1.
Wagenaar H. ‘Is democracy in crisis? No, there’s just a new type of emerging democracy’, openDemocracy blog. Published 20AD. https://www.opendemocracy.net/ourkingdom/hendrik-wagenaar/is-democracy-in-crisis-no-there%E2%80%99s-just-new-type-of-emerging-democracy
2.
Wolfgang Merkel. Is There a Crisis of Democracy? Democratic Theory. 1(2):11-25. https://search.proquest.com/docview/1768227995/FFE9551CF97D473CPQ/2?accountid=14511
3.
Benjamin R. Barber. Can Democracy Survive Globalization? Government and Opposition. 35(3):275-301. doi:10.1111/1477-7053.00029
4.
Roos J. ‘Beyond the Vote, The Crisis of Representative Democracy’, ROAR Magazine. Published 14AD. https://roarmag.org/essays/beyond-the-vote-the-crisis-of-representative-democracy/
5.
Williams BA. ‘Is Democracy Threatened by the Unchecked Nature of Information on the Internet?’, Miller Center of Public Affairs paper. Published online 2010. http://web1.millercenter.org/debates/whitepaper/deb_2010_0518_internet.pdf
6.
Crozier MJ, Huntington SP, Watanuki J. ‘The Crisis of Democracy: Report on the Governability of Democracies to the Trilateral Commission’. Published online 1975. http://trilateral.org/download/doc/crisis_of_democracy.pdf
7.
Lijphart A. ‘Unequal Participation: Democracy’s Unresolved Dilemma’. American Political Science Review. 91(1):1-14. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/unequal-participation-democracys-unresolved-dilemma-presidential-address-american-political-science-association-1996/FB743AB4AEBB70C9363A9F8B898A17BC
8.
Norris P. Conclusions: The Reinvention of Political Activism? In: Democratic Phoenix: Reinventing Political Activism. Cambridge University Press; 2002:215-224. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511610073.015
9.
Blais A, Rubenson D. ‘The Source of Turnout Decline: New Values or New Contexts?’ Comparative Political Studies. 46(1):95-117. doi:10.1177/0010414012453032
10.
Gray M, Caul M. ‘Declining Voter Turnout in Advanced Industrial Democracies, 1950 to 1997’: The Effects of Declining Group Mobilization. Comparative Political Studies. 33(9):1091-1122. doi:10.1177/0010414000033009001
11.
Lutz G, Marsh M. ‘Introduction: Consequences of low turnout’. Electoral Studies. 26(3):539-547. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2006.10.001
12.
Mueller DC, Stratmann T. ‘The economic effects of democratic participation’. Journal of Public Economics. 87(9-10):2129-2155. doi:10.1016/S0047-2727(02)00046-4
13.
van Biezen I, Mair P, Poguntke T. ‘Going, going, ... gone? The decline of party membership in contemporary Europe’. European Journal of Political Research. 51(1):24-56. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6765.2011.01995.x
14.
Whiteley PF. ‘Is the party over? The decline of party activism and membership across the democratic world’. Party Politics. 17(1):21-44. doi:10.1177/1354068810365505
15.
Scarrow SE. Political Activism and Party Members. In: The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior. Oxford University Press; 2007. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199270125.003.0034
16.
van Biezen I. ‘Political Parties as Public Utilities’. Party Politics. 10(6):701-722. doi:10.1177/1354068804046914
17.
Knut Heidar. Party Membership and Participation. In: Handbook of Party Politics. Sage; 2006:301-315. http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=UCL&isbn=9781446206812
18.
Dalton RJ. ‘Citizenship Norms and the Expansion of Political Participation’. Political Studies. 56(1):76-98. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.2007.00718.x
19.
Hibbing JR, Theiss-Morse E. Stealth Democracy: Americans’ Beliefs About How Government Should Work. Vol Cambridge Studies in Public Opinion and Political Psychology. Cambridge University Press; 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511613722
20.
Norris P. Democratic Hopes and Fears. In: Democratic Deficit: Critical Citizens Revisited. Cambridge University Press; 2011:3-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511973383
21.
White M. Clicktivism is ruining leftist activism. Published 2010. https://www.micahmwhite.com/clicktivism-seminal-essay/
22.
Franklin MI. Slacktivism, clicktivism, and ‘real’ social change - OUPblog. Published 19AD. http://blog.oup.com/2014/11/slacktivism-clicktivism-real-social-change/
23.
Halupka M. Clicktivism: A Systematic Heuristic. Policy & Internet. 6(2):115-132. doi:10.1002/1944-2866.POI355
24.
Loader BD, Vromen A, Xenos MA. The networked young citizen: social media, political participation and civic engagement. Information, Communication & Society. 17(2):143-150. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2013.871571
25.
Gibson R, Cantijoch M. ‘Conceptualizing and Measuring Participation in the Age of the Internet: Is Online Political Engagement Really Different to Offline?’ The Journal of Politics. 75(3):701-716. doi:10.1017/S0022381613000431
26.
