Bibliography for AMER0007: Democratization in Latin America

1
Laurence Whitehead. On ‘Democracy’ and ‘Democratization’. In: Democratization: Theory and Experience. Oxford University Press 2002. 6–35. doi:10.1093/0199253285.003.0002

2
Damarys Canache. Citizens’ Conceptualizations of Democracy: Structured Complexity, Substantive Context, and Political Significance. Comparative Political Studies;45:1132–58. doi:10.1177/0010414011434009

3
O’Donnell GA, Schmitter PC. Transitions from authoritarian rule: Tentative conclusions about uncertain democracies. Baltimore: : The Johns Hopkins University Press 2013.

4
Przeworski A. Some Problems in the Study of the Transition to Democracy. In: Transitions from authoritarian rule: comparative perspectives. Baltimore, Md: : Johns Hopkins University Press 1986. 47-63-168–70.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=c5f97747-6c36-e711-80c9-005056af4099

5
Dietrich Rueschemeyer. Introduction: the Problem of Capitalist Development and Democracy. In: Capitalist development and democracy. Chicago: : University of Chicago Press 1992. 1-11–309.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=0b3a704f-4e36-e711-80c9-005056af4099

6
Huntington SP. The third wave: democratization in the late twentieth century. Norman [Okla.]: : University of Oklahoma Press 1991.

7
Carles Boix, Susan C. Stokes. Endogenous democratization. World Politics 2003;55:517–49.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/25054237

8
Linz JJ, Stepan AC. Problems of democratic transition and consolidation: southern Europe, South America, and post-communist Europe. Baltimore: : Johns Hopkins University Press 1996.

9
Dankwart A. Rustow. Transitions to democracy: Toward a dynamic model. Comparative Politics 1970;2:337–63.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/421307

10
Przeworski A. Democracy as a contingent outcome of conflicts. In: Constitutionalism and Democracy. 1988. http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9781139173629

11
Peeler JA. Elite settlements and democratic consolidation: Colombia, Costa Rica, and Venezuela. In: Elites and Democratic consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 1992. 81–112.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=3d8884da-5a36-e711-80c9-005056af4099

12
John Higley, Michael G. Burton. The elite variable in democratic transitions and breakdowns. American Sociological Review 1989;54:17–32.http://www.jstor.org/stable/2095659

13
Seymour Martin Lipset. Some social requisites of democracy: Economic development and political legitimacy. The American Political Science Review 1959;53:69–105.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/1951731

14
Jonathan Hartlyn, Arturo Valenzuela. Democracy in Latin America since 1930. In: Leslie Bethell, ed. The Cambridge History of Latin America. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 1995. 97–162.https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-latin-america/democracy-in-latin-america-since-1930/B47ADB618DF2547885A2EE8F9E2A53BA

15
Peeler JA. Building democracy in Latin America. 3rd ed. Boulder, Colo: : Lynne Rienner 2009.

16
Diamond L, Hartlyn J, Linz JJ. Introduction: Politics, society, and democracy in Latin America. In: Democracy in developing countries: Latin America. Boulder: : Lynne Rienner Publishers 1999. 1–70.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=b21150d4-231e-ed11-bd6e-a04a5e5d2f8d

17
Remmer KL. Democratization in Latin America. In: Global transformation and the Third World. Boulder: : Lynne Rienner Publishers 1993. 91–111.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=ffcb6746-241e-ed11-bd6e-a04a5e5d2f8d

18
Karl TL, Schmitter PC. Modes of transition in Latin America, Southern and Eastern Europe. International social science journal 1991;XLIII:269–84.

19
Malloy JM, Seligson MA. Authoritarians and democrats: regime transition in Latin America. Pittsburgh, Pa: : University of Pittsburgh Press 1987.

20
Douglas A. Chalmers, Craig H. Robinson. Why power contenders choose liberalization: Perspectives from South America. International Studies Quarterly 1982;26:3–36.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/2600597

21
Marcelo Cavarozzi. Beyond transitions to democracy in Latin America. Journal of Latin American Studies 1992;24:665–84.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/156779

22
Garretón Merino MA, Newman E. Democracy in Latin America: (re)constructing political society. Tokyo: : United Nations University Press 2001.

23
Georgina Waylen. Women and democratization: Conceptualizing gender relations in transition politics. World Politics 1994;46:327–54.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/2950685

24
Manuel Antonio Garreton M. Human rights in processes of democratisation. Journal of Latin American Studies 1994;26:221–34.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/157864

25
Hillman RS, Peeler JA, Cardozo de Da Silva E. Democracy and human rights in Latin America. Westport, Conn: : Praeger 2002.

26
Alfred Stepan, Cindy Skach. Constitutional frameworks and democratic consolidation: Parliamentarianism versus presidentialism. World Politics 1993;46:1–22.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/2950664

27
Ryan E. Carlin, Matthew M. Singer. Support for Polyarchy in the Americas. Comparative Political Studies;44:1500–26. doi:10.1177/0010414011407471

28
O’Donnell G. Tensions in the bureaucratic-authoritarian state and the question of democracy. In: Counterpoints: selected essays on authoritarianism and democratization. Notre Dame, Ind: : University of Notre Dame Press 1999. https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=5576ef6b-efbc-e911-80cd-005056af4099

29
Guillermo O. Tensions in the Bureaucratic-Authoritarian State and the Question of Democracy. In: The new authoritarianism in Latin America. Princeton: : Princeton University Press 1979. 285–318.

30
O’Donnell G. Notes for the study of processes of political democratization in the wake of the bureaucratic-authoritarian state. In: Counterpoints: selected essays on authoritarianism and democratization. Notre Dame, Ind: : University of Notre Dame Press 1999. 109–29.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=9f5bd119-e688-e811-80cd-005056af4099

31
Stepan A. The military in newly democratic regimes: the dimension of military contestation. In: Rethinking military politics: Brazil and the Southern Cone. Princeton, N.J.: : Princeton University Press 1988. 68–92.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=233c0a7a-6136-e711-80c9-005056af4099

32
Alfred C. Stepan. The military in newly democratic regimes: the dimension of military prerogatives. In: Rethinking military politics: Brazil and the Southern Cone. Princeton, N.J.: : Princeton University Press 1988. 93–127. doi:10.2307/j.ctv15r5d8r.11

33
Rouquié A. Demilitarization and the institutionalization of military-dominated politics in Latin America. In: Transitions from authoritarian rule: comparative perspectives. Baltimore, Md: : Johns Hopkins University Press 1986. 108–36.

34
Rouquié A. The military and the state in Latin America. Berkeley: : University of California Press 1987.

35
David Pion-Berlin. Military autonomy and emerging democracies in South America. Comparative Politics 1992;25:83–102.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/422098

36
Wendy Hunter. Contradictions of civilian control: Argentina, Brazil and Chile in the 1990s. Third World Quarterly 1994;15:633–53.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/3993062

37
Fitch JS. Democracy, human rights, and the armed forces in Latin America. In: The United States and Latin America in the 1990s: beyond the cold war. Chapel Hill: : University of North Carolina Press 1992. 181–213.

38
Panizza F. Human Rights in the Processes of Transition and Consolidation of Democracy in Latin America. Political Studies 1995;43:168–88. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.1995.tb01742.x

39
Pereira AW. Political (in)justice: authoritarianism and the rule of law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina. Pittsburgh, Pa: : University of Pittsburgh Press 2005.

40
J. Samuel Valenzuela. Labor movements in transitions to democracy: A framework for analysis. Comparative Politics 1989;21:445–72.http://www.jstor.org/stable/422007

41
Christian Smith. The spirit and democracy: Base communities, Protestantism, and democratization in Latin America. Sociology of Religion 1994;55:119–43.http://www.jstor.org/stable/3711853

42
Friedman EJ, Hochstetler K. Assessing the third transition in Latin American democratization: Representational regimes and civil society in Argentina and Brazil. Comparative Politics 2002;35:21–42.http://www.jstor.org/stable/4146926

43
Scott Mainwaring, Aníbal Pérez-Liñán. Democracies and Dictatorships in Latin America: Emergence, Survival, and Fall. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139047845

44
Torre JC, de Riz L. Argentina since 1946. In: Bethell L, ed. The Cambridge History of Latin America. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 1991. 73–194. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521266529.003

45
Carlos H. Waisman. Argentina: Capitalism and democracy. In: Democracy in developing countries: Latin America. Boulder: : Lynne Rienner Publishers 1999. 71–130.

46
Cavarozzi M. Political cycles in Argentina since 1955. In: Transitions from authoritarian rule - Latin America. Baltimore: : Johns Hopkins University Press 1986. 19–48.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=a62863ab-212d-ed11-bd6e-0050f2f06092

47
McGuire JW. Political parties and democracy in Argentina. In: Building democratic institutions: party systems in Latin America. Stanford, Calif: : Stanford University Press 1995. 200–46.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=16fc7b7e-6d36-e711-80c9-005056af4099

48
Waisman CH, Peralta-Ramos M. From military rule to liberal democracy in Argentina. Boulder, Colo: : Westview Press 1986.

49
Epstein EC. The new Argentine democracy: the search for a successful formula. Westport, Conn: : Praeger 1992.

50
Tulchin JS, Garland AM. Argentina: the challenges of modernization. Wilmington, Del: : Scholarly Resources 1998.

51
Brysk A. The politics of human rights in Argentina: protest, change, and democratization. Stanford, Calif: : Stanford University Press 1994.

52
Elizabeth Jelin. The politics of memory: The human rights movements and the construction of democracy in Argentina. Latin American Perspectives 1994;21:38–58.http://www.jstor.org/stable/2633874

53
Navarro M. The personal is political: Las Madres de la Plaza de Mayo. In: Power and popular protest: Latin American social movements. Berkeley: : University of California Press 2001. 241–58.https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520352148

54
Luis Roniger, Mario Sznajder. The legacy of human-rights violations in the Southern Cone: Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay. Oxford: : Oxford University Press 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198296157.001.0001

55
Munck GL. Authoritarianism and democratization: soldiers and workers in Argentina, 1976-1983. University Park, Pa: : Pennsylvania State University Press 1998.

56
Norden DL. Military rebellion in Argentina: between coups and consolidation. Lincoln [Neb.]: : University of Nebraska Press 1996.

57
Deborah L. Norden. Democratic consolidation and military professionalism: Argentina in the 1980s. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 1990;32:151–76.http://www.jstor.org/stable/166091

58
David Pion-Berlin. Between confrontation and accommodation: Military and government policy in democratic Argentina. Journal of Latin American Studies 2009;23:543–71. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00015844

59
Pion-Berlin D. Through corridors of power: institutions and civil-military relations in Argentina. University Park, Pa: : Pennsylvania State University Press 1997.

