepen the quality of democracy? Lessons from Brazil. Comparative Politics. 2008;41:61–81.
245
McCoy J. Political learning and redemocratization in Latin America: do politicians learn from political crises? Coral Gables, FL: North-South Center Press, University of Miami 1999.
246
Mainwaring S, O’Donnell GA, Valenzuela JS. Issues in democratic consolidation: the new South American democracies in comparative perspective. Notre Dame, Ind: Published for the Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies by University of Notre Dame Press 1992.
247
Anita Breuer. The problematic relation between direct democracy and accountability in Latin America: Evidence from the Bolivian case. Bulletin of Latin American Research. ;27:1–23. doi: 10.1111/j.1470-9856.2007.00254.x
248
John Crabtree. Democracy without parties? Some lessons from Peru. Journal of Latin American Studies. ;42:357–82. doi: 10.1017/S0022216X10000477
249
Tricia Gray. Electoral gender quotas: Lessons from Argentina and Chile. Bulletin of Latin American Research. ;22:52–78. doi: 10.1111/1470-9856.00064
250
Luis F. Miguel. Political representation and gender in Brazil: Quotas for women and their impact. Bulletin of Latin American Research. ;27:197–214. doi: 10.1111/j.1470-9856.2008.00263.x
251
Htun M. Inclusion without Representation in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2016.
252
Jóhanna Kristín Birnir, Donna Lee Van Cott. Disunity in diversity: Party system fragmentation and the dynamic effect of ethnic heterogeneity on Latin American legislatures. Latin American Research Review. 2007;42:99–125.
253
Carlos Pereira, Marcus Andre Melo. The Surprising Success of Multiparty Presidentialism. Journal of Democracy. ;23:156–70.
254
Daniel Altschuler, Javier Corrales. The Spillover Effects of Participatory Governance: Evidence from Community-Managed Schools in Honduras and Guatemala. Comparative Political Studies. 2012;45:636–66. doi: 10.1177/0010414011427133
255
Angélica Durán-Martínez. Presidents, Parties, and Referenda in Latin America. Comparative political studies. ;45:1159–87. doi: 10.1177/0010414011434010
256
Fabrice Lehoucj, Aníbal Pérez-Líñan. Breaking Out of the Coup Trap: Competition and Military Coups in Latin America. Comparative political studies. ;47:1105–29. doi: 10.1177/0010414013488561
257
Kenneth M. Roberts. Market Reform, Programmatic (De)alignment, and Party System Stability in Latin America. Comparative political studies. ;46:1422–52. doi: 10.1177/0010414012453449
258
Kenneth M. Roberts. Changing Course in Latin America: Party systems in the neoliberal era. New York: Cambridge University Press 2014.
259
Tarrow SG. Power in movement: social movements and contentious politics. Rev. & updated 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2011.
260
Marysa Navarro. The Personal Is Political: Las Madres de Plaza de Mayo. Power and popular protest: Latin American social movements. Berkeley: University of California Press 2001:241–58.
261
Oxhorn P. Organizing civil society: the popular sectors and the struggle for democracy in Chile. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press 1995.
262
Jonathan Fox. The difficult transition from clientelism to citizenship: Lessons from Mexico. The new politics of inequality in Latin America: rethinking participation and representation. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1997:391–420.
263
Jonathan Fox. How does civil society ‘thicken’? the political construction of social capital in rural Mexico. World development. ;24:1089–103. doi: 10.1016/0305-750X(96)00025-3
264
Daniel H. Levine, Scott Mainwaring. Religion and Popular Protest in Latin America: Contrasting Experiences. Power and popular protest: Latin American social movements. Berkeley: University of California Press 2001:203–40.
265
Levine DH. Popular voices in Latin American Catholicism. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press 1992.
266
Steven Levitsky. Organized labor and democracy in Latin America. Comparative Politics. 2006;39:21–42.
267
Paul G. Buchanan. Preauthoritarian Institutions and Postauthoritarian Outcomes: Labor Politics in Chile and Uruguay. Latin American Politics and Society. ;50:59–89. doi: 10.1111/j.1548-2456.2008.00004.x
268
Escobar A, Alvarez SE. The Making of social movements in Latin America: identity, strategy, and democracy. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press 1992.
269
Johnston H, Almeida P. Latin American social movements: globalization, democratization, and transnational networks. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield 2006.
270
Joseph L. Klesner. Social Capital and Political Participation in Latin America: Evidence from Argentina, Chile, Mexico, and Peru. Latin American Research Review. 2007;42:1–32. doi: 10.1353/lar.2007.0022
271
Benjamin Goldfrank. The politics of deepening local democracy: Decentralization, party institutionalization, and participation. Comparative Politics. 2007;39:147–68.