Karpf D. ‘Online Political Mobilization from the Advocacy Group’s Perspective: Looking Beyond Clicktivism’. Policy & Internet. 2(4):7-41. doi:10.2202/1944-2866.1098
27.
Schwindt-Bayer LA, Mishler W. ‘An Integrated Model of Women’s Representation’. The Journal of Politics. 67(2):407-428. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2508.2005.00323.x
28.
Ronald F. Inglehart, Pippa Norris. ‘Trump, Brexit, and the Rise of Populism: Economic Have-Nots and Cultural Backlash’, Harvard Kennedy School Faculty Research Working Paper Series. https://research.hks.harvard.edu/publications/getFile.aspx?Id=1401
29.
Sarah Childs, Joni Lovenduski. Political Representation. In: The Oxford Handbook of Gender and Politics. Oxford University Press; 2013:489-515. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199751457.013.0019
30.
Paxton P, Kunovich S. ‘Women’s Political Representation: The Importance of Ideology’. Social Forces. 82(1):87-113. doi:10.1353/sof.2003.0105
31.
Banducci SA, Donovan T, Karp JA. ‘Minority Representation, Empowerment, and Participation’. The Journal of Politics. 66(2):534-556. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2508.2004.00163.x
32.
Gay C. The Effect of Black Congressional Representation on Political Participation. American Political Science Review. 95(3):589-602. doi:10.1017/S0003055401003021
33.
Carnes N. ‘Does the Numerical Underrepresentation of the Working Class in Congress Matter?’ Legislative Studies Quarterly. 37(1):5-34. doi:10.1111/j.1939-9162.2011.00033.x
34.
Heath O. ‘Has the rise of middle class politicians led to the decline of class voting in Britain?’ - British Politics and Policy at LSE blog. Published 12AD. http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/the-rise-of-middle-class-politicians-and-the-decline-of-class-voting-in-britain/
35.
McElwee S. ‘The death of working-class politics: How the wealthy conquered Congress and abandoned blue-collar America’ - Salon.com. Published 22AD. http://www.salon.com/2014/11/22/the_death_of_working_class_politics_how_the_wealthy_conquered_congress_and_abandoned_blue_collar_america/
36.
Norris P. ‘It’s not just Trump: Authoritarian populism is rising across the West: Here’s why’ - The Washington Post. Published 11AD. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/03/11/its-not-just-trump-authoritarian-populism-is-rising-across-the-west-heres-why/
37.
Jilani Z. ‘The Great White Hype: No One Is Energizing the White Working Class, Not Even Donald Trump’ - The Intercept. Published 10AD. https://theintercept.com/2016/08/10/the-great-white-hype-no-one-is-energizing-the-white-working-class-not-even-donald-trump/
38.
Holland J. ‘Everyone Gets It Wrong About Donald Trump and White Voters’ - Rolling Stone. Published 1AD. http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/features/everyone-gets-it-wrong-about-donald-trump-and-white-voters-w437410
39.
Vance JD. ‘How Donald Trump seduced America’s white working class’ - The Guardian. Published 11AD. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/sep/10/jd-vance-hillbilly-elegy-donald-trump-us-white-poor-working-class
40.
Ford R. ‘Older “left-behind” voters turned against a political class with values opposed to theirs’ - The Guardian. Published 25AD. http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jun/25/left-behind-eu-referendum-vote-ukip-revolt-brexit
41.
O’Neill B. ‘Brexit voters are not thick, not racist: just poor’ - The Spectator. Published 2AD. http://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/07/brexit-voters-are-not-thick-not-racist-just-poor/
42.
Mitchell DS. ‘Angry remain voter? Now you know how working-class people feel’ - The Guardian. Published 7AD. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jul/07/angry-remain-voter-working-class-division-britain
43.
Clarke HD, Goodwin M, Whiteley P. ‘Why Britain Voted for Brexit: An Individual-Level Analysis of hte 2016 Referendum Vote’ - paper presented at the EPOP Conference. https://blogs.kent.ac.uk/epop/files/2016/07/Clarke-Goodwin-and-Whiteley.pdf
44.
Brandenburg H, Johns R. ‘The Declining Representativeness of the British Party System, and Why It Matters’. Political Studies. 62(4):704-725. doi:10.1111/1467-9248.12050
45.
Thomassen J. ‘The Blind Corner of Political Representation’. Representation. 48(1):13-27. doi:10.1080/00344893.2012.653229
46.
Powell GB. ‘The Ideological Congruence Controversy: The Impact of Alternative Measures, Data, and Time Periods on the Effects of Election Rules’. Comparative Political Studies. 42(12):1475-1497. doi:10.1177/0010414009332147
47.
Golder M, Lloyd G. ‘Re-evaluating the relationship between electoral rules and ideological congruence’. European Journal of Political Research. 53(1):200-212. doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12031
48.