60
McGuire JW. Peronism without Perón: unions, parties, and democracy in Argentina. Stanford, Calif: : Stanford University Press 1997.

61
Georgina Waylen. Gender and democratic politics: A comparative analysis of consolidation in Argentina and Chile. Journal of Latin American Studies 2000;32:765–93.http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=59541

62
Tricia Gray. Electoral gender quotas: Lessons from Argentina and Chile. Bulletin of Latin American Research 2003;22:52–78. doi:10.1111/1470-9856.00064

63
Lewis CM, Torrents N. Argentina in the crisis years (1983-1990): from Alfonsin to Menem. London: : Institute of Latin American Studies 1993.

64
Enrique Peruzzotti. The nature of the new Argentine democracy. The delegative democracy argument revisited. Journal of Latin American Studies 2001;33:133–55.http://www.jstor.org/stable/3653649

65
Carlos S. Nino. Hyper-presidentialism and constitutional reform in Argentina. In: Institutional design in new democracies: Eastern Europe and Latin America. Boulder, Colo: : Westview Press 1996. 161–74.https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429499784/institutional-design-new-democracies-arend-lijphart-carlos-waisman

66
Mark P. Jones. Evaluating Argentina’s presidential democracy: 1983-1995. In: Presidentialism and democracy in Latin America. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 1997. 259–99.https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/presidentialism-and-democracy-in-latin-america/evaluating-argentinas-presidential-democracy-19831995/3B4AF850E6A29917359DEC5B66D5E17D

67
Levitsky S. Argentina: From crisis to consolidation (and back). In: Domínguez JI, Shifter M, eds. Constructing democratic governance in Latin America. Baltimore: : The John Hopkins University Press 2013.

68
Levitsky S. Argentina: Democratic survival amidst economic failure. In: The third wave of democratization in Latin America: advances and setbacks. New York: : Cambridge University Press 2005. 63–89.https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511791116.003

69
Angell A. Chile since 1958. In: Bethell L, ed. The Cambridge History of Latin America. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 1991. 311–82. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521266529.007

70
Arturo V. Chile: Origins and consolidation of a Latin American democracy. In: Democracy in developing countries: Latin America. Boulder: : Lynne Rienner Publishers 1999. 120–247.

71
Scully TR. Reconstituting party politics in Chile. In: Building democratic institutions: party systems in Latin America. Stanford, Calif: : Stanford University Press 1995. 100–37.

72
Agüero F. Chile: unfinished transition and increased political competition. In: Constructing democratic governance in Latin America. Baltimore, Md: : Johns Hopkins University Press 2003. 292-424-320–432.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=bc61da8d-6c36-e711-80c9-005056af4099

73
Drake PW, Jaksic I. The struggle for democracy in Chile, 1982-1990. Lincoln, Neb: : University of Nebraska Press 1991.

74
Valenzuela JS, Valenzuela A. Party oppositions under the Chilean authoritarian regime. In: Military rule in Chile: dictatorship and oppositions. Baltimore: : Johns Hopkins University Press 1986. 184–229.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=699ce81d-cf1e-ed11-bd6e-a04a5e5d2f8d

75
Brian Loveman. Military dictatorship and political opposition in Chile, 1973-1986. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 1986;28:1–38.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/165745

76
Brian Loveman. Mision cumplida? Civil military relations and the Chilean political transition. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 1991;33:35–74.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/165933

77
Alan Angell, Benny Pollack. The Chilean elections of 1989 and the politics of the transition to democracy. Bulletin of Latin American Research 1990;9:1–23.http://www.jstor.org/stable/3338214

78
Alan Angell, Benny Pollack. The Chilean presidential elections of 1999-2000 and democratic consolidation. Bulletin of Latin American Research 2000;19:357–78.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/3339299

79
James C. Cavendish. Christian base communities and the building of democracy: Brazil and Chile. Sociology of Religion 1994;55:179–95.http://www.jstor.org/stable/3711856

80
Philip Oxhorn. Understanding political change after authoritarian rule: The popular sectors and Chile’s new democratic regime. Journal of Latin American Studies 2009;26:737–59. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00008580

81
Manuel Antonio Garreton Merino. Redemocratization in Chile. Journal of Democracy 1995;6:146–58. doi:10.1353/jod.1995.0009

82
Mark Ensalaco. In with the new, out with the old? The democratising impact of constitutional reform in Chile. Journal of Latin American Studies 1994;26:409–29. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00016278

83
Jonathan R. Barton, Warwick E. Murray. The end of transition? Chile 1990-2000. Bulletin of Latin American Research 2002;21:329–38.http://www.jstor.org/stable/3339683

84
Alexander Wilde. Irruptions of Memory: Expressive Politics in Chile’s Transition to Democracy. Journal of Latin American Studies 2000;31:473–500.http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=16647&fulltextType=SC&fileId=S0022216X99005349

85
Georgina Waylen. Gender and democratic politics: A comparative analysis of consolidation in Argentina and Chile. Journal of Latin American Studies;32:765–93.http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=59541&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0022216X00005939

86
Tricia Gray. Electoral gender quotas: Lessons from Argentina and Chile. Bulletin of Latin American Research;22:52–78. doi:10.1111/1470-9856.00064

87
Alexandra Barahona de Brito. Human rights and democratization in Latin America: Uruguay and Chile. Oxford: : Oxford University Press 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/0198280386.001.0001

88
Luis Roniger, Mario Sznajder. The legacy of human-rights violations in the Southern Cone: Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay. Oxford: : Oxford University Press 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198296157.001.0001

89
J. Samuel Valenzuela, Timothy R. Scully. Electoral choices and the party system in Chile: Continuities and changes at the recovery of democracy. Comparative Politics 1997;29:511–27.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/422017

90
Peter Siavelis, Arturo Valenzuela. Electoral engineering and democratic stability: The legacy of authoritarian rule in Chile. In: Institutional design in new democracies: Eastern Europe and Latin America. Boulder, Colo: : Westview Press 1996. 77–99.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=896a4818-221e-ed11-bd6e-a04a5e5d2f8d

91
Rhoda Rabkin. Redemocratization, electoral engineering, and party strategies in Chile, 1989-1995. Comparative Political Studies;29:335–56. doi:10.1177/0010414096029003004

92
Arturo Valenzuela. Party politics and the failure of presidentialism in Chile. In: The failure of presidential democracy: The Case of Latin America. Baltimore: : Johns Hopkins University Press 1994.

93
Paul W. Posner. Popular Representation and Political Dissatisfaction in Chile’s New Democracy. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 1999;41:v-+ 59-85. doi:10.2307/166227

94
Roberts KM. Deepening democracy?: the modern left and social movements in Chile and Peru. Stanford, Calif: : Stanford University Press 1998.

95
Vergara P. Market economy, social welfare and democratic consolidation in Chile. In: Democracy, markets, and structural reform in Latin America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico. Miami, Fla: : North-South Center Press, University of Miami 1994. 237–61.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=004562d2-6228-ed11-bd6e-0050f2f06092

96
Patrick S. Barrett. The limits of democracy: Socio-political compromise and regime change in post-Pinochet Chile. Studies in Comparative International Development;34:3–36. doi:10.1007/BF02687625

97
Peter M. Siavelis. Electoral system, coalitional disintegration, and the future of Chile’s concertación. Latin American Research Review 2005;40:56–82.http://www.jstor.org/stable/1555365

98
Patricio Silva. Doing politics in a depoliticised society: Social change and political deactivation in Chile. Bulletin of Latin American Research;23:63–78. doi:10.1111/j.1470-9856.2004.00096.x

99
J. Samuel Valenzuela, Timothy R. Scully, Nicolás Somma. The enduring presence of religion in Chilean ideological positionings and voter options. Comparative Politics 2007;40:1–20.http://www.jstor.org/stable/20434061

100
Alan Angell. Democratic governance in Chile. In: Democratic governance in Latin America. Stanford, Calif: : Stanford University Press 2010. 269–306.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=a7d3f261-d01e-ed11-bd6e-a04a5e5d2f8d

101
Juan Pablo Luna, David Altman. Uprooted but Stable: Chilean Parties and the Concept of Party System Institutionalization. Latin American Politics and Society;53:1–28. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00115.x

102
Lamounier B. Brazil: Inequality against democracy. In: Democracy in developing countries: Latin America. Boulder: : Lynne Rienner Publishers 1999. 131–89.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=09dd7698-221e-ed11-bd6e-a04a5e5d2f8d

103
Bruneau T. Brazil’s political transition. In: Elites and democratic consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 1992. 257–81.https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173902.010

104
Frances Hagopian. ‘Democracy by undemocratic means’?: Elites, political pacts, and regime transition in Brazil. Comparative Political Studies;23:147–70. doi:10.1177/0010414090023002001

105
Mainwaring S. Brazil: Weak parties, feckless democracy. In: Building democratic institutions: party systems in Latin America. Stanford, Calif: : Stanford University Press 1995. 354–98.

106
Bolívar Lamounier. Brazil: An Assessment of the Cardoso Administration. In: Jorge I. Domínguez, Michael Shifter, eds. Constructing democratic governance in Latin America. Baltimore: : The John Hopkins University Press 2013. 269–91.

107
Kingstone PR, Power TJ. Democratic Brazil: actors, institutions, and processes. Pittsburgh, Pa: : University of Pittsburgh Press 2000.

108
Skidmore TE. The politics of military rule in Brazil, 1964-85. New York: : Oxford University Press 1988.

109
Hunter W. Eroding military influence in Brazil: politicians against soldiers. Chapel Hill: : University of North Carolina Press 1997.

110
Mainwaring S. Rethinking party systems in the third wave of democratization: the case of Brazil. Stanford, Calif: : Stanford University Press 1999.

111
Stepan AC. Democratizing Brazil: problems of transition and consolidation. New York: : Oxford University Press 1989.

112
Scott Mainwaring. Politicians, parties, and electoral systems: Brazil in comparative perspective. Comparative Politics 1991;24:21–43.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/422200

113
Lamounier B. Presidentialism and parliamentarism in Brazil. In: Parliamentary versus presidential government. Oxford: : Oxford University Press 1992. 133–6.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=7c211100-0b1e-ed11-bd6e-a04a5e5d2f8d

114
Martínez-Lara J, St. Antony’s College (University of Oxford). Building democracy in Brazil: the politics of constitutional change, 1985-95. Basingstoke: : Macmillan in association with St. Antony’s College 1996.

115
Barry Ames. The deadlock of democracy in Brazil. Ann Arbor: : University of Michigan Press 2001. http://muse.jhu.edu/books/9780472021437/

116
Hagopian F. Traditional politics and regime change in Brazil. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 1996.

117
Martínez-Lara J, St. Antony’s College (University of Oxford). Building democracy in Brazil: the politics of constitutional change, 1985-95. Basingstoke: : Macmillan in association with St. Antony’s College 1996.