272
Brian Wampler. When does participatory democracy deepen the quality of democracy? Lessons from Brazil. Comparative Politics. 2008;41:61–81.
273
Hochstetler K. Can civil society organizations solve the crisis of partisan representation in Latin America? Latin American Politics and Society. 2008;50:1–32.
274
Jelin E, Hershberg E. Construir la democracia, derechos humanos, ciudadanía y sociedad en América Latina. 1. ed. Venezuela: Editorial Nueva Sociedad 1996.
275
Lynn R. Horton. After democracy: Advances and challenges for women’s movements in Latin America. Latin American Politics and Society. 2007;49:165–76.
276
Georgina Waylen. Gender and democratic politics: A comparative analysis of consolidation in Argentina and Chile. Journal of Latin American Studies. 2000;32:765–93.
277
Lisa Baldez. Women’s movements and democratic transition in Chile, Brazil, East Germany, and Poland. Comparative Politics. 2003;35:253–72.
278
Horton L. After Democracy: Advances and Challenges for Women’s Movements in Latin America. Latin American Politics & Society. 2007;49:165–76. doi: 10.1353/lap.2007.0004
279
Franceschet S, Piscopo JM. Gender Quotas and Women’s Substantive Representation: Lessons from Argentina. Politics & Gender. ;4:393–425.
280
Denise M. Walsh. Does the Quality of Democracy Matter for Women’s Rights? Just Debate and Democratic Transition in Chile and South Africa. Comparative Political Studies. 2012;45:1323–50. doi: 10.1177/0010414012437165
281
Schwindt-Bayer LA. Political power and women’s representation in Latin America. New York: Oxford University Press 2010.
282
Jana Morgan, Melissa Buice. Latin American Attitudes toward Women in Politics: The Influence of Elite Cues, Female Advancement, and Individual Characteristics. American Political Science Review. ;107:644–62. doi: 10.1017/S0003055413000385
283
Htun M. Inclusion without Representation in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2016.
284
Susan, Franceschet, Jennifer M.Piscopo, Gwynn Thomas. Supermadres, Maternal Legacies and Women’s Political Participation in Contemporary Latin America. Journal of Latin American Studies. 2016;48:1–32. doi: 10.1017/S0022216X15000814
285
Jennifer M. Piscopo. When Informality Advantages Women: Quota Networks, Electoral Rules and Candidate Selection in Mexico. Government and Opposition. 2016;51:487–512. doi: 10.1017/gov.2016.11
286
Caroline C. Beer, Roderic Ai Camp. Democracy, gender quotas, and political recruitment in Mexico. Politics, Groups, and Identities. 2016;4:179–95. doi: 10.1080/21565503.2015.1120223
287
Ron Ahnen. Between tyranny of the majority and liberty: The persistence of human rights violations under democracy in Brazil. Bulletin of Latin American Research. 2003;22:319–39. doi: 10.1111/1470-9856.00080
288
Sieder R. Multiculturalism in Latin America: indigenous rights, diversity, and democracy. Basingstoke: Palgrave 2002.
289
Deborah J. Yashar. Contesting citizenship: Indigenous movements and democracy in Latin America. Comparative Politics. 1998;31:23–42.
290
Deborah J. Yashar. Democracy, Indigenous Movements, and the Postliberal Challenge in Latin America. World Politics. ;52:76–104.
291
Yashar DJ. Contesting citizenship in Latin America: the rise of indigenous movements and the postliberal challenge. New York: Cambridge University Press 2005.
292
Donna Lee Van Cott. Institutional Change and Ethnic Parties in South America. Latin American Politics and Society. ;45:1–39. doi: 10.1111/j.1548-2456.2003.tb00239.x
293
Donna Lee Van Cott. From Movements to Parties in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2005.
294
Donna Lee Van Cott. Radical Democracy in the Andes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2008.
295
Zamosc L, Postero NG. The struggle for indigenous rights in Latin America. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press 2004.
296
Leon Zamosc. The Indian movement and political democracy in Ecuador. Latin American Politics and Society. 2007;49:1–34.
297
Raúl L. Madrid. The Rise of Ethnopopulism in Latin America. World Politics. ;60:475–508. doi: 10.1017/S0043887100009060
298
Raúl Madrid. Ethnic Cleavages and Electoral Volatility in Latin America. Comparative Politics. ;38:1–20. doi: 10.2307/20072910
299
Roberta Rice, Donna Lee Van Cott. The Emergence and Performance of Indigenous Peoples’ Parties in South America: A Subnational Statistical Analysis. Comparative Political Studies. 2006;39:709–32. doi: 10.1177/0010414005285036
300
Raúl L. Madrid. The rise of ethnic politics in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2012.