Blais A, Bodet MA. ‘Does Proportional Representation Foster Closer Congruence Between Citizens and Policy Makers?’ Comparative Political Studies. 39(10):1243-1262. doi:10.1177/0010414005284374
49.
Thompson M. ‘From Trump to Brexit rhetoric: how today’s politicians have got away with words’ - The Guardian. Published 27AD. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/aug/27/from-trump-to-brexit-rhetoric-how-todays-politicians-have-got-away-with-words
50.
Joseph N. Cappella and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. ‘News Frames, Political Cynicism, and Media Cynicism’. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 546:71-84. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1048171?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
51.
Van Aelst P, Walgrave S. ‘Minimal or Massive? The Political Agenda-Setting Power of the Mass Media According to Different Methods’. The International Journal of Press/Politics. 16(3):295-313. doi:10.1177/1940161211406727
52.
Green J. ‘Former BBC head Mark Thompson on Trump, Orwell and what’s gone wrong with political language’, Daily Telegraph. Published 26AD. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/what-to-read/former-bbc-head-mark-thompson-on-trump-orwell-and-whats-gone-wro/
53.
Bland A. ‘How did the language of politics get so toxic?’, The Guardian. Published 31AD. http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jul/31/how-did-the-language-of-politics-get-so-toxic
54.
Hutton W. ‘The way we use language in politics matters’ - The Guardian. Published 24AD. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/apr/24/boris-johnson-eu-referendum-barack-obama-slur
55.
Johnson D, Thorsen E, Wring D, eds. EU Referendum Analysis 2016: Media, Voters and the Campaign. CSJCC (Bournmouth University), CRCC (Loughborough University), and Political Studies Association http://www.referendumanalysis.eu/
56.
Beckett C. ‘Don’t blame “the media” for the state of the referendum campaign’ - LSE blog. Published 23AD. http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/brexit/2016/06/23/dont-blame-the-media-for-the-state-of-the-referendum-campaign/
57.
Schuck ART, Boomgaarden HG, de Vreese CH. ‘Cynics All Around? The Impact of Election News on Political Cynicism in Comparative Perspective’. Journal of Communication. 63(2):287-311. doi:10.1111/jcom.12023
58.
de Vreese CH, Elenbaas M. ‘Media in the Game of Politics: Effects of Strategic Metacoverage on Political Cynicism’. The International Journal of Press/Politics. 13(3):285-309. doi:10.1177/1940161208319650
59.
Strömbäck J, Dimitrova DV. ‘Political and Media Systems Matter: A Comparison of Election News Coverage in Sweden and the United States’. The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics. 11(4):131-147. doi:10.1177/1081180X06293549
60.
Norris P. Negative News. In: Democratic Deficit: Critical Citizens Revisited. Cambridge University Press; 2011:169-187. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511973383.010
61.
Shehata A. ‘Game Frames, Issue Frames, and Mobilization: Disentangling the Effects of Frame Exposure and Motivated News Attention on Political Cynicism and Engagement’. International Journal of Public Opinion Research. 26(2):157-177. doi:10.1093/ijpor/edt034
62.
Curran J, Iyengar S, Brink Lund A, Salovaara-Moring I. ‘Media System, Public Knowledge and Democracy: A Comparative Study’. European Journal of Communication. 24(1):5-26. doi:10.1177/0267323108098943
63.
Green-Pedersen C, Stubager R. ‘The Political Conditionality of Mass Media Influence: When Do Parties Follow Mass Media Attention?’ British Journal of Political Science. 40(3):663-677. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-political-science/article/the-political-conditionality-of-mass-media-influence-when-do-parties-follow-mass-media-attention/B4B6AF9C6202627C402A6847D50562C4
64.
Walgrave S, Soroka S, Nuytemans M. ‘The Mass Media’s Political Agenda-Setting Power: A Longitudinal Analysis of Media, Parliament, and Government in Belgium (1993 to 2000)’. Comparative Political Studies. 41(6):814-836. doi:10.1177/0010414006299098
65.
McKnight D. ‘Rupert Murdoch’s News Corporation: A Media Institution with A Mission’. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television. 30(3):303-316. doi:10.1080/01439685.2010.505021
66.
Caul Kittilson M, Fridkin K. ‘Gender, Candidate Portrayals and Election Campaigns: A Comparative Perspective’. Politics & Gender. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/politics-and-gender/article/gender-candidate-portrayals-and-election-campaigns-a-comparative-perspective/8A5043A6EFB2D46A138874AB77793C22
67.
Hayes D, Lawless JL. ‘There’s much less gender bias in politics than you think. Here’s why’ - The Washington Post (The Monkey Cage). Published 24AD. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/05/24/how-much-does-gender-bias-affect-u-s-elections/
68.
Harmer E. ‘Men Writing about Men: Media and the UK General Election 2015’, Loughborough University Communication Research Centre. Published 22AD. http://blog.lboro.ac.uk/crcc/general-election/men-writing-about-men-media-and-the-uk-general-election-2015/
69.