118
Keck ME. The Workers’ Party and democratization in Brazil. New Haven: : Yale University Press 1992.

119
Sader E, Silverstein K. Without fear of being happy: Lula, the Workers Party and Brazil. London: : Verso 1991.

120
Payne LA. Brazilian industrialists and democratic change. Baltimore: : Johns Hopkins University Press 1994.

121
Power TJ. The political right in postauthoritarian Brazil: elites, institutions, and democratization. University Park, Pa: : Pennsylvania State University Press 2000.

122
Souza CM de. Constitutional engineering in Brazil: the politics of federalism and decentralization. Basingstoke: : Macmillan 1997.

123
Alvarez SE. Engendering democracy in Brazil: women’s movements in transition politics. Princeton, N.J.: : Princeton University Press 1990.

124
James C. Cavendish. Christian base communities and the building of democracy: Brazil and Chile. Sociology of Religion 1994;55:179–95.http://www.jstor.org/stable/3711856

125
Purcell SK, Roett R. Brazil under Cardoso. Boulder, Colo: : L. Rienner Publishers 1997.

126
Kurt Weyland. Obstacles to social reform in Brazil’s new democracy. Comparative Politics 1996;29:1–22.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/422180

127
Kurt Weyland. The Brazilian state in the new democracy. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 1997;39:63–94.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/166424

128
S. Mainwaring. Urban popular movements, identity, and democratization in Brazil. Comparative Political Studies;20:131–59. doi:10.1177/0010414087020002001

129
Kinzo MDG, University of London. Brazil, the challenges of the 1990s. London: : Institute of Latin American Studies, University of London 1993.

130
Journal of interamerican studies and world affairs. ;40.http://www.jstor.org/stable/i208876

131
Ron Ahnen. Between tyranny of the majority and liberty: The persistence of human rights violations under democracy in Brazil. Bulletin of Latin American Research;22:319–39. doi:10.1111/1470-9856.00080

132
Kees Koonings. Strengthening citizenship in Brazil’s democracy: Local participatory governance in Porto Alegre. Bulletin of Latin American Research;23:79–99. doi:10.1111/j.1470-9856.2004.00097.x

133
Kurt Wayland. The growing sustainability of Brazil’s low-quality democracy. In: The third wave of democratization in Latin America: advances and setbacks. New York: : Cambridge University Press 2005. 120–90.https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511791116

134
Brian, Wampler. Participatory publics: Civil society and new institutions in democratic Brazil. Comparative Politics 2004;36:291–312.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/4150132

135
Ronald E. Ahnen. The politics of police violence in democratic Brazil. Latin American Politics and Society 2007;49:141–64.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/4490510

136
Brian Wampler. When does participatory democracy deepen the quality of democracy? Lessons from Brazil. Comparative Politics 2008;41:61–81.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/20434105

137
Alfredo Alejandro Gugliano, Carlos Artur Gallo. On the Ruins of the Democratic Transition: Human Rights as an Agenda Item in Abeyance for the Brazilian Democracy. Bulletin of Latin American Research 2013;32:325–38. doi:10.1111/blar.12034

138
Lamounier B. Constructing Democratic Governance in Latin America. In: Domínguez JI, Shifter M, eds. Constructing democratic governance in Latin America. Baltimore: : The John Hopkins University Press 2013.

139
Kingstone PR, Power TJ. Democratic Brazil: actors, institutions, and processes. Pittsburgh, Pa: : University of Pittsburgh Press 2000.

140
Ewell J. Venezuela since 1930. In: Bethell L, ed. The Cambridge History of Latin America. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 1991. 727–90. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521266529.014

141
Levine DH. Venezuela since 1958: The consolidation of democratic politics. In: The breakdown of democratic regimes. Baltimore: : Johns Hopkins University Press 1978. 82–109.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=ce6c7a11-392d-ed11-bd6e-0050f2f06092

142
Peeler JA. Elite settlements and democratic consolidation: Colombia, Costa Rica, and Venezuela. In: Elites and Democratic consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 1992. 81–112.https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173902

143
Bryan T. Froehle. Religious competition, community building, and democracy in Latin America: Grassroots religious organizations in Venezuela. Sociology of Religion 1994;55:145–62.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/3711854

144
Levine DH, Crisp BF. Venezuela: The character, crisis, and possible future of democracy. In: Democracy in developing countries: Latin America. Boulder: : Lynne Rienner Publishers 1999. 367–428.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=48cbc81a-7d36-e711-80c9-005056af4099

145
Levine DH. Conflict and political change in Venezuela. 1973.

146
Martz JD, Myers DJ. Venezuela: the democratic experience. Rev. ed. New York: : Praeger 1986.

147
Kevin Neuhouser. Democratic stability in Venezuela: Elite consensus or class compromise? American Sociological Review 1992;57:117–35.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/2096148

148
Daniel H. Levine. The transition to democracy: are there lessons from Venezuela? Bulletin of Latin American Research 1985;4:47–61.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/3338315

149
Terry Lynn Karl. Petroleum and political pacts: The transition to democracy in Venezuela. Latin American Research Review 1987;22:63–94.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/2503543

150
Kornblith M, Levine DH. Venezuela: The life and times of the party system. In: Building democratic institutions: party systems in Latin America. Stanford, Calif: : Stanford University Press 1995. 37–71.

151
Coppedge MJ. Strong parties and lame ducks: a study of the quality and stability of Venezuelan democracy. Ann Arbor, Mich: : UMI 1992.

152
John D. Martz. Party elites and leadership in Colombia and Venezuela. Journal of Latin American Studies 1992;24:87–121.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/156673

153
Goodman LW. Lessons of the Venezuelan experience. Washington, D.C: : Woodrow Wilson Center Press 1994.

154
Trinkunas HA. Crafting civilian control of the military in Venezuela: a comparative perspective. Chapel Hill: : University of North Carolina Press 2005. http://muse.jhu.edu/books/9781469603643/

155
Ricardo Córdova Macías. El Salvador: transition from civil war. In: Constructing democratic governance: Latin America and the Caribbean in the 1990s : themes and issues. Baltimore: : Johns Hopkins University Press 1996. 26–49.

156
Tulchin JS, Bland G. Is there a transition to democracy in El Salvador? Boulder: : L. Rienner Publishers 1992.

157
Elisabeth J. Wood. Civil war and the transformation of elite representation in El Salvador. In: Conservative parties, the right, and democracy in Latin America. Baltimore: : Johns Hopkins University Press 2000. 223–54.https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=nlebk&AN=75734&site=ehost-live&scope=site&custid=s8454451&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_223

158
Knut Walter, Philip J. Williams. The military and democratization in El Salvador. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 1993;35:39–88.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/166102

159
Charles T. Call. Democratisation, war and state-building: Constructing the rule of law in El Salvador. Journal of Latin American Studies 2003;35:827–62.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/3875834

160
Charles T. Call. War transitions and the new civilian security in Latin America. Comparative Politics 2002;35:1–20.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/4146925

161
J. Michael Dodson, Donald W. Jackson. Re‐inventing the rule of law: Human rights in El Salvador. Democratization;4:110–34. doi:10.1080/13510349708403538

162
Weiss Fagen P. El Salvador: Lessons in peace consolidation. In: Beyond sovereignty: collectively defending democracy in the Americas. Baltimore: : Johns Hopkins University Press 1996. 213–37.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=4bb15f56-231e-ed11-bd6e-a04a5e5d2f8d

163
Enrique A. Baloyra-Herp. Elections, civil war, and transition in El Salvador, 1982-1994. In: Elections and democracy in Central America, revisited. Chapel Hill: : University of North Carolina Press 1995. 45–65.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=1a2bf9f1-cf1e-ed11-bd6e-a04a5e5d2f8d

164
Wood EJ. Challenges to political democracy in El Salvador. In: The third wave of democratization in Latin America: advances and setbacks. New York: : Cambridge University Press 2005. 79–201.https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/third-wave-of-democratization-in-latin-america/challenges-to-political-democracy-in-el-salvador/18FB61E171CFA0D304BAA89E966F2B88

165
Rachel Sieder. War, peace, and memory politics in Central America. In: The politics of memory: transitional justice in democratizing societies. Oxford: : Oxford University Press 2001. 161–89.https://academic.oup.com/book/27029/chapter/196301676

166
Angelika Rettberg. The private sector and peace in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Colombia. Journal of Latin American Studies 2007;39:463–94.http://www.jstor.org/stable/40056541

167
Dinorah Azpuru. The Salience of Ideology: Fifteen Years of Presidential Elections in El Salvador. Latin American Politics and Society;52:103–38. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2010.00083.x

168
Sonja Wolf. Subverting Democracy: Elite Rule and the Limits of Political Participation in Post-War El Salvador. Journal of Latin American Studies;41:429–65. doi:10.1017/S0022216X09990149

169
Alisha C. Holland. Insurgent Successor Parties: Scaling Down to Build a Party after War. In: Steven Levitsky, James Loxton, Brandon Van Dyck, et al., eds. Challenges of Party-Building in Latin America. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 2016. 245–72. doi:10.1017/CBO9781316550564.010

170
Booth JA. The end and the beginning: the Nicaraguan Revolution. Boulder, Colo: : Westview Press 1982.

171
Philip J. Williams. Dual transitions from authoritarian rule: Popular and electoral democracy in Nicaragua. Comparative Politics 1994;26:169–85.http://www.jstor.org/stable/422266

172
Spalding RJ. Nicaragua: Politics, poverty and polarization. In: Domínguez JI, Lowenthal AF, eds. Constructing democratic governance: Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean in the 1990s. Baltimore: : The Johns Hopkins University Press 1996. 3-25-199–206.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=6ac1ac73-6c36-e711-80c9-005056af4099

173
Arnson C, Tulchin JS, Woodrow Wilson International Center For Scholars. Latin American Program. Nicaragua’s search for democratic consensus. 1995.https://www.wilsoncenter.org/

174
Anderson L. Elections and public opinion in the development of Nicaraguan democracy. In: Elections and democracy in Central America, revisited. Chapel Hill: : University of North Carolina Press 1995. 84–102.

175
Gilbert D. Sandinistas: the party and the revolution. Cambridge, Mass., USA: : B. Blackwell 1990.

176
Anderson L, Dodd LC. Learning democracy: citizen engagement and electoral choice in Nicaragua, 1990-2001. Chicago: : University of Chicago Press 2005.