301
Raúl L. Madrid. Obstacles to ethnic parties in Latin America. In: Steven Levitsky, James Loxton, Brandon Van Dyck, et al., eds. Challenges of Party-Building in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2016:305–304.
302
Andersen ME. Peoples of the Earth: ethnonationalism, democracy, and the indigenous challenge in ‘Latin’ America. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books 2010.
303
Robert Albro. The Indigenous in the Plural in Bolivian Oppositional Politics. Bulletin of Latin American Research. ;24:433–53. doi: 10.1111/j.0261-3050.2005.00142.x
304
Willem Assies, Ton Salman. Ethnicity and politics in Bolivia. Ethnopolitics. ;4:269–97. doi: 10.1080/17449050500229842
305
Igidio Naveda Felix. The Reconstitution of Indigenous Peoples in the Peruvian Andes. Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies. ;3:309–17. doi: 10.1080/17442220802462469
306
Rice R. The new politics of protest: indigenous mobilization in Latin America’s neoliberal era. Tucson: University of Arizona Press 2012.
307
Kevin Pallister. Why No Mayan Party? Indigenous Movements and National Politics in Guatemala. Latin American Politics and Society. ;55:117–38. doi: 10.1111/j.1548-2456.2013.00205.x
308
Guillermo Trejo. Religious Competition and Ethnic Mobilization in Latin America: Why the Catholic Church Promotes Indigenous Movements in Mexico. The American Political Science Review. 2009;103:323–42.
309
Trejo G. Popular Movements in Autocracies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2012.
310
Stephanie, Rousseau, Anahi, Morales, Hudon. Paths towards Autonomy in Indigenous Women’s Movements: Mexico, Peru, Bolivia. Journal of Latin American Studies. 2016;48:33–60. doi: 10.1017/S0022216X15000802
311
Sarah Chartock. "Corporatism With Adjectives”? Conceptualizing Civil Society Incorporation and Indigenous Participation in Latin America. Latin American Politics and Society. ;55:52–76. doi: 10.1111/j.1548-2456.2013.00193.x
312
Keck ME, Sikkink K. Activists beyond borders: advocacy networks in international politics. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press 1998.
313
Encarnación OG. Latin America’s Gay Rights Revolution. Journal of Democracy. 2011;22:104–18. doi: 10.1353/jod.2011.0029
314
Encarnación OG. Out in the Periphery. Oxford University Press 2016.
315
Marcus J. McGee, Karen Kampwirth. The Co-optation of LGBT Movements in Mexico and Nicaragua: Modernizing Clientelism? Latin American Politics and Society. 2015;57:51–73. doi: 10.1111/j.1548-2456.2015.00290.x
316
Diez J. The Politics of Gay Marriage in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2015.
317
Timothy J. Power, Mary A. Clark. Does Trust Matter? Interpersonal Trust and Democratic Values in Chile, Costa Rica, and Mexico. Citizen views of democracy in Latin America. [Pittsburgh]: University of Pittsburgh Press 2001:51–70.
318
Turner FC. Reassessing political culture. Latin America in comparative perspective: new approaches to methods and analysis. Boulder: Westview Press 1995:195–226.
319
Alejandro Moreno. Democracy and Mass Belief Systems in Latin America. Citizen views of democracy in Latin America. [Pittsburgh]: University of Pittsburgh Press 2001:25–50.
320
Oxhorn P. Sustaining civil society: economic change, democracy, and the social construction of citizenship in Latin America. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press 2011.
321
Jamie Elizabeth Jacobs, Martín Maldonado. Civil society in Argentina: Opportunities and challenges for national and transnational organisation. Journal of Latin American Studies. 2005;37:141–72.
322
Laurence Whitehead. Three international dimensions of democratization. The international dimensions of democratization: Europe and the Americas. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2001:3–25.
323
Philippe C Schmitter. The influence of the international context upon the choice of national institutions and policies in neo-democracies. The international dimensions of democratization: Europe and the Americas. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2001:26–54.
324
Whitehead L. International aspects of democratization. Transitions from authoritarian rule: comparative perspectives. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press 1986:3–46.
325
Steven Levitsky. Linkage versus leverage. Rethinking the international dimension of regime change. Comparative Politics. 2006;38:379–400.
326
H. Yilmaz. External-internal linkages in democratization: Developing an open model of democratic change. Democratization. ;9:67–84. doi: 10.1080/714000257
327
O’Donnell G. The United States, Latin America, democracy: variations on a very old theme. The United States and Latin America in the 1980s: contending perspectives on a decade of crisis. Pittsburgh, Pa: University of Pittsburgh Press 1986:353–77.
328
Darren Hawkins. Protecting democracy in Europe and the Americas. International Organization. 2008;62:373–403.