Randers J. ‘The tyranny of the short-term: why democracy struggles with issues like climate change’ - Democratic Audit UK. Published 9AD. http://www.democraticaudit.com/2015/02/09/the-tyranny-of-the-short-term-why-democracy-struggles-with-issues-like-climate-change/
70.
Graham Smith. ‘(Not) Dealing with Climate Change: Democracy, Institutional Design, and the Long-Term’ - paper prepared for the Political Studies Association Annual Conference, 2014. Published online 2014:1-26. https://www.psa.ac.uk/sites/default/files/conference/papers/2015/Democracy%20and%20the%20long-term%20PSA%202015%20version.pdf
71.
Charles A. Kupchan. ‘The Democratic Malaise: Globalization and the Threat to the West’. Foreign Affairs. 91(1):62-67. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23217148?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
72.
Gerry Stoker. ‘The Myth of Democratic Myopia’ - paper presented at the ECPR General Conference, Glasgow, September 2014. :1-21. http://ecpr.eu/Filestore/PaperProposal/f4c9334a-06a1-46a1-9fc4-94129e4e78eb.pdf
73.
Andrew Healy and Neil Malhotra. ‘Myopic Voters and Natural Disaster Policy’. The American Political Science Review. 103(3):387-406. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27798512?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
74.
William D. Nordhaus. ‘The Political Business Cycle’. The Review of Economic Studies. 1975;42(2):169-190. http://www.jstor.org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/stable/2296528?sid=primo&origin=crossref&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
75.
Drazen A. ‘The Political Business Cycle After 25 Years’. NBER Macroeconomics Annual. 15. http://www.nber.org/chapters/c11055.pdf
76.
Franzese RJ. ‘Electoral and Partisan Cycles and Economic Policies and Outcomes’. Annual Review of Political Science. 2002;5:369-421. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.5.112801.080924
77.
Matthew Flinders. ‘The Blunders of Our Governments, by Anthony King and Ivor Crewe - book review’. Governance. 27(2):357-361. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=bsu&AN=94891299&site=ehost-live&scope=site
78.
Pete Dorey. The Blunders of Our Governments. West European Politics. 38(1):252-254. doi:10.1080/01402382.2014.962827
79.
Harmer C. ‘Book Review: Called to Account: How Corporate Bad Behaviour and Government Waste Combine to Cost Us Millions, by Margaret Hodge’ - LSE Review of Books. Published 16AD. http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/lsereviewofbooks/2016/09/16/book-review-called-to-account-how-corporate-bad-behaviour-and-government-waste-combine-to-cost-us-millions-by-margaret-hodge/
80.
Tobin P. ‘The Politics of Climate Change: Can a Deal be Done?’ Political Insight. 6(1). https://www.psa.ac.uk/insight-plus/politics-climate-change-can-deal-be-done
81.
Harvey F. ‘Paris climate change agreement: the world’s greatest diplomatic success’ - The Guardian, 14 December 2015. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/dec/13/paris-climate-deal-cop-diplomacy-developing-united-nations
82.
Sandra Pointel. ‘Was COP21 a failure or a success?’ - Steps Centre. Published 18AD. http://steps-centre.org/2015/blog/was-cop21-a-failure-or-a-success/
83.
Jan Erik Hall. ‘Paris Agreement on Climate Change: A Diplomatic Triumph – How Can It Succeed?’ New Global Studies. 10(2):175-181. doi:10.1515/ngs-2016-0012
84.
Justin Worland. ‘Paris Climate Change Agreement Set to Take Effect After Quick Ratification Process’, TIME Magazine. http://time.com/4519895/paris-agreement-ratification-european-union/
85.
Cerny PG. ‘Globalization and the erosion of democracy’. European Journal of Political Research. 36(1):1-26. doi:10.1111/1475-6765.00461
86.
Weiss L. ‘Globalization and State Power’. Development and Society. 29(1):1-15. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.477.696&rep=rep1&type=pdf
87.
Goodhart M. ‘Democracy, Globalization, and the Problem of the State’. Polity. 33(4). doi:10.2307/3235515
88.
Hay C, Rosamond B. ‘Globalization, European integration and the discursive construction of economic imperatives’. Journal of European Public Policy. 9(2):147-167. doi:10.1080/13501760110120192
89.
Hay C. ‘What’s Globalization Got to Do with It? Economic Interdependence and the Future of European Welfare States’. Government and Opposition. 41(1):1-22. doi:10.1111/j.1477-7053.2006.00168.x
90.
Crepaz MML. ‘Veto Players, Globalization and the Redistributive Capacity of the State: A Panel Study of 15 OECD Countries’. Journal of Public Policy. 21(1):1-22. doi:10.1017/S0143814X01001015
91.
Yuval Noah Harari. Talking Politics. https://www.acast.com/talkingpolitics/untitledepisode----------
92.