177
Magda Hinojosa, Ana Vijil Gurdián. Alternative Paths to Power? Women’s Political Representation in Nicaragua. Latin American Politics and Society;54:61–88. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2012.00173.x

178
Forrest D. Colburn, Arturo S. Cruz. Personalism and Populism in Nicaragua. Journal of Democracy;23:104–18.http://www.journalofdemocracy.org/article/personalism-and-populism-nicaragua

179
Salvador Martí i Puig. The Adaptation of the FSLN: Daniel Ortega’s Leadership and Democracy in Nicaragua. Latin American Politics and Society;52:79–106. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2010.00099.x

180
Lynn R. Horton. From Collectivism to Capitalism: Neoliberalism and Rural Mobilization in Nicaragua. Latin American Politics and Society;55:119–40. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2013.00186.x

181
Middlebrook KJ. Mexico’s democratic transitions: Dynamics and prospects. In: Dilemmas of political change in Mexico. London: : Institute of Latin American Studies, University of London 2004. 1–53.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=3568cd93-8f36-e711-80c9-005056af4099

182
Kenneth F. Greene, Mariano Sánchez-Talanquer. Authoritarian Legacies and Party System Stability in Mexico. In: Mainwaring S, ed. Party Systems in Latin America. Cambridge University Press 2018. 201–26. doi:10.1017/9781316798553.008

183
Laurence Whitehead. Prospects for a ‘transition’ from authoritarian rule in Mexico. In: Maria Lorena Cook, Kevin J. Middlebrook, Juan Molinar Horcasitas, eds. The politics of economic restructuring: state-society relations and regime change in Mexico. San Diego: : Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego 1994. 327–46.

184
Ilán Bizberg. Transition or restructuring of society? In: Mexico’s politics and society in transition. Boulder, Colo: : L. Rienner 2003. 143–75.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=83c4157a-4c28-ed11-bd6e-0050f2f06092

185
Darren Wallis. The Mexican presidential and congressional elections of 2000 and democratic transition. Bulletin of Latin American Research 2001;20:304–23.http://www.jstor.org/stable/3339731

186
Maria L. Cook, Kevin J. Middlebrook, Juan Molinar Horcasitas. The politics of economic restructuring in Mexico: actors, sequencing, and coalition change. In: The politics of economic restructuring: state-society relations and regime change in Mexico. [San Diego]: : Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego 1994. 3–52.

187
Roderic Ai Camp. The cross in the polling booth: religion, politics, and the laity in Mexico. Latin American Research Review 1994;29:69–100.http://www.jstor.org/stable/2503943

188
Bruhn K. Taking on Goliath: the emergence of a new left party and the struggle for democracy in Mexico. University Park: : Pennsylvania State University Press 1997.

189
Middlebrook KJ. Party politics and the struggle for democracy in Mexico: national and state-level analyses of the Partido Acción Nacional. San Diego: : Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California 2001.

190
Lawson CH. Building the fourth estate: democratization and the rise of a free press in Mexico. Berkeley, Calif: : University of California Press 2002.

191
Haber P. Power from experience: urban popular movements in late twentieth-century Mexico. University Park, Pa: : Pennsylvania State University Press 2006.

192
Domínguez JI, McCann JA. Democratizing Mexico: public opinion and electoral choices. Baltimore: : Johns Hopkins University Press 1996.

193
Review by: Joseph L. Klesner. An electoral route to democracy? Mexico’s transition in comparative perspective. Comparative Politics 1998;30:477–97.http://www.jstor.org/stable/422335

194
James A. McCann. An electorate adrift? Public opinion and the quality of democracy in Mexico. Latin American Research Review 2003;38:60–81.http://www.jstor.org/stable/1555450

195
Joseph L. Klesner. Who participates? Determinants of political action in Mexico. Latin American Politics and Society 2009;51:59–90.http://www.jstor.org/stable/20622726

196
Domínguez JI, Poiré A, Conference on Mexican Democratization. Toward Mexico’s democratization: parties, campaigns, elections, and public opinion. New York: : Routledge 1999.

197
Serrano M, University of London. Governing Mexico: political parties and elections. London: : Institute of Latin American Studies 1998.

198
Judith Teichman. Neoliberalism and the transformation of Mexican authoritarianism. Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos;13:121–47. doi:10.2307/1051868

199
Domínguez JI, Lawson CH. Mexico’s pivotal democratic election: candidates, voters, and the presidential campaign of 2000. Stanford, Calif: : Stanford University Press 2004.

200
Covarrubias A. El ámbito internacional y el proceso de cambio político en México. In: Caminos a la democracia. México, D.F.: : Centro de Estudios Internacionales, Colegio de México 2001.

201
Dresser D. Treading lightly and without a stick: International actors and the promotion of democracy in Mexico. In: Beyond sovereignty: collectively defending democracy in the Americas. Baltimore: : Johns Hopkins University Press 1996. 316–42.

202
Jorge I. Dominguez, Chappell Lawson, editors. Consolidating Mexico’s democracy : the 2006 presidential campaign in comparative perspective. Baltimore, MD: : John Hopkins University Press 2009.

203
Jonathan T. Hiskey, Gary L. Goodman. The Participation Paradox of Indigenous Autonomy in Mexico. Latin American Politics and Society;53:61–86. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00117.x

204
D. Xavier Medina Vidal, Antonio Ugues Jr., Shaun Bowler, et al. Partisan Attachment and Democracy in Mexico: Some Cautionary Observations. Latin American Politics and Society;52:63–87. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2010.00074.x

205
Tina Hilgers. Causes and Consequences of Political Clientelism: Mexico’s PRD in Comparative Perspective. Latin American Politics and Society;50:123–53. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2008.00032.x

206
Claudio A. Holzner. The Poverty of Democracy: Neoliberal Reforms and Political Participation of the Poor in Mexico. Latin American Politics and Society;49:87–122. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2007.tb00408.x

207
Claudio A. Holzner. Authoritarian Legacies and Democratic Consolidation in Mexico. Latin American Politics and Society;51:143–59. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2009.00059.x

208
Kenneth F. Greene. The Niche Party: Authoritarian Regime Legacies and Party-Building in New Democracies. In: Levitsky S, Loxton J, Van Dyck B, et al., eds. Challenges of Party-Building in Latin America. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 2016. 133–58. doi:10.1017/CBO9781316550564.006

209
Julio Ríos-Figueroa. Fragmentation of Power and the Emergence of an Effective Judiciary in Mexico. Latin American Politics and Society;49:31–57. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2007.tb00373.x

210
Roderic Ai Camp. The 2012 Presidential Election and What It Reveals about Mexican Voters. Journal of Latin American Studies;45:451–81. doi:10.1017/S0022216X1300076X

211
Sonja Wolf. Drugs, Violence, and Corruption: Perspectives from Mexico and Central America. Latin American Politics and Society 2016;58:146–55. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2016.00298.x

212
O’Donnell G, Schmitter PC. Convoking elections (and provoking parties). In: Transitions from authoritarian rule: Tentative conclusions about uncertain democracies. Baltimore: : The Johns Hopkins University Press 2013. 66–74.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=0e68d9bc-738d-ec11-a507-a04a5e5d2f8d

213
Mainwaring S, Scully TR. Introduction: party systems in Latin America. In: Building democratic institutions: party systems in Latin America. Stanford, Calif: : Stanford University Press 1995. 1–36.

214
Scott Mainwaring, Fernando Bizzarro, Ana Petrova. Party System Institutionalization, Decay, and Collapse. In: Scott Mainwaring, ed. Party Systems in Latin America. Cambridge University Press 2018. 17–33. doi:10.1017/9781316798553.002

215
Scott Mainwaring. Party System Institutionalization, Predictability, and Democracy. In: Mainwaring S, ed. Party Systems in Latin America. Cambridge University Press 2018. 71–101. doi:10.1017/9781316798553.004

216
Steven Levitsky, James Loxton, Brandon Van Dyck. Introduction: Challenges of Party-Building in Latin America. In: Levitsky S, Loxton J, Van Dyck B, et al., eds. Challenges of Party-Building in Latin America. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 2016. 1–48. doi:10.1017/CBO9781316550564.001

217
Herbert Kitschelt, Kirk A. Hawkins, Juan Pablo Luna, et al. Latin American Party Systems. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511750311

218
O’Donnell G. Delegative democracy. In: Counterpoints: selected essays on authoritarianism and democratization. Notre Dame, Ind: : University of Notre Dame Press 1999.

219
Helmke G, Levitsky S. Informal institutions and democracy: lessons from Latin America. Baltimore: : Johns Hopkins University Press 2006.

220
César Cansino. Party government in Latin America: Theoretical guidelines for an empirical analysis. International Political Science Review / Revue internationale de science politique 1995;16:169–82.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/1601457

221
Robert H. Dix. Democratization and the institutionalization of Latin American political parties. Comparative Political Studies;24:488–511. doi:10.1177/0010414092024004004

222
Robert H. Dix. Cleavage structures and party systems in Latin America. Comparative Politics 1989;22:23–37.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/422320

223
Dominguez JI, editor. Parties, elections, and political participation in Latin America. New York: : Garland Pub. 1994.

224
McDonald RH, Ruhl JM. Party politics and elections in Latin America. Boulder: : Westview Press 1989.

225
Wills-Otero L. Electoral systems in Latin America: Explaining the adoption of proportional representation systems during the Twentieth century. Latin American Politics and Society 2009;51:33–58.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/20622740

226
Karen L. Remmer. The political economy of elections in Latin America, 1980-1991. The American Political Science Review 1993;87:393–407.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/2939049

227
Drake PW, Silva E, Middlebrook KJ, et al. Elections and democratization in Latin America, 1980-1985. San Diego, Calif: : Center for Iberian and Latin American Studies, University of California 1986.

228
Dietz HA, Shidlo G. Urban elections in democratic Latin America. Wilmington, Del: : Scholarly Resources 1998.

229
Lijphart A, Waisman CH. Institutional design in new democracies: Eastern Europe and Latin America. [Place of publication not identified]: : Routledge 2018. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429499784

230
Mark P. Jones. Presidential election laws and multipartism in Latin America. Political Research Quarterly 1994;47:41–57.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/448901

231
Mark P. Jones. A guide to the electoral systems of the Americas. Electoral studies;14:5–21.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/026137949400021Z

232
Kevin J Middlebrook. Introduction: Conservative parties, elite representation, and democracy in Latin America. In: Conservative parties, the right, and democracy in Latin America. Baltimore: : Johns Hopkins University Press 2000. 1–52.https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=nlebk&AN=75734&site=ehost-live&scope=site&custid=s8454451&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_1

233
Gibson EL. Class and conservative parties: Argentina in comparative perspective. Baltimore: : Johns Hopkins University Press 1996.

234
Mainwaring S, Scully T. Christian democracy in Latin America: electoral competition and regime conflicts. Stanford, Calif: : Stanford University Press 2003.

235
Alan Angell. The Left in Latin America since c. 1920. In: Leslie Bethell, ed. The Cambridge History of Latin America. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 1995. 163–232.https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-latin-america/left-in-latin-america-since-c-1920/D9EB4BFAE5637CAF27553D034DB00A0E

236
Mainwaring S. Rethinking party systems in the third wave of democratization: the case of Brazil. Stanford, Calif: : Stanford University Press 1999.