329
Democratization. 2005;12.
330
Jon C. Pevehouse. Democracy from Above. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2005.
331
Schoultz L. National security and United States policy toward Latin America. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press 1987.
332
Huntington SP. The third wave: democratization in the late twentieth century. Norman [Okla.]: University of Oklahoma Press 1991.
333
Remmer KL. External pressures and domestic constraints: The lessons of the four case studies. Beyond sovereignty: collectively defending democracy in the Americas. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1996:286–96.
334
Farer TJ. Beyond sovereignty: collectively defending democracy in the Americas. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1996.
335
Lowenthal AF. Exporting democracy: the United States and Latin America : case studies. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1991.
336
Lars Schoutlz. Evolving concepts of intervention: Promoting democracy. The globalization of U.S.-Latin American relations: democracy, intervention, and human rights. Westport, Conn: Praeger 2002:27–45.
337
Forsythe DP. The United Nations, democracy, and the Americas. Beyond sovereignty: collectively defending democracy in the Americas. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1996:107–31.
338
Dexter S. Boniface. Is there a democratic norm in the Americas? An analysis of the organization of American states. Global Governance. 2002;8:365–81.
339
Legler TF, Lean SF, Boniface DS. Promoting democracy in the Americas. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 2007.
340
Craig Arceneaux. Issues, threats, and institutions: Explaining OAS responses to democratic dilemmas in Latin America. Latin American Politics and Society. 2007;49:1–31.
341
Andrew F. Cooper. A tale of two mesas: The OAS defense of democracy in Peru and Venezuela. Global Governance. 2005;11:425–44.
342
Arturo Valenzuela. Paraguay: The coup that didn’t happen. Journal of Democracy. 1997;8:43–55. doi: 10.1353/jod.1997.0014
343
Kevin J. Middlebrook. Electoral observation and democratization in Latin America. Electoral observation and democratic transitions in Latin America. La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California 1998:3–29.
344
Keck ME, Sikkink K. Transnational advocacy networks in international politics: Introduction. Activists beyond borders: advocacy networks in international politics. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press 1998:1–38.
345
Sigmund PE. The United States and democracy in Chile. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1993.
346
Carothers TH. In the name of democracy: U.S. policy toward Latin America in the Reagan years. Berkeley: University of California Press 1991.
347
Carothers T. Aiding democracy abroad: the learning curve. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 1999.
348
Kristian Skrede Gleditsch. Diffusion and the international context of democratization. International Organization. 2006;60:911–33.
349
Steven E. Finkel. The effects of U.S. foreign assistance on democracy building, 1990-2003. World Politics. 2007;59:404–38.
350
Carlos Santiso. Promoting democratic governance and preventing the Recurrence of conflict: The role of the United Nations Development Programme in post-conflict peace-building. Journal of Latin American Studies. 2002;34:555–86.
351
Heine J, Thompson AS. Fixing Haiti: MINUSTAH and beyond. Tokyo: United Nations University Press 2011.
352
Steven Levitsky, Kenneth M. Roberts. Introduction: Latin America’s "Left Turn”: A Framework for Analysis. The resurgence of the Latin American left. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 2011:1–28.
353
Steven Levitsky, Kenneth M. Roberts. Conclusion: Democracy, development, and the left. The resurgence of the Latin American left. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 2011:399–428.
354
Jorge G. Castañeda. Latin America’s left turn. Foreign Affairs. 2006;85:28–43.
355
Castañeda JG, Morales MA. Leftovers: tales of the Latin American left. New York: Routledge 2008.
356
Jon Beasley-Murray, Maxwell A Cameron, Eric Hershberg. Latin America’s left turns: an introduction. Third World Quarterly. ;30:319–30. doi: 10.1080/01436590902770322
357
Weyland K. The rise of Latin America’s two lefts: Insights from rentier state theory. Comparative Politics. ;41:145–64. doi: 10.5129/001041509X12911362971918
358
Maria Victoria Murillo, Virginia Oliveros, Milan Vaishnav. Electoral revolution or democratic alternation? Latin American Research Review. ;45:87–114.
359
David Doyle. The Legitimacy of Political Institutions: Explaining Contemporary Populism in Latin America. Comparative Political Studies. ;44:1447–73. doi: 10.1177/0010414011407469
360
Cameron MA, Hershberg E. Latin America’s left turns: politics, policies, and trajectories of change. Boulder [Colo.]: Lynne Rienner Publishers 2010.
361
Kurt Weyland, Raúl L. Madrid, Wendy Hunter, editors. Leftist Governments in Latin America: Successes and Shortcomings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2010.