Bowler S, Donovan T. The Limits of Electoral Reform. Oxford University Press; 2013. http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199695409.001.0001/acprof-9780199695409
93.
Susan Franceschet, Mona Lena Krook, Jennifer M. Piscopo, eds. The Impact of Gender Quotas. Oxford University Press; 2012. http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199830091.001.0001/acprof-9780199830091
94.
Arend Lijphart. Electoral Systems: Majority and Plurality Methods Versus Proportional Representation. In: Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries. 2nd ed. Yale University Press; 2012:130-157.
95.
Farrell DM. Electoral Systems: A Comparative Introduction. 2nd ed. Palgrave Macmillan; 2011. https://read.kortext.com/reader/pdf/15909/Cover
96.
Lijphart A. Electoral Systems and Party Systems. Oxford University Press; 1994. http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198273479.001.0001/acprof-9780198273479
97.
Renwick A. A Citizen’s Guide to Electoral Reform. Biteback; 2011.
98.
Garland J, Terry C. The 2017 General Election: Volatile voting, random results. https://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/2017-UK-General-Election-Report.pdf
99.
Jonathan Boston. Electoral reform in New Zealand: The report of the Royal Commission. Electoral Studies. 1987;6(2):105-114. doi:10.1016/0261-3794(87)90017-5
100.
Report of the Independent Commission on the Voting System (the Jenkins Commission). http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140131031506/http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/cm40/4090/4090.htm
101.
British Columbia Citizens’ Assembly on Electoral Reform. Making Every Vote Count: The Case for Electoral Reform in British Columbia. Published online 2004. http://citizensassembly.arts.ubc.ca/resources/final_report.pdf
102.
Ontario Citizens’ Assembly on Electoral Reform. On Ballot, Two Votes: A New Way to Vote in Ontario. Published online 2007. http://www.citizensassembly.gov.on.ca/assets/One%20Ballot,%20Two%20Votes.pdf
103.
Gambetta D, Warner S. ‘The rhetoric of reform revealed (or: If you bite the ballot it may bite back)’. Journal of Modern Italian Studies. 1(3):357-376. doi:10.1080/13545719608454924
104.
Michael Pinto‐Duschinsky. ‘Send the rascals packing: Defects of proportional representation and the virtues of the Westminster model’. Representation. 36(2):117-126. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00344899908523069
105.
Katz, Richard S. ‘Electoral Reform in Italy: Expectations and Results’. Acta Politica. 41(3):285-299. http://search.proquest.com/docview/217169675?OpenUrlRefId=info:xri/sid:primo&accountid=14511
106.
Vowles, Jack, Banducci, Susan A., and Karp, Jeffrey A. ‘Forecasting and Evaluating the Consequences of Electoral Change in New Zealand’. Acta Politica. 41(3):267-284. http://search.proquest.com/docview/217170980?OpenUrlRefId=info:xri/sid:primo&accountid=14511
107.
Norris, Pippa. ‘The Impact of Electoral Reform on Women’s Representation’. Acta Politica, suppl Special issue: the dutch electoral system on trial. 41(2):197-213. http://search.proquest.com/docview/217171026?OpenUrlRefId=info:xri/sid:primo&accountid=14511
108.
Birch S. ‘Electoral Systems and Electoral Misconduct’. Comparative Political Studies. 40(12):1533-1556. doi:10.1177/0010414006292886
109.
Persson T, Tabellini G, Trebbi F. Electoral Rules and Corruption. Journal of the European Economic Association. 1(4):958-989. doi:10.1162/154247603322493203
110.
Berinsky AJ. The Perverse Consequences of Electoral Reform in the United States. American Politics Research. 33(4):471-491. doi:10.1177/1532673X04269419
111.
Burden BC, Canon DT, Mayer KR, Moynihan DP. ‘Election Laws, Mobilization, and Turnout: The Unanticipated Consequences of Election Reform’. American Journal of Political Science. 58(1):95-109. doi:10.1111/ajps.12063
112.
Paxton P, Hughes MM, Painter MA. Growth in women’s political representation: A longitudinal exploration of democracy, electoral system and gender quotas. European Journal of Political Research. 49(1):25-52. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6765.2009.01886.x
113.
Dahlerup D. ‘Electoral Gender Quotas: Between Equality of Opportunity and Equality of Result’. Representation. 43(2):73-92. doi:10.1080/00344890701363227
114.
Schwindt-Bayer LA. Making Quotas Work: The Effect of Gender Quota Laws On the Election of Women. Legislative Studies Quarterly. 34(1):5-28. doi:10.3162/036298009787500330
115.
De Paola M, Scoppa V, Lombardo R. ‘Can gender quotas break down negative stereotypes? Evidence from changes in electoral rules’. Journal of Public Economics. 94(5-6):344-353. doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2010.02.004
116.
Zetterberg P. ‘Do Gender Quotas Foster Women’s Political Engagement?: Lessons from Latin America’. Political Research Quarterly. 62(4):715-730. doi:10.1177/1065912908322411
117.