237
Scott Mainwaring. Political parties and democratization in Brazil and the Southern Cone. Comparative Politics 1988;21:91–120.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/422073

238
Cavarozzi M, Garreton Merino MA. Muerte y resurrección: los partidos políticos en el autoritarismo y las transiciones del Cono Sur. [Santiago, Chile]: : Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales 1989.

239
Seligson MA, Booth JA. Elections and democracy in Central America, revisited. New&enl. ed. Chapel Hill: : University of North Carolina Press 1995.

240
Michael Coppedge. Parties and society in Mexico and Venezuela: Why competition matters. Comparative Politics 1993;25:253–74.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/422245

241
Leiv Marsteintredet. Reducing the perils of presidentialism in Latin America through presidential interruptions. Comparative Politics 2008;41:83–101.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/20434106

242
Javier Corrales. Can Anyone Stop the President? Power Asymmetries and Term Limits in Latin America, 1984-2016. Latin American Politics and Society 2016;58:3–25. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2016.00308.x

243
Goldfrank B. The politics of deepening local democracy: Decentralization, party institutionalization, and participation. Comparative Politics 2007;39:147–68.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/20434031

244
Brian Wampler. When does participatory democracy deepen the quality of democracy? Lessons from Brazil. Comparative Politics 2008;41:61–81.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/20434105

245
McCoy J. Political learning and redemocratization in Latin America: do politicians learn from political crises? Coral Gables, FL: : North-South Center Press, University of Miami 1999.

246
Mainwaring S, O’Donnell GA, Valenzuela JS. Issues in democratic consolidation: the new South American democracies in comparative perspective. Notre Dame, Ind: : Published for the Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies by University of Notre Dame Press 1992.

247
Anita Breuer. The problematic relation between direct democracy and accountability in Latin America: Evidence from the Bolivian case. Bulletin of Latin American Research;27:1–23. doi:10.1111/j.1470-9856.2007.00254.x

248
John Crabtree. Democracy without parties? Some lessons from Peru. Journal of Latin American Studies;42:357–82. doi:10.1017/S0022216X10000477

249
Tricia Gray. Electoral gender quotas: Lessons from Argentina and Chile. Bulletin of Latin American Research;22:52–78. doi:10.1111/1470-9856.00064

250
Luis F. Miguel. Political representation and gender in Brazil: Quotas for women and their impact. Bulletin of Latin American Research;27:197–214. doi:10.1111/j.1470-9856.2008.00263.x

251
Htun M. Inclusion without Representation in Latin America. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 2016. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139021067

252
Jóhanna Kristín Birnir, Donna Lee Van Cott. Disunity in diversity: Party system fragmentation and the dynamic effect of ethnic heterogeneity on Latin American legislatures. Latin American Research Review 2007;42:99–125.http://www.jstor.org/stable/4499355

253
Carlos Pereira, Marcus Andre Melo. The Surprising Success of Multiparty Presidentialism. Journal of Democracy;23:156–70.http://www.journalofdemocracy.org/article/surprising-success-multiparty-presidentialism

254
Daniel Altschuler, Javier Corrales. The Spillover Effects of Participatory Governance: Evidence from Community-Managed Schools in Honduras and Guatemala. Comparative Political Studies 2012;45:636–66. doi:10.1177/0010414011427133

255
Angélica Durán-Martínez. Presidents, Parties, and Referenda in Latin America. Comparative political studies;45:1159–87. doi:10.1177/0010414011434010

256
Fabrice Lehoucj, Aníbal Pérez-Líñan. Breaking Out of the Coup Trap: Competition and Military Coups in Latin America. Comparative political studies;47:1105–29. doi:10.1177/0010414013488561

257
Kenneth M. Roberts. Market Reform, Programmatic (De)alignment, and Party System Stability in Latin America. Comparative political studies;46:1422–52. doi:10.1177/0010414012453449

258
Kenneth M. Roberts. Changing Course in Latin America: Party systems in the neoliberal era. New York: : Cambridge University Press 2014. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511842856

259
Tarrow SG. Power in movement: social movements and contentious politics. Rev. & updated 3rd ed. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 2011. http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=UCL&isbn=9781139010856

260
Marysa Navarro. The Personal Is Political: Las Madres de Plaza de Mayo. In: Power and popular protest: Latin American social movements. Berkeley: : University of California Press 2001. 241–58. doi:10.1525/9780520352148-011

261
Oxhorn P. Organizing civil society: the popular sectors and the struggle for democracy in Chile. University Park, Pa: : Pennsylvania State University Press 1995.

262
Jonathan Fox. The difficult transition from clientelism to citizenship: Lessons from Mexico. In: The new politics of inequality in Latin America: rethinking participation and representation. Oxford: : Oxford University Press 1997. 391–420. doi:10.1093/0198781830.001.0001

263
Jonathan Fox. How does civil society ‘thicken’? the political construction of social capital in rural Mexico. World development;24:1089–103. doi:10.1016/0305-750X(96)00025-3

264
Daniel H. Levine, Scott Mainwaring. Religion and Popular Protest in Latin America: Contrasting Experiences. In: Power and popular protest: Latin American social movements. Berkeley: : University of California Press 2001. 203–40. doi:10.1525/9780520352148-010

265
Levine DH. Popular voices in Latin American Catholicism. Princeton, N.J: : Princeton University Press 1992.

266
Steven Levitsky. Organized labor and democracy in Latin America. Comparative Politics 2006;39:21–42.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/20434019

267
Paul G. Buchanan. Preauthoritarian Institutions and Postauthoritarian Outcomes: Labor Politics in Chile and Uruguay. Latin American Politics and Society;50:59–89. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2008.00004.x

268
Escobar A, Alvarez SE. The Making of social movements in Latin America: identity, strategy, and democracy. Boulder, Colo: : Westview Press 1992.

269
Johnston H, Almeida P. Latin American social movements: globalization, democratization, and transnational networks. Lanham, Md: : Rowman & Littlefield 2006.

270
Joseph L. Klesner. Social Capital and Political Participation in Latin America: Evidence from Argentina, Chile, Mexico, and Peru. Latin American Research Review 2007;42:1–32. doi:10.1353/lar.2007.0022

271
Benjamin Goldfrank. The politics of deepening local democracy: Decentralization, party institutionalization, and participation. Comparative Politics 2007;39:147–68.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/20434031

272
Brian Wampler. When does participatory democracy deepen the quality of democracy? Lessons from Brazil. Comparative Politics 2008;41:61–81.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/20434105

273
Hochstetler K. Can civil society organizations solve the crisis of partisan representation in Latin America? Latin American Politics and Society 2008;50:1–32.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/30130855

274
Jelin E, Hershberg E. Construir la democracia, derechos humanos, ciudadanía y sociedad en América Latina. 1. ed. Venezuela: : Editorial Nueva Sociedad 1996.

275
Lynn R. Horton. After democracy: Advances and challenges for women’s movements in Latin America. Latin American Politics and Society 2007;49:165–76.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/4490511

276
Georgina Waylen. Gender and democratic politics: A comparative analysis of consolidation in Argentina and Chile. Journal of Latin American Studies 2000;32:765–93.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/158617

277
Lisa Baldez. Women’s movements and democratic transition in Chile, Brazil, East Germany, and Poland. Comparative Politics 2003;35:253–72.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/4150176

278
Horton L. After Democracy: Advances and Challenges for Women’s Movements in Latin America. Latin American Politics & Society 2007;49:165–76. doi:10.1353/lap.2007.0004

279
Franceschet S, Piscopo JM. Gender Quotas and Women’s Substantive Representation: Lessons from Argentina. Politics & Gender;4:393–425.https://search.proquest.com/docview/194669593?OpenUrlRefId=info:xri/sid:primo&accountid=14511

280
Denise M. Walsh. Does the Quality of Democracy Matter for Women’s Rights? Just Debate and Democratic Transition in Chile and South Africa. Comparative Political Studies 2012;45:1323–50. doi:10.1177/0010414012437165

281
Schwindt-Bayer LA. Political power and women’s representation in Latin America. New York: : Oxford University Press 2010.

282
Jana Morgan, Melissa Buice. Latin American Attitudes toward Women in Politics: The Influence of Elite Cues, Female Advancement, and Individual Characteristics. American Political Science Review;107:644–62. doi:10.1017/S0003055413000385

283
Htun M. Inclusion without Representation in Latin America. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 2016. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139021067

284
Susan, Franceschet, Jennifer M.Piscopo, Gwynn Thomas. Supermadres, Maternal Legacies and Women’s Political Participation in Contemporary Latin America. Journal of Latin American Studies 2016;48:1–32. doi:10.1017/S0022216X15000814

285
Jennifer M. Piscopo. When Informality Advantages Women: Quota Networks, Electoral Rules and Candidate Selection in Mexico. Government and Opposition 2016;51:487–512. doi:10.1017/gov.2016.11

286
Caroline C. Beer, Roderic Ai Camp. Democracy, gender quotas, and political recruitment in Mexico. Politics, Groups, and Identities 2016;4:179–95. doi:10.1080/21565503.2015.1120223

287
Ron Ahnen. Between tyranny of the majority and liberty: The persistence of human rights violations under democracy in Brazil. Bulletin of Latin American Research 2003;22:319–39. doi:10.1111/1470-9856.00080

288
Sieder R. Multiculturalism in Latin America: indigenous rights, diversity, and democracy. Basingstoke: : Palgrave 2002.

289
Deborah J. Yashar. Contesting citizenship: Indigenous movements and democracy in Latin America. Comparative Politics 1998;31:23–42.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/422104

290
Deborah J. Yashar. Democracy, Indigenous Movements, and the Postliberal Challenge in Latin America. World Politics;52:76–104.http://www.jstor.org/stable/25054101

291
Yashar DJ. Contesting citizenship in Latin America: the rise of indigenous movements and the postliberal challenge. New York: : Cambridge University Press 2005. https://search.alexanderstreet.com/view/work/bibliographic_entity%7Cbibliographic_details%7C3883622?account_id=14511&usage_group_id=1418191

292
Donna Lee Van Cott. Institutional Change and Ethnic Parties in South America. Latin American Politics and Society;45:1–39. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2003.tb00239.x

293
Donna Lee Van Cott. From Movements to Parties in Latin America. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 2005. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511756115

294
Donna Lee Van Cott. Radical Democracy in the Andes. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511790560

295
Zamosc L, Postero NG. The struggle for indigenous rights in Latin America. Brighton: : Sussex Academic Press 2004.

296
Leon Zamosc. The Indian movement and political democracy in Ecuador. Latin American Politics and Society 2007;49:1–34.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/30130809

297
Raúl L. Madrid. The Rise of Ethnopopulism in Latin America. World Politics;60:475–508. doi:10.1017/S0043887100009060

298
Raúl Madrid. Ethnic Cleavages and Electoral Volatility in Latin America. Comparative Politics;38:1–20. doi:10.2307/20072910

299
Roberta Rice, Donna Lee Van Cott. The Emergence and Performance of Indigenous Peoples’ Parties in South America: A Subnational Statistical Analysis. Comparative Political Studies 2006;39:709–32. doi:10.1177/0010414005285036

300
Raúl L. Madrid. The rise of ethnic politics in Latin America. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139022590

301
Raúl L. Madrid. Obstacles to ethnic parties in Latin America. In: Steven Levitsky, James Loxton, Brandon Van Dyck, et al., eds. Challenges of Party-Building in Latin America. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 2016. 305–304. doi:10.1017/CBO9781316550564.011

302
Andersen ME. Peoples of the Earth: ethnonationalism, democracy, and the indigenous challenge in ‘Latin’ America. Lanham, MD: : Lexington Books 2010.