362
Philip GDE, Panizza F. The triumph of politics: the return of the left in Venezuela, Bolivia and Ecuador. Cambridge: Polity 2011.
363
Karen L. Remmer. The Rise of Leftist- Populist Governance in Latin America: The Roots of Electoral Change. Comparative Political Studies. ;45:947–72. doi: 10.1177/0010414011428595
364
Huber E, Stephens JD. Democracy and the left: social policy and inequality in Latin America. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press 2012.
365
Gustavo Flores-Macias. After neoliberalism: the left and economic reforms in Latin America. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2012.
366
Ellner S. Latin America’s Radical Left in Power: Complexities and Challenges in the Twenty-first Century. Latin American Perspectives. ;40:5–25. doi: 10.1177/0094582X13478398
367
Samuel Handlin. Social Protection and the Politicization of Class Cleavages During Latin America’s Left Turn. Comparative Political Studies. ;46:1582–609. doi: 10.1177/0010414012463907
368
Saskia P. Ruth-Lovell. Clientelism and the Utility of the Left-Right Dimension in Latin America. Latin American Politics and Society. 2016;58:72–97. doi: 10.1111/j.1548-2456.2016.00300.x
369
Kathleen Bruhn. Defining the Left in Latin America. Latin American Research Review. 2015;50:242–9. doi: 10.1353/lar.2015.0008
370
Keck ME. The Workers’ Party and democratization in Brazil. New Haven: Yale University Press 1992.
371
Sader E, Silverstein K. Without fear of being happy: Lula, the Workers Party and Brazil. London: Verso 1991.
372
Moreira Alves MH. Something old, something new: Brazil’s partido dos trabalhadores. The Latin American left: from the fall of Allende to Perestroika. Boulder: Westview Press 1993:225–42.
373
Wendy Hunter. The normalization of an anomaly: The Workers’ Party in Brazil. World Politics. 2007;59:440–75.
374
Macaulay F. The purple in the rainbow: Gender politics in the PT. Radicals in power: the Workers’ Party (PT) and experiments in urban democracy. London: Zed Books 2003:176–201.
375
Baiocchi G. The long march through institutions: Lessons from the PT in power. Radicals in power: the Workers’ Party (PT) and experiments in urban democracy. London: Zed Books 2003:206–26.
376
Günther Schönleitner. Between liberal and participatory democracy: Tensions and dilemmas of leftist politics in Brazil. Journal of Latin American Studies. 2006;38:35–63.
377
Kees Koonings. Strengthening citizenship in Brazil’s democracy: Local participatory governance in Porto Alegre. Bulletin of Latin American Research. ;23:79–99. doi: 10.1111/j.1470-9856.2004.00097.x
378
Kingstone PR, Power TJ. Democratic Brazil: actors, institutions, and processes. Pittsburgh, Pa: University of Pittsburgh Press 2000.
379
Kinzo MDG, Dunkerley J, University of London. Brazil since 1985: politics, economy and society. London: Institute of Latin American Studies 2003.
380
Cesar Zucco. The president’s ‘new’ constituency: Lula and the pragmatic vote in Brazil’s 2006 presidential elections. Journal of Latin American Studies. ;40:29–49. doi: 10.1017/S0022216X07003628
381
Wendy Hunter, Timothy J. Power. Rewarding Lula: Executive power, social policy, and the Brazilian elections of 2006. Latin American Politics and Society. 2007;49:1–30.
382
Love JL, Baer W. Brazil under Lula: economy, politics, and society under the worker-president. New York: Palgrave Macmillan 2009.
383
French JD. The professor and the worker: Using Brazil to better understand Latin America’s plural left. Rethinking intellectuals in Latin America. Madrid: Iberoamericana 2010.
384
Anthony Hall. From Fome Zero to Bolsa Família: Social policies and poverty alleviation under Lula. Journal of Latin American Studies. ;38:689–709. doi: 10.1017/S0022216X0600157X
385
Ronald E. Ahnen. The politics of police violence in democratic Brazil. Latin American Politics and Society. 2007;49:141–64.
386
Hunter W. Brazil: The PT in Power. The resurgence of the Latin American left. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 2011:306–24.
387
Amaury de Souza. The Politics of Personality in Brazil. Journal of Democracy. 2011;22:75–88. doi: 10.1353/jod.2011.0024
388
Do Amaral, Oswaldo Epower, Timothy, J. The PT at 35: Revisiting Scholarly Interpretations of the Brazilian Workers’ Party. Journal of Latin American Studies. ;48:147–71.
389
Samuels D, Zucco, Jr. C. Party-Building in Brazil: The Rise of the PT in Perspective. In: Levitsky S, Loxton J, Van Dyck B, et al., eds. Challenges of Party-Building in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2016:305–30.