Rainbow Murray. ‘Quotas for Men: Reframing Gender Quotas as a Means of Improving Representation for All’. The American Political Science Review. 108(3):520-532. http://search.proquest.com/docview/1555236361?OpenUrlRefId=info:xri/sid:primo&accountid=14511
118.
Baltrunaite A, Bello P, Casarico A, Profeta P. ‘Gender quotas and the quality of politicians’. Journal of Public Economics. 118:62-74. doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.06.008
119.
Lewis PG. ‘Size and Local Democracy: Scale Effects in City Politics’. PS: Political Science and Politics. 44(1):107-109. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ps-political-science-and-politics/article/size-and-local-democracy-scale-effects-in-city-politics/F36C81806396C8EBE834EDC794372CA4
120.
Newton K. Is Small Really So Beautiful? Is Big Really So Ugly? Size, Effectiveness, and Democracy in Local Government. Political Studies. 30(2):190-206. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1982.tb00532.x
121.
Archibugi D, Koenig-Archibugi M, Marchetti R, eds. Global Democracy. Cambridge University Press; 2011. http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ref/id/CBO9780511977992
122.
Dahl RA, Tufte ER. Size and Democracy. Vol The politics of the smaller European democracies. Stanford University Press; 1974.
123.
Lowndes V, Sullivan H. How Low Can You Go?  Rationales and Challenges for Neighbourhood Governance. Public Administration. 86(1):53-74. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9299.2007.00696.x
124.
Rose LE. ‘Municipal Size and Local Nonelectoral Participation: Findings from Denmark, the Netherlands, and Norway’. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy. 20(6):829-851. https://journals-sagepub-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/doi/abs/10.1068/c0227
125.
Hansen SW. ‘Polity Size and Local Political Trust: A Quasi-experiment Using Municipal Mergers in Denmark’. Scandinavian Political Studies. 36(1):43-66. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9477.2012.00296.x
126.
Blom-Hansen J, Houlberg K, Serritzlew S. ‘Size, Democracy, and the Economic Costs of Running the Political System’. American Journal of Political Science. 58(4):790-803. doi:10.1111/ajps.12096
127.
Fjeldstad OH. ‘Decentralisation and corruption. A review of the literature’ - CMI Working Paper, 2004. In: Chr. Michelsen Institute; 2004. http://bora.cmi.no/dspace/handle/10202/130
128.
Bardhan P, Mukherjee D. ‘Decentralization, Corruption, and Government Accountability’. In: International Handbook on the Economics of Corruption. Vol Elgar original reference. Edward Elgar; 2006:161-188.
129.
Treisman D. ‘Decentralization and the Quality of Government’ - UCLA Working Paper, 2002. http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/faculty/treisman/Papers/DecandGovt.pdf
130.
Fisman R, Gatti R. ‘Decentralization and corruption: evidence across countries’. Journal of Public Economics. 83(3):325-345. doi:10.1016/S0047-2727(00)00158-4
131.
Andrews R, Boyne GA. Size, Structure and Administrative Overheads: An Empirical Analysis of English Local Authorities. Urban Studies. 46(4):739-759. doi:10.1177/0042098009102127
132.
Koenig-Archibugi M. ‘Is global democracy possible?’ European Journal of International Relations. 2011;17(3):519-542. doi:10.1177/1354066110366056
133.
Barber BR. ‘Can Democracy Survive Globalization?’ Government and Opposition. 35(3):275-301. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/government-and-opposition/article/can-democracy-survive-globalization/C5EAEC760DF8065D5B007DD5BE8F7A27
134.
Dahl RA. ‘Can international organizations be democratic? A skeptic’s view’ (1999). In: Shapiro I, Hacker-Cordon C, eds. Democracy’s Edges. Cambridge University Press; 1999:19-36. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/democracys-edges/can-international-organizations-be-democratic-a-skeptics-view/A3A2DA62DC8047BF79221B28BE0DDCFE
135.
Iris Marion Young. ‘Self-Determination and Global Democracy: A Critique of Liberal Nationalism’. Nomos. 2000;42:147-183. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24219916?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
136.
Miller D. ‘Democracy’s Domain’. Philosophy & Public Affairs. 37(3):201-228. doi:10.1111/j.1088-4963.2009.01158.x
137.
Miller D. ‘Against Global Democracy’. In: After the Nation?: Critical Reflections on Nationalism and Post-Nationalism. Vol International political theory series. Palgrave Macmillan; 2010:141-160.
138.
Goodhart M. Civil society and the problem of global democracy. Democratization. 12(1):1-21. doi:10.1080/1351034052000331072
139.
Geboers E, Geijsel F, Admiraal W, Dam G ten. ‘Review of the effects of citizenship education’. Educational Research Review. 9:158-173. doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2012.02.001
140.