303
Robert Albro. The Indigenous in the Plural in Bolivian Oppositional Politics. Bulletin of Latin American Research;24:433–53. doi:10.1111/j.0261-3050.2005.00142.x

304
Willem Assies, Ton Salman. Ethnicity and politics in Bolivia. Ethnopolitics;4:269–97. doi:10.1080/17449050500229842

305
Igidio Naveda Felix. The Reconstitution of Indigenous Peoples in the Peruvian Andes. Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies;3:309–17. doi:10.1080/17442220802462469

306
Rice R. The new politics of protest: indigenous mobilization in Latin America’s neoliberal era. Tucson: : University of Arizona Press 2012.

307
Kevin Pallister. Why No Mayan Party? Indigenous Movements and National Politics in Guatemala. Latin American Politics and Society;55:117–38. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2013.00205.x

308
Guillermo Trejo. Religious Competition and Ethnic Mobilization in Latin America: Why the Catholic Church Promotes Indigenous Movements in Mexico. The American Political Science Review 2009;103:323–42.http://www.jstor.org/stable/27798509?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

309
Trejo G. Popular Movements in Autocracies. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 2012. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139043250

310
Stephanie, Rousseau, Anahi, Morales, Hudon. Paths towards Autonomy in Indigenous Women’s Movements: Mexico, Peru, Bolivia. Journal of Latin American Studies 2016;48:33–60. doi:10.1017/S0022216X15000802

311
Sarah Chartock. "Corporatism With Adjectives”? Conceptualizing Civil Society Incorporation and Indigenous Participation in Latin America. Latin American Politics and Society;55:52–76. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2013.00193.x

312
Keck ME, Sikkink K. Activists beyond borders: advocacy networks in international politics. Ithaca, N.Y.: : Cornell University Press 1998.

313
Encarnación OG. Latin America’s Gay Rights Revolution. Journal of Democracy 2011;22:104–18. doi:10.1353/jod.2011.0029

314
Encarnación OG. Out in the Periphery. Oxford University Press 2016. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199356645.001.0001

315
Marcus J. McGee, Karen Kampwirth. The Co-optation of LGBT Movements in Mexico and Nicaragua: Modernizing Clientelism? Latin American Politics and Society 2015;57:51–73. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2015.00290.x

316
Diez J. The Politics of Gay Marriage in Latin America. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 2015. doi:10.1017/CBO9781316162804

317
Timothy J. Power, Mary A. Clark. Does Trust Matter? Interpersonal Trust and Democratic Values in Chile, Costa Rica, and Mexico. In: Citizen views of democracy in Latin America. [Pittsburgh]: : University of Pittsburgh Press 2001. 51–70.https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5hjp4v.5

318
Turner FC. Reassessing political culture. In: Latin America in comparative perspective: new approaches to methods and analysis. Boulder: : Westview Press 1995. 195–226.

319
Alejandro Moreno. Democracy and Mass Belief Systems in Latin America. In: Citizen views of democracy in Latin America. [Pittsburgh]: : University of Pittsburgh Press 2001. 25–50.https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5hjp4v.4

320
Oxhorn P. Sustaining civil society: economic change, democracy, and the social construction of citizenship in Latin America. University Park, Pa: : Pennsylvania State University Press 2011. http://muse.jhu.edu/books/9780271052236/

321
Jamie Elizabeth Jacobs, Martín Maldonado. Civil society in Argentina: Opportunities and challenges for national and transnational organisation. Journal of Latin American Studies 2005;37:141–72.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/3875912

322
Laurence Whitehead. Three international dimensions of democratization. In: The international dimensions of democratization: Europe and the Americas. Oxford: : Oxford University Press 2001. 3–25. doi:10.1093/0199243751.003.0001

323
Philippe C Schmitter. The influence of the international context upon the choice of national institutions and policies in neo-democracies. In: The international dimensions of democratization: Europe and the Americas. Oxford: : Oxford University Press 2001. 26–54. doi:10.1093/0199243751.003.0002

324
Whitehead L. International aspects of democratization. In: Transitions from authoritarian rule: comparative perspectives. Baltimore, Md: : Johns Hopkins University Press 1986. 3–46.

325
Steven Levitsky. Linkage versus leverage. Rethinking the international dimension of regime change. Comparative Politics 2006;38:379–400.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/20434008

326
H. Yilmaz. External-internal linkages in democratization: Developing an open model of democratic change. Democratization;9:67–84. doi:10.1080/714000257

327
O’Donnell G. The United States, Latin America, democracy: variations on a very old theme. In: The United States and Latin America in the 1980s: contending perspectives on a decade of crisis. Pittsburgh, Pa: : University of Pittsburgh Press 1986. 353–77.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=e1e4ba8f-df04-ec11-b563-0050f2f06092

328
Darren Hawkins. Protecting democracy in Europe and the Americas. International Organization 2008;62:373–403.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/40071898

329
Democratization. 2005;12.http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/fdem20/12/4

330
Jon C. Pevehouse. Democracy from Above. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 2005. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511491078

331
Schoultz L. National security and United States policy toward Latin America. Princeton, N.J.: : Princeton University Press 1987.

332
Huntington SP. The third wave: democratization in the late twentieth century. Norman [Okla.]: : University of Oklahoma Press 1991.

333
Remmer KL. External pressures and domestic constraints: The lessons of the four case studies. In: Beyond sovereignty: collectively defending democracy in the Americas. Baltimore: : Johns Hopkins University Press 1996. 286–96.

334
Farer TJ. Beyond sovereignty: collectively defending democracy in the Americas. Baltimore: : Johns Hopkins University Press 1996.

335
Lowenthal AF. Exporting democracy: the United States and Latin America : case studies. Baltimore: : Johns Hopkins University Press 1991.

336
Lars Schoutlz. Evolving concepts of intervention: Promoting democracy. In: The globalization of U.S.-Latin American relations: democracy, intervention, and human rights. Westport, Conn: : Praeger 2002. 27–45.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=f9e6f47e-cc1e-ed11-bd6e-a04a5e5d2f8d

337
Forsythe DP. The United Nations, democracy, and the Americas. In: Beyond sovereignty: collectively defending democracy in the Americas. Baltimore: : Johns Hopkins University Press 1996. 107–31.

338
Dexter S. Boniface. Is there a democratic norm in the Americas? An analysis of the organization of American states. Global Governance 2002;8:365–81.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/27800350

339
Legler TF, Lean SF, Boniface DS. Promoting democracy in the Americas. Baltimore: : Johns Hopkins University Press 2007.

340
Craig Arceneaux. Issues, threats, and institutions: Explaining OAS responses to democratic dilemmas in Latin America. Latin American Politics and Society 2007;49:1–31.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/4490521

341
Andrew F. Cooper. A tale of two mesas: The OAS defense of democracy in Peru and Venezuela. Global Governance 2005;11:425–44.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/27800584

342
Arturo Valenzuela. Paraguay: The coup that didn’t happen. Journal of Democracy 1997;8:43–55. doi:10.1353/jod.1997.0014

343
Kevin J. Middlebrook. Electoral observation and democratization in Latin America. In: Electoral observation and democratic transitions in Latin America. La Jolla: : Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California 1998. 3–29.

344
Keck ME, Sikkink K. Transnational advocacy networks in international politics: Introduction. In: Activists beyond borders: advocacy networks in international politics. Ithaca, N.Y.: : Cornell University Press 1998. 1–38.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=6aa8fc25-6c36-e711-80c9-005056af4099

345
Sigmund PE. The United States and democracy in Chile. Baltimore: : Johns Hopkins University Press 1993.

346
Carothers TH. In the name of democracy: U.S. policy toward Latin America in the Reagan years. Berkeley: : University of California Press 1991.

347
Carothers T. Aiding democracy abroad: the learning curve. Washington, DC: : Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 1999.

348
Kristian Skrede Gleditsch. Diffusion and the international context of democratization. International Organization 2006;60:911–33.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/3877851

349
Steven E. Finkel. The effects of U.S. foreign assistance on democracy building, 1990-2003. World Politics 2007;59:404–38.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/40060164

350
Carlos Santiso. Promoting democratic governance and preventing the Recurrence of conflict: The role of the United Nations Development Programme in post-conflict peace-building. Journal of Latin American Studies 2002;34:555–86.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/3875461

351
Heine J, Thompson AS. Fixing Haiti: MINUSTAH and beyond. Tokyo: : United Nations University Press 2011.

352
Steven Levitsky, Kenneth M. Roberts. Introduction: Latin America’s "Left Turn”: A Framework for Analysis. In: The resurgence of the Latin American left. Baltimore: : Johns Hopkins University Press 2011. 1–28.http://muse.jhu.edu/books/9781421401614/

353
Steven Levitsky, Kenneth M. Roberts. Conclusion: Democracy, development, and the left. In: The resurgence of the Latin American left. Baltimore: : Johns Hopkins University Press 2011. 399–428.http://muse.jhu.edu/books/9781421401614/

354
Jorge G. Castañeda. Latin America’s left turn. Foreign Affairs 2006;85:28–43.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/20031965

355
Castañeda JG, Morales MA. Leftovers: tales of the Latin American left. New York: : Routledge 2008.

356
Jon Beasley-Murray, Maxwell A Cameron, Eric Hershberg. Latin America’s left turns: an introduction. Third World Quarterly;30:319–30. doi:10.1080/01436590902770322

357
Weyland K. The rise of Latin America’s two lefts: Insights from rentier state theory. Comparative Politics;41:145–64. doi:10.5129/001041509X12911362971918

358
Maria Victoria Murillo, Virginia Oliveros, Milan Vaishnav. Electoral revolution or democratic alternation? Latin American Research Review;45:87–114.http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/latin_american_research_review/v045/45.3.murillo.html

359
David Doyle. The Legitimacy of Political Institutions: Explaining Contemporary Populism in Latin America. Comparative Political Studies;44:1447–73. doi:10.1177/0010414011407469

360
Cameron MA, Hershberg E. Latin America’s left turns: politics, policies, and trajectories of change. Boulder [Colo.]: : Lynne Rienner Publishers 2010.