390
Steve Ellner. The radical potential of Chavismo in Venezuela: The first year and a half in power. Latin American Perspectives. 2001;28:5–32.
391
Daniel H. Levine. The decline and fall of democracy in Venezuela: Ten theses. Bulletin of Latin American Research. 2002;21:248–69.
392
Margarita López-Maya. Venezuela after the Caracazo: Forms of protest in a deinstitutionalized context. Bulletin of Latin American Research. 2002;21:199–218.
393
Roberts K. Social polarization and the populist resurgence in Venezuela. Venezuelan politics in the Chávez era: class, polarization, and conflict. Boulder, Colo: Lynne Rienner 2003:55–72.
394
Norden DL. Democracy in uniform: Chávez and the Venezuelan armed forces. Venezuelan politics in the Chávez era: class, polarization, and conflict. Boulder, Colo: Lynne Rienner 2003:93–112.
395
Sujatha Fernandes. Barrio women and popular politics in Chávez’s Venezuela. Latin American Politics and Society. 2007;49:97–127.
396
Michael Coppedge. Venezuela: Popular Sovereignty Versus Liberal Democracy. In: Domínguez JI, Shifter M, eds. Constructing democratic governance in Latin America. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press 2013:165–92.
397
Ellner SB, Rosen F. Chavismo at the crossroads: Hardliners, moderates and a regime under attack. NACLA report on the Americas. 2002;35:8–12.
398
Gott R. In the shadow of the liberator: Hugo Chávez and the transformation of Venezuela. London: Verso 2000.
399
Brian F. Crisp. Democratizing the democracy? Crisis and reform in Venezuela. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. 1998;40:27–61.
400
Damarys Canache. From bullets to ballots: The emergence of popular support for Hugo Chávez. Latin American Politics and Society. 2002;44:69–90.
401
Anibal Romero. Rearranging the deck chairs on the Titanic: The agony of democracy in Venezuela. Latin American Research Review. 1997;32:7–36.
402
Jennifer McCoy. Chavez and the end of ‘partyarchy’ in Venezuela. Journal of Democracy. 1999;10:64–77. doi: 10.1353/jod.1999.0049
403
Jana Morgan. Partisanship during the collapse of Venezuela’s party system. Latin American Research Review. 2007;42:78–98.
404
José E. Molina V. The presidential and parliamentary elections of the Bolivarian revolution in Venezuela: Change and continuity (1998-2000). Bulletin of Latin American Research. 2002;21:219–47.
405
McCoy J. Venezuelan democracy under stress. Coral Gables, Fla: North-South Center Press, University of Miami 1995.
406
José Pedro Zúquete. The missionary politics of Hugo Chávez. Latin American Politics and Society. 2008;50:91–121.
407
Noam Lupu. Who votes for ‘chavismo’?: Class voting in Hugo Chávez’s Venezuela. Latin American Research Review. 2010;45:7–32. doi: 10.1353/lar.0.0083
408
Kirk A. Hawkins. Who Mobilizes? Participatory Democracy in Chávez’s Bolivarian Revolution. Latin American Politics and Society. ;52:31–66. doi: 10.1111/j.1548-2456.2010.00089.x
409
Damarys Canache. The Meanings of Democracy in Venezuela: Citizen Perceptions and Structural Change. Latin American Politics and Society. ;54:95–122. doi: 10.1111/j.1548-2456.2012.00166.x
410
Pedro Sanoja. Ideology, institutions and ideas: Explaining political change in Venezuela. Bulletin of Latin American Research. ;28:394–410. doi: 10.1111/j.1470-9856.2009.00309.x
411
Oliver Heath. Explaining the rise of class politics in Venezuela. Bulletin of Latin American Research. ;28:185–203. doi: 10.1111/j.1470-9856.2008.00271.x
412
Ponniah T, Eastwood J, editors. The revolution in Venezuela: Social and Political Change Under Chavez. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies 2011.
413
Gregory Wilpert. Collision in Venezuela. New left review.
414
Daniel H. Levine. Goodbye to Venezuelan exceptionalism. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. 1994;36:145–82.
415
Kulisheck MR, Canache D. Reinventing legitimacy: democracy and political change in Venezuela. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press 1998.
416
Deborah L. Norden. Democracy and military control in Venezuela: From subordination to insurrection. Latin American Research Review. 1998;33:143–65.
417
Barry Cannon. Venezuela, April 2002: Coup or popular rebellion? The myth of a united Venezuela. Bulletin of Latin American Research. ;23:285–302. doi: 10.1111/j.0261-3050.2004.00109.x
418
Buxton J. The failure of political reform in Venezuela. Aldershot: Ashgate 2001.