Pomares J, Guzmán N. ‘The hardest check - Measuring the impact of fact-checking’. Published online 2015. https://www.poynter.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/The-hardest-check-1.pdf
141.
Kymlicka W. ‘Education for Citizenship’. In: Politics in the Vernacular. Oxford University Press; 2001:293-316. http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/0199240981.001.0001/acprof-9780199240982-chapter-17
142.
Crick B. ‘The Presuppositions of Citizenship Education’. Journal of the Philosophy of Education. 33(3):337-352. doi:10.1111/1467-9752.00141
143.
Mclaughlin TH. ‘Citizenship Education in England: The Crick Report and Beyond’. Journal of the Philosophy of Education. 34(4):541-570. doi:10.1111/1467-9752.00194
144.
Johnson L, Morris P. ‘Towards a framework for critical citizenship education’. The Curriculum Journal. 21(1):77-96. doi:10.1080/09585170903560444
145.
Tristan McCowan. Rethinking Citizenship Education: A Curriculum for Participatory Democracy. Continuum; 2011. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/UCL/detail.action?docID=602012
146.
Heater D. ‘The History of Citizenship Education: A Comparative Outline’. Parliamentary Affairs. 55(3):457-474. https://academic.oup.com/pa/article/55/3/457/1456156
147.
Hahn CL. ‘Citizenship Education: An empirical study of policy, practices and outcomes’. Oxford Review of Education. 25(1-2):231-250. doi:10.1080/030549899104233
148.
Tonge J, Mycock A, Jeffery B. ‘Does Citizenship Education Make Young People Better-Engaged Citizens?’ Political Studies. 60(3):578-602. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.2011.00931.x
149.
Advisory Group on Citizenship. Crick Report: Education for Citizenship and the Teaching of Democracy in Schools. Published online 22AD. http://dera.ioe.ac.uk/4385/1/crickreport1998.pdf
150.
National Curriculum (England): Citizenship - key stages 3 and 4. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/239060/SECONDARY_national_curriculum_-_Citizenship.pdf
151.
Keating A, Kerr D, Benton T, Mundy E, Lopes J. Citizenship Education in England 2001-2010: Young People’s Practices and Prospects for the Future: The Eighth and Final Report from the Citizenship Education Longitudinal Study (CELS). http://dera.ioe.ac.uk/11579/1/DFE-RR059.pdf
152.
Kerr D. ‘We need renewed political commitment to citizenship education and ongoing monitoring of its provision in schools’: Democratic Audit UK blog. Published 19AD. http://www.democraticaudit.com/?p=6065
153.
Oulton C, Day V, Dillon J, Grace M. ‘Controversial issues ‐ teachers’ attitudes and practices in the context of citizenship education’. Oxford Review of Education. 30(4):489-507. doi:10.1080/0305498042000303973
154.
Faulks K. ‘Education for citizenship in England’s secondary schools: a critique of current principle and practice’. Journal of Education Policy. 21(1):59-74. doi:10.1080/02680930500391546
155.
Frazer E. ‘Citizenship Education: Anti-Political Culture and Political Education in Britain’. Political Studies. 48(1):88-103. doi:10.1111/1467-9248.00252
156.
Thorson E. Belief Echoes: The Persistent Effects of Corrected Misinformation. Political Communication. 33(3):460-480. doi:10.1080/10584609.2015.1102187
157.
Nyhan B, Reifler J. The Effect of Fact-Checking on Elites: A Field Experiment on U.S. State Legislators. American Journal of Political Science. 59(3):628-640. doi:10.1111/ajps.12162
158.
Gottfried JA, Hardy BW, Winneg KM, Jamieson KH. Did Fact Checking Matter in the 2012 Presidential Campaign? American Behavioral Scientist. 57(11):1558-1567. doi:10.1177/0002764213489012
159.
Nyhan B, Reifler J. Misinformation and Fact-checking: Research Findings from Social Science. http://www.dartmouth.edu/~nyhan/Misinformation_and_Fact-checking.pdf
160.
Goss Z, Renwick A. ‘Fact-checking and the EU referendum’ - Constitution Unit Blog. Published 23AD. https://constitution-unit.com/2016/08/23/fact-checking-and-the-eu-referendum/
161.
Mantzarlis A. ‘Fact-checking matters - here are 6 metrics to help prove it’, Poynter. Published 30AD. http://www.poynter.org/2016/fact-checking-matters-here-are-6-metrics-to-help-prove-it/400582/
162.
Fields L. ‘How the “post-truth” election has put a strain on America’s fact-checkers’ - Vice News. Published 19AD. https://news.vice.com/story/how-the-post-truth-election-has-put-a-strain-on-americas-fact-checkers
163.
Fox C. ‘Post-truth politics? Don’t be so patronising’ - The Spectator. Published 12AD. http://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/11/post-truth-politics-dont-be-so-patronising/
164.
‘Post-truth politics: Art of the lie’ - The Economist. Published 10AD. http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21706525-politicians-have-always-lied-does-it-matter-if-they-leave-truth-behind-entirely-art
165.