361
Kurt Weyland, Raúl L. Madrid, Wendy Hunter, editors. Leftist Governments in Latin America: Successes and Shortcomings. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511778742

362
Philip GDE, Panizza F. The triumph of politics: the return of the left in Venezuela, Bolivia and Ecuador. Cambridge: : Polity 2011.

363
Karen L. Remmer. The Rise of Leftist- Populist Governance in Latin America: The Roots of Electoral Change. Comparative Political Studies;45:947–72. doi:10.1177/0010414011428595

364
Huber E, Stephens JD. Democracy and the left: social policy and inequality in Latin America. Chicago: : The University of Chicago Press 2012.

365
Gustavo Flores-Macias. After neoliberalism: the left and economic reforms in Latin America. Oxford: : Oxford University Press 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199891658.001.0001

366
Ellner S. Latin America’s Radical Left in Power: Complexities and Challenges in the Twenty-first Century. Latin American Perspectives;40:5–25. doi:10.1177/0094582X13478398

367
Samuel Handlin. Social Protection and the Politicization of Class Cleavages During Latin America’s Left Turn. Comparative Political Studies;46:1582–609. doi:10.1177/0010414012463907

368
Saskia P. Ruth-Lovell. Clientelism and the Utility of the Left-Right Dimension in Latin America. Latin American Politics and Society 2016;58:72–97. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2016.00300.x

369
Kathleen Bruhn. Defining the Left in Latin America. Latin American Research Review 2015;50:242–9. doi:10.1353/lar.2015.0008

370
Keck ME. The Workers’ Party and democratization in Brazil. New Haven: : Yale University Press 1992.

371
Sader E, Silverstein K. Without fear of being happy: Lula, the Workers Party and Brazil. London: : Verso 1991.

372
Moreira Alves MH. Something old, something new: Brazil’s partido dos trabalhadores. In: The Latin American left: from the fall of Allende to Perestroika. Boulder: : Westview Press 1993. 225–42.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=74d95db9-6e36-e711-80c9-005056af4099

373
Wendy Hunter. The normalization of an anomaly: The Workers’ Party in Brazil. World Politics 2007;59:440–75.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/40060165

374
Macaulay F. The purple in the rainbow: Gender politics in the PT. In: Radicals in power: the Workers’ Party (PT) and experiments in urban democracy. London: : Zed Books 2003. 176–201.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=2264202b-8336-e711-80c9-005056af4099

375
Baiocchi G. The long march through institutions: Lessons from the PT in power. In: Radicals in power: the Workers’ Party (PT) and experiments in urban democracy. London: : Zed Books 2003. 206–26.

376
Günther Schönleitner. Between liberal and participatory democracy: Tensions and dilemmas of leftist politics in Brazil. Journal of Latin American Studies 2006;38:35–63.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/3875647

377
Kees Koonings. Strengthening citizenship in Brazil’s democracy: Local participatory governance in Porto Alegre. Bulletin of Latin American Research;23:79–99. doi:10.1111/j.1470-9856.2004.00097.x

378
Kingstone PR, Power TJ. Democratic Brazil: actors, institutions, and processes. Pittsburgh, Pa: : University of Pittsburgh Press 2000.

379
Kinzo MDG, Dunkerley J, University of London. Brazil since 1985: politics, economy and society. London: : Institute of Latin American Studies 2003.

380
Cesar Zucco. The president’s ‘new’ constituency: Lula and the pragmatic vote in Brazil’s 2006 presidential elections. Journal of Latin American Studies;40:29–49. doi:10.1017/S0022216X07003628

381
Wendy Hunter, Timothy J. Power. Rewarding Lula: Executive power, social policy, and the Brazilian elections of 2006. Latin American Politics and Society 2007;49:1–30.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/4490505

382
Love JL, Baer W. Brazil under Lula: economy, politics, and society under the worker-president. New York: : Palgrave Macmillan 2009.

383
French JD. The professor and the worker: Using Brazil to better understand Latin America’s plural left. In: Rethinking intellectuals in Latin America. Madrid: : Iberoamericana 2010.

384
Anthony Hall. From Fome Zero to Bolsa Família: Social policies and poverty alleviation under Lula. Journal of Latin American Studies;38:689–709. doi:10.1017/S0022216X0600157X

385
Ronald E. Ahnen. The politics of police violence in democratic Brazil. Latin American Politics and Society 2007;49:141–64.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/4490510

386
Hunter W. Brazil: The PT in Power. In: The resurgence of the Latin American left. Baltimore: : Johns Hopkins University Press 2011. 306–24.http://muse.jhu.edu/books/9781421401614/

387
Amaury de Souza. The Politics of Personality in Brazil. Journal of Democracy 2011;22:75–88. doi:10.1353/jod.2011.0024

388
Do Amaral, Oswaldo Epower, Timothy, J. The PT at 35: Revisiting Scholarly Interpretations of the Brazilian Workers’ Party. Journal of Latin American Studies;48:147–71.https://search.proquest.com/docview/1756475771?OpenUrlRefId=info:xri/sid:primo&accountid=14511

389
Samuels D, Zucco, Jr. C. Party-Building in Brazil: The Rise of the PT in Perspective. In: Levitsky S, Loxton J, Van Dyck B, et al., eds. Challenges of Party-Building in Latin America. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 2016. 305–30. doi:10.1017/CBO9781316550564

390
Steve Ellner. The radical potential of Chavismo in Venezuela: The first year and a half in power. Latin American Perspectives 2001;28:5–32.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/3185012

391
Daniel H. Levine. The decline and fall of democracy in Venezuela: Ten theses. Bulletin of Latin American Research 2002;21:248–69.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/3339455

392
Margarita López-Maya. Venezuela after the Caracazo: Forms of protest in a deinstitutionalized context. Bulletin of Latin American Research 2002;21:199–218.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/3339453

393
Roberts K. Social polarization and the populist resurgence in Venezuela. In: Venezuelan politics in the Chávez era: class, polarization, and conflict. Boulder, Colo: : Lynne Rienner 2003. 55–72.

394
Norden DL. Democracy in uniform: Chávez and the Venezuelan armed forces. In: Venezuelan politics in the Chávez era: class, polarization, and conflict. Boulder, Colo: : Lynne Rienner 2003. 93–112.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=64404b17-7f36-e711-80c9-005056af4099

395
Sujatha Fernandes. Barrio women and popular politics in Chávez’s Venezuela. Latin American Politics and Society 2007;49:97–127.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/30130812

396
Michael Coppedge. Venezuela: Popular Sovereignty Versus Liberal Democracy. In: Domínguez JI, Shifter M, eds. Constructing democratic governance in Latin America. Baltimore: : The John Hopkins University Press 2013. 165–92.

397
Ellner SB, Rosen F. Chavismo at the crossroads: Hardliners, moderates and a regime under attack. NACLA report on the Americas 2002;35:8–12.http://search.proquest.com/docview/748678327?accountid=14511

398
Gott R. In the shadow of the liberator: Hugo Chávez and the transformation of Venezuela. London: : Verso 2000.

399
Brian F. Crisp. Democratizing the democracy? Crisis and reform in Venezuela. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 1998;40:27–61.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/166373

400
Damarys Canache. From bullets to ballots: The emergence of popular support for Hugo Chávez. Latin American Politics and Society 2002;44:69–90.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/3177111

401
Anibal Romero. Rearranging the deck chairs on the Titanic: The agony of democracy in Venezuela. Latin American Research Review 1997;32:7–36.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/2504044

402
Jennifer McCoy. Chavez and the end of ‘partyarchy’ in Venezuela. Journal of Democracy 1999;10:64–77. doi:10.1353/jod.1999.0049

403
Jana Morgan. Partisanship during the collapse of Venezuela’s party system. Latin American Research Review 2007;42:78–98.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/4499354

404
José E. Molina V. The presidential and parliamentary elections of the Bolivarian revolution in Venezuela: Change and continuity (1998-2000). Bulletin of Latin American Research 2002;21:219–47.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/3339454

405
McCoy J. Venezuelan democracy under stress. Coral Gables, Fla: : North-South Center Press, University of Miami 1995.

406
José Pedro Zúquete. The missionary politics of Hugo Chávez. Latin American Politics and Society 2008;50:91–121.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/30130840

407
Noam Lupu. Who votes for ‘chavismo’?: Class voting in Hugo Chávez’s Venezuela. Latin American Research Review 2010;45:7–32. doi:10.1353/lar.0.0083

408
Kirk A. Hawkins. Who Mobilizes? Participatory Democracy in Chávez’s Bolivarian Revolution. Latin American Politics and Society;52:31–66. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2010.00089.x

409
Damarys Canache. The Meanings of Democracy in Venezuela: Citizen Perceptions and Structural Change. Latin American Politics and Society;54:95–122. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2012.00166.x

410
Pedro Sanoja. Ideology, institutions and ideas: Explaining political change in Venezuela. Bulletin of Latin American Research;28:394–410. doi:10.1111/j.1470-9856.2009.00309.x

411
Oliver Heath. Explaining the rise of class politics in Venezuela. Bulletin of Latin American Research;28:185–203. doi:10.1111/j.1470-9856.2008.00271.x

412
Ponniah T, Eastwood J, editors. The revolution in Venezuela: Social and Political Change Under Chavez. Cambridge, MA: : Harvard University David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies 2011.

413
Gregory Wilpert. Collision in Venezuela. New left reviewhttp://newleftreview.org/II/21/gregory-wilpert-collision-in-venezuela

414
Daniel H. Levine. Goodbye to Venezuelan exceptionalism. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 1994;36:145–82.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/166321

415
Kulisheck MR, Canache D. Reinventing legitimacy: democracy and political change in Venezuela. Westport, Conn: : Greenwood Press 1998.