419
Steve Ellner. The contrasting variants of the populism of Hugo Chávez and Alberto Fujimori. Journal of Latin American Studies. 2003;35:139–62.
420
Michael Penfold-Becerra. Clientelism and Social Funds: Evidence from Chávez’s Misiones. Latin American Politics and Society. ;49:63–84. doi: 10.1111/j.1548-2456.2007.tb00392.x
421
José Pedro Zúquete. The missionary politics of Hugo Chávez. Latin American Politics and Society. 2008;50:91–121.
422
Cannon B. Hugo Chávez and the Bolivarian Revolution: populism and democracy in a globalised age. Manchester: Manchester University Press 2009.
423
Fernandes S. Who Can Stop the Drums? Urban Social Movements in Chávez’s Venezuela. Duke University Press 2010.
424
Beasley-Murray J. Constituent power and the Caracazo: The exemplary case of Venezuela. Latin America’s left turns: politics, policies, and trajectories of change. Boulder [Colo.]: Lynne Rienner Publishers 2010:127–44.
425
McCoy J. Venezuela under Chávez: Beyond liberalism. Latin America’s left turns: politics, policies, and trajectories of change. Boulder [Colo.]: Lynne Rienner Publishers 2010:81–100.
426
French JD. Many lefts, One path? Chávez and Lula. Latin America’s left turns: politics, policies, and trajectories of change. Boulder [Colo.]: Lynne Rienner Publishers 2010:41–60.
427
Margarita López-Maya. Venezuela: Hugo Chávez and the Populist Left. The resurgence of the Latin American left. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 2011:213–38.
428
Jennifer L. Merolla, Elisabeth J. Zechmeister. The Nature, Determinants, and Consequences of Chavez’s Charisma: Evidence From a Study of Venezuelan Public Opinion. Comparative Political Studies. ;44:28–54. doi: 10.1177/0010414010381076
429
Brading R. Populism in Venezuela. New York: Routledge 2013.
430
Yannis Stavrakakis, Alexandros Kioupkiolis, Giorgos Katsambekis, et al. Contemporary Left-wing Populism in Latin America: Leadership, Horizontalism, and Postdemocracy in Chávez’s Venezuela. Latin American Politics and Society. 2016;58:51–76. doi: 10.1111/j.1548-2456.2016.00318.x
431
Daniel Hellinger, David Smilde. Venezuela’s Bolivarian democracy: participation, politics, and culture under Chávez. Durham, NC: Duke University Press 2011.
432
Paul W. Posner. Laboring Under Chávez: Populism for the Twenty-first Century. Latin American Politics and Society. 2016;58:26–50. doi: 10.1111/j.1548-2456.2016.00317.x
433
Kent Eaton. Recentralization and the Left Turn in Latin America: Diverging Outcomes in Bolivia, Ecuador, and Venezuela. Comparative Political Studies. ;47:1130–57. doi: 10.1177/0010414013488562
434
Matthew Rhodes-Purdy. Participatory Populism: Theory and Evidence from Bolivarian Venezuela. Political Research Quarterly. 2015;68:415–27. doi: 10.1177/1065912915592183
435
Kevin J. Middlebrook. Introduction: Conservative Parties, Elite Representation, and Democracy in Latin America. Conservative Parties, the Right, and Democracy in Latin America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 2000:1–50.
436
Loxton J. The Authoritarian Roots of New Right Party Success in Latin America. In: Luna JP, Rovira Kaltwasser C, eds. The resilience of the Latin American right. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 2014:117–40.
437
Roberts KM. Democracy, Free Markets, and the Rightist Dilemma in Latin America. In: Luna JP, Rovira Kaltwasser C, eds. The resilience of the Latin American right. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 2014:25–47.
438
Eaton K. New Strategies of the Latin American Right: Beyond Parties and Elections. In: Luna JP, Rovira Kaltwasser C, eds. The resilience of the Latin American right. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 2014:75–93.
439
Domínguez F, Lievesley G, Ludlam S. Right-wing politics in the new Latin America: reaction and revolt. London: Zed 2011.
440
James Loxton. Authoritarian Successor Parties and the New Right in Latin America. In: Steven Levitsky, James Loxton, Brandon Van Dyke, et al., eds. Challenges of Party-Building in Latin America. Cambridge University Press 2016:245–72.
441
Manuel Antonio Garretón. Atavism and Democratic Ambiguity in the Chilean Right. Conservative parties, the right, and democracy in Latin America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 2000:53–79.
442
Siavelis PM. Chile: The Right’s Evolution from Democracy to Authoritarianism and Back Again. In: Luna JP, Rovira Kaltwasser C, eds. The resilience of the Latin American right. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 2014:242–67.