416
Deborah L. Norden. Democracy and military control in Venezuela: From subordination to insurrection. Latin American Research Review 1998;33:143–65.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/2504065

417
Barry Cannon. Venezuela, April 2002: Coup or popular rebellion? The myth of a united Venezuela. Bulletin of Latin American Research;23:285–302. doi:10.1111/j.0261-3050.2004.00109.x

418
Buxton J. The failure of political reform in Venezuela. Aldershot: : Ashgate 2001.

419
Steve Ellner. The contrasting variants of the populism of Hugo Chávez and Alberto Fujimori. Journal of Latin American Studies 2003;35:139–62.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/3875581

420
Michael Penfold-Becerra. Clientelism and Social Funds: Evidence from Chávez’s Misiones. Latin American Politics and Society;49:63–84. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2007.tb00392.x

421
José Pedro Zúquete. The missionary politics of Hugo Chávez. Latin American Politics and Society 2008;50:91–121.http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/30130840

422
Cannon B. Hugo Chávez and the Bolivarian Revolution: populism and democracy in a globalised age. Manchester: : Manchester University Press 2009. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/j.ctt155jdtm

423
Fernandes S. Who Can Stop the Drums? Urban Social Movements in Chávez’s Venezuela. Duke University Press 2010. doi:10.1215/9780822391708

424
Beasley-Murray J. Constituent power and the Caracazo: The exemplary case of Venezuela. In: Latin America’s left turns: politics, policies, and trajectories of change. Boulder [Colo.]: : Lynne Rienner Publishers 2010. 127–44.

425
McCoy J. Venezuela under Chávez: Beyond liberalism. In: Latin America’s left turns: politics, policies, and trajectories of change. Boulder [Colo.]: : Lynne Rienner Publishers 2010. 81–100.

426
French JD. Many lefts, One path? Chávez and Lula. In: Latin America’s left turns: politics, policies, and trajectories of change. Boulder [Colo.]: : Lynne Rienner Publishers 2010. 41–60.

427
Margarita López-Maya. Venezuela: Hugo Chávez and the Populist Left. In: The resurgence of the Latin American left. Baltimore: : Johns Hopkins University Press 2011. 213–38.http://muse.jhu.edu/books/9781421401614/

428
Jennifer L. Merolla, Elisabeth J. Zechmeister. The Nature, Determinants, and Consequences of Chavez’s Charisma: Evidence From a Study of Venezuelan Public Opinion. Comparative Political Studies;44:28–54. doi:10.1177/0010414010381076

429
Brading R. Populism in Venezuela. New York: : Routledge 2013.

430
Yannis Stavrakakis, Alexandros Kioupkiolis, Giorgos Katsambekis, et al. Contemporary Left-wing Populism in Latin America: Leadership, Horizontalism, and Postdemocracy in Chávez’s Venezuela. Latin American Politics and Society 2016;58:51–76. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2016.00318.x

431
Daniel Hellinger, David Smilde. Venezuela’s Bolivarian democracy: participation, politics, and culture under Chávez. Durham, NC: : Duke University Press 2011. http://muse.jhu.edu/books/9780822394310/

432
Paul W. Posner. Laboring Under Chávez: Populism for the Twenty-first Century. Latin American Politics and Society 2016;58:26–50. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2016.00317.x

433
Kent Eaton. Recentralization and the Left Turn in Latin America: Diverging Outcomes in Bolivia, Ecuador, and Venezuela. Comparative Political Studies;47:1130–57. doi:10.1177/0010414013488562

434
Matthew Rhodes-Purdy. Participatory Populism: Theory and Evidence from Bolivarian Venezuela. Political Research Quarterly 2015;68:415–27. doi:10.1177/1065912915592183

435
Kevin J. Middlebrook. Introduction: Conservative Parties, Elite Representation, and Democracy in Latin America. In: Conservative Parties, the Right, and Democracy in Latin America. Baltimore: : Johns Hopkins University Press 2000. 1–50.https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=nlebk&AN=75734&site=ehost-live&scope=site&custid=s8454451&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_1

436
Loxton J. The Authoritarian Roots of New Right Party Success in Latin America. In: Luna JP, Rovira Kaltwasser C, eds. The resilience of the Latin American right. Baltimore: : Johns Hopkins University Press 2014. 117–40.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=6f0a1931-a47d-e711-80cb-005056af4099

437
Roberts KM. Democracy, Free Markets, and the Rightist Dilemma in Latin America. In: Luna JP, Rovira Kaltwasser C, eds. The resilience of the Latin American right. Baltimore: : Johns Hopkins University Press 2014. 25–47.

438
Eaton K. New Strategies of the Latin American Right: Beyond Parties and Elections. In: Luna JP, Rovira Kaltwasser C, eds. The resilience of the Latin American right. Baltimore: : Johns Hopkins University Press 2014. 75–93.

439
Domínguez F, Lievesley G, Ludlam S. Right-wing politics in the new Latin America: reaction and revolt. London: : Zed 2011.

440
James Loxton. Authoritarian Successor Parties and the New Right in Latin America. In: Steven Levitsky, James Loxton, Brandon Van Dyke, et al., eds. Challenges of Party-Building in Latin America. Cambridge University Press 2016. 245–72. doi:10.1017/CBO9781316550564

441
Manuel Antonio Garretón. Atavism and Democratic Ambiguity in the Chilean Right. In: Conservative parties, the right, and democracy in Latin America. Baltimore: : Johns Hopkins University Press 2000. 53–79.https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=nlebk&AN=75734&site=ehost-live&scope=site&custid=s8454451&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_53

442
Siavelis PM. Chile: The Right’s Evolution from Democracy to Authoritarianism and Back Again. In: Luna JP, Rovira Kaltwasser C, eds. The resilience of the Latin American right. Baltimore: : Johns Hopkins University Press 2014. 242–67.

443
Correa S. The Chilean Right after Pinochet. In: The legacy of dictatorship: political, economic and social change in Pinochet’s Chile. Liverpool, UK: : Institute of Latin American Studies, University of Liverpool 1993. 164–74.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=658f1591-0a1e-ed11-bd6e-a04a5e5d2f8d

444
Pollack M. The new Right in Chile, 1973-97. Basingstoke: : Macmillan 1999.

445
Arturo Fontaine Talavera. Chile’s Elections: The New Face of the New Right. Journal of Democracy;11:70–7.http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_democracy/v011/11.2fontaine_talavera.html

446
Tomás Moulián, Isabel Torres. La problemática de la derecha política en Chile, 1964-1983. In: Marcelo Cavarozzi, Manuel Antonio Garretón, eds. Muerte y resurreccion : los partidos politicos en el autoritarismo y las transiciones del Cono Sur. Santiago, Chile: : FLACSO 1989.

447
Scully TR. Reconstituting party politics in Chile. In: Building democratic institutions: party systems in Latin America. Stanford, Calif: : Stanford University Press 1995. 100–37.

448
Margaret Power. Defending dictatorship: Conservative women in Pinochet’s Chile and the 1988 plebiscite. In: Radical women in Latin America: left and right. University Park: : Pennsylvania State University Press 2001. 299–324.https://muse.jhu.edu/books/9780271052724/

449
Angell AE. The Pinochet factor in Chilean politics. In: Democracy after Pinochet: politics, parties and elections in Chile. London: : Institute for the Study of the Americas 2007. 139–62.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=f3c9429d-8f36-e711-80c9-005056af4099

450
Patricio Silva. Doing politics in a depoliticised society: Social change and political deactivation in Chile. Bulletin of Latin American Research;23:63–78. doi:10.1111/j.1470-9856.2004.00096.x

451
Juan Pablo Luna. Segmented party–voter linkages in Latin America: The case of the UDI. Journal of Latin American Studies;42:325–56. doi:10.1017/S0022216X10000465

452
Mauricio Morales Quiroga. The Concertación’s Defeat in Chile’s 2009-2010 Presidential Elections. Latin American Politics and Society;54:79–107. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2012.00154.x

453
Kevin J. Middlebrook. Party politics and democratization in Mexico: The Partido Acción Nacional in comparative perspective. In: Party politics and the struggle for democracy in Mexico: national and state-level analyses of the Partido Acción Nacional. San Diego: : Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California 2001. 3–44.

454
Mizrahi Y. The costs of electoral success: The Partido Acción Nacional in Mexico. In: Governing Mexico: political parties and elections. London: : Institute of Latin American Studies 1998. 95–113.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=0a9911b3-1a1e-ed11-bd6e-a04a5e5d2f8d

455
Loaeza S. The National Action Party (PAN): From the fringes of the political system to the heart of change. In: Christian democracy in Latin America: electoral competition and regime conflicts. Stanford, Calif: : Stanford University Press 2003. 196–246.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=71c52bb4-6d36-e711-80c9-005056af4099

456
Lujambio A. Democratization through Federalism? The National Action Party Strategy, 1939-2000. In: Party politics and the struggle for democracy in Mexico: national and state-level analyses of the Partido Acción Nacional. San Diego: : Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California 2001.

457
David A. Shirk. Mexico’s democratization and the organizational development of the National Action Party. In: Party politics and the struggle for democracy in Mexico: national and state-level analyses of the Partido Acción Nacional. San Diego: : Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California 2001. 95–128.

458
Soledad Loaeza. El Partido Acción Nacional: la larga marcha, 1939-1994 : oposición leal y partido de protesta. México: : Fondo de Cultura Económica 1999.

459
Magaloni B, Moreno A. Catching all souls: The Partido Acción Nacional and the politics of religion in Mexico. In: Christian democracy in Latin America: electoral competition and regime conflicts. Stanford, Calif: : Stanford University Press 2003. 247–72.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=526f50e8-cd1e-ed11-bd6e-a04a5e5d2f8d

460
Camp RA. The PAN’s social bases: Implications for leadership. In: Opposition government in Mexico. Albuquerque: : University of New Mexico Press 1995. 65–80.

461
Ai Camp R. Democracy Redux? Mexico’s Voters and the 2006 Presidential Race. In: Consolidating Mexico’s democracy: the 2006 presidential campaign in comparative perspective. Baltimore, Md: : John Hopkins University Press 2009. 29-49-306–11.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=6eafabad-6c36-e711-80c9-005056af4099

462
Flores-Macías G. Mexico’s 2012 Elections: The Return of the PRI. Journal of Democracy 2013;24:128–41. doi:10.1353/jod.2013.0006

463
Wuhs ST. Mexico: The Partido Acción Nacional as a Right Party. In: Luna JP, Rovira Kaltwasser C, eds. The resilience of the Latin American right. Baltimore: : Johns Hopkins University Press 2014. 219–41.

464
James A. McCann. Time to Turn Back the Clock? Retrospective Judgments of the Single-Party Era and Support for the Institutional Revolutionary Party in 2012. In: Domínguez JI, Greene KF, Lawson CH, et al., eds. Mexico’s evolving democracy: a comparative study of the 2012 elections. Baltimore: : John Hopkins University Press 2015. http://muse.jhu.edu/books/9781421415550

465
Romero V, Magaloni B, Díaz-Cayeros A. Presidential Approval and Public Security in Mexico’s War on Crime. Latin American Politics and Society 2016;58:100–23. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2016.00312.x

466
Flores-Macías GA. Mexico’s Stalled Reforms. Journal of Democracy 2016;27:66–78. doi:10.1353/jod.2016.0022

Bibliography for AMER0007: Democratization in Latin America BETA