443
Correa S. The Chilean Right after Pinochet. The legacy of dictatorship: political, economic and social change in Pinochet’s Chile. Liverpool, UK: Institute of Latin American Studies, University of Liverpool 1993:164–74.
444
Pollack M. The new Right in Chile, 1973-97. Basingstoke: Macmillan 1999.
445
Arturo Fontaine Talavera. Chile’s Elections: The New Face of the New Right. Journal of Democracy. ;11:70–7.
446
Tomás Moulián, Isabel Torres. La problemática de la derecha política en Chile, 1964-1983. In: Marcelo Cavarozzi, Manuel Antonio Garretón, eds. Muerte y resurreccion : los partidos politicos en el autoritarismo y las transiciones del Cono Sur. Santiago, Chile: FLACSO 1989.
447
Scully TR. Reconstituting party politics in Chile. Building democratic institutions: party systems in Latin America. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press 1995:100–37.
448
Margaret Power. Defending dictatorship: Conservative women in Pinochet’s Chile and the 1988 plebiscite. Radical women in Latin America: left and right. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press 2001:299–324.
449
Angell AE. The Pinochet factor in Chilean politics. Democracy after Pinochet: politics, parties and elections in Chile. London: Institute for the Study of the Americas 2007:139–62.
450
Patricio Silva. Doing politics in a depoliticised society: Social change and political deactivation in Chile. Bulletin of Latin American Research. ;23:63–78. doi: 10.1111/j.1470-9856.2004.00096.x
451
Juan Pablo Luna. Segmented party–voter linkages in Latin America: The case of the UDI. Journal of Latin American Studies. ;42:325–56. doi: 10.1017/S0022216X10000465
452
Mauricio Morales Quiroga. The Concertación’s Defeat in Chile’s 2009-2010 Presidential Elections. Latin American Politics and Society. ;54:79–107. doi: 10.1111/j.1548-2456.2012.00154.x
453
Kevin J. Middlebrook. Party politics and democratization in Mexico: The Partido Acción Nacional in comparative perspective. Party politics and the struggle for democracy in Mexico: national and state-level analyses of the Partido Acción Nacional. San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California 2001:3–44.
454
Mizrahi Y. The costs of electoral success: The Partido Acción Nacional in Mexico. Governing Mexico: political parties and elections. London: Institute of Latin American Studies 1998:95–113.
455
Loaeza S. The National Action Party (PAN): From the fringes of the political system to the heart of change. Christian democracy in Latin America: electoral competition and regime conflicts. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press 2003:196–246.
456
Lujambio A. Democratization through Federalism? The National Action Party Strategy, 1939-2000. Party politics and the struggle for democracy in Mexico: national and state-level analyses of the Partido Acción Nacional. San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California 2001.
457
David A. Shirk. Mexico’s democratization and the organizational development of the National Action Party. Party politics and the struggle for democracy in Mexico: national and state-level analyses of the Partido Acción Nacional. San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California 2001:95–128.
458
Soledad Loaeza. El Partido Acción Nacional: la larga marcha, 1939-1994 : oposición leal y partido de protesta. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica 1999.
459
Magaloni B, Moreno A. Catching all souls: The Partido Acción Nacional and the politics of religion in Mexico. Christian democracy in Latin America: electoral competition and regime conflicts. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press 2003:247–72.
460
Camp RA. The PAN’s social bases: Implications for leadership. Opposition government in Mexico. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1995:65–80.
461
Ai Camp R. Democracy Redux? Mexico’s Voters and the 2006 Presidential Race. Consolidating Mexico’s democracy: the 2006 presidential campaign in comparative perspective. Baltimore, Md: John Hopkins University Press 2009:29-49-306–11.
462
Flores-Macías G. Mexico’s 2012 Elections: The Return of the PRI. Journal of Democracy. 2013;24:128–41. doi: 10.1353/jod.2013.0006
463
Wuhs ST. Mexico: The Partido Acción Nacional as a Right Party. In: Luna JP, Rovira Kaltwasser C, eds. The resilience of the Latin American right. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 2014:219–41.
464
James A. McCann. Time to Turn Back the Clock? Retrospective Judgments of the Single-Party Era and Support for the Institutional Revolutionary Party in 2012. In: Domínguez JI, Greene KF, Lawson CH, et al., eds. Mexico’s evolving democracy: a comparative study of the 2012 elections. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press 2015.
465
Romero V, Magaloni B, Díaz-Cayeros A. Presidential Approval and Public Security in Mexico’s War on Crime. Latin American Politics and Society. 2016;58:100–23. doi: 10.1111/j.1548-2456.2016.00312.x
466
Flores-Macías GA. Mexico’s Stalled Reforms. Journal of Democracy. 2016;27:66–78. doi: 10.1353/jod.2016.0022