PolitiFact. http://www.politifact.com/
166.
FactCheck. http://www.factcheck.org/
167.
Full Fact. https://fullfact.org/
168.
LeDuc L. The Politics of Direct Democracy: Referendums in Global Perspective. Broadview Press; 2003. http://UCL.eblib.com/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=3248178
169.
Renwick A. Written evidence to the PACAC inquiry into ’Lessons Learned from the EU Referendum. http://data.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/committeeevidence.svc/evidencedocument/public-administration-and-constitutional-affairs-committee/lessons-learned-from-the-eu-referendum/written/36930.pdf
170.
Lupia, Arthur. ‘Shortcuts versus encyclopedias: Information and voting behavior in California insurance reform elections’. The American Political Science Review. 88(1). http://search.proquest.com/docview/214431324/abstract/6F8271453469475EPQ/1?accountid=14511
171.
Renwick A, Lamb M. "The Quality of Referendum Debate: The UK’s Electoral System Referendum in the Print Media”. Electoral Studies. 32(2):294-304. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2012.10.013
172.
Vowles J. ‘Campaign Claims, Partisan Cues, and Media Effects in the 2011 British Electoral System Referendum’. Electoral Studies. 32(2):253-264. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2012.10.009
173.
Pilon D. "Investigating Media as a Deliberative Space:  Newspaper Opinions about Voting Systems in the 2007 Ontario Provincial Referendum”. Canadian Political Science Review. 3(3). http://ojs.unbc.ca/index.php/cpsr/article/view/61
174.
LeDuc L. ‘Referendums and deliberative democracy’. Electoral Studies. 38:139-148. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2015.02.007
175.
John Gastil, Robert Richards, Katherine Knobloch. ‘Vicarious Deliberation: How the Oregon Citizens’ Initiative Review Influenced Deliberation in Mass Elections’. International Journal of Communication. 2014;8:62-89. http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/2235
176.
Johnson D, Thorsen E, Wring D, eds. EU Referendum Analysis 2016: Media, Voters and the Campaign. CSJCC (Bournmouth University), CRCC (Loughborough University), and Political Studies Association http://www.referendumanalysis.eu/
177.
Loughborough University Centre for Research in Communication and Culture. ‘Media Coverage of the EU Referendum (Report 5)’ Centre for Research in Communication and Culture. Published 27AD. http://blog.lboro.ac.uk/crcc/eu-referendum/uk-news-coverage-2016-eu-referendum-report-5-6-may-22-june-2016/
178.
Goss Z, Renwick A. ‘Fact-checking and the EU referendum’ - The Constitution Unit Blog. Published 23AD. https://constitution-unit.com/2016/08/23/fact-checking-and-the-eu-referendum/
179.
Brett W. ‘It’s Good to Talk: Doing Referendums Differently after the EU Vote’ - Electoral Reform Society report. http://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/sites/default/files/files/publication/Its-good-to-talk-2016-EU-Referendum-Report.pdf
180.
Kobach KW. The History of Direct Democracy in Switzerland. http://www.athene.antenna.nl/MEDIATHEEK/KOBACH-1.html
181.
Lutz G. ‘The Interaction between Direct and Representative Democracy in Switzerland’. Representation. 42(1):45-57. doi:10.1080/00344890600583776
182.
Christin T, Hug S, Sciarini P. Interests and information in referendum voting: An analysis of Swiss voters. European Journal of Political Research. 41(6):759-776. doi:10.1111/1475-6765.t01-1-00030
183.
Feld LP, Fischer JAV, Kirchgässner G. ‘The Effect of Direct Democracy on Income Redistribution: Evidence for Switzerland’. Economic Inquiry. 48(4):817-840. doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.2008.00174.x
184.
Benz M, Stutzer A. ‘Are Voters Better Informed When They Have a Larger Say in Politics? – Evidence for the European Union and Switzerland’. Public Choice. 119(1/2):31-59. doi:10.1023/B:PUCH.0000024161.44798.ef
185.
Elster J. Introduction. In: Elster J, ed. Deliberative Democracy. Cambridge University Press; 1998:1-18. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/deliberative-democracy/introduction/3FC5E20ED505D52C553535159139862E
186.
Bruce Ackerman, James S. Fishkin. Deliberation Day. In: Fishkin JS, Laslett P, eds. Debating Deliberative Democracy. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2003:7-30. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/9780470690734.ch1
187.
Iris Marion Young. ‘Activist Challenges to Deliberative Democracy’. Political Theory. 29(5):670-690. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3072534?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
188.
Chantal Mouffe. ‘Deliberative Democracy or Agonistic Pluralism?’ Social Research. 66(3):745-758. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40971349?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
189.
Parkinson J. ‘Legitimacy Problems in Deliberative Democracy’. Political Studies. 51(1):180-196. doi:10.1111/1467-9248.00419
190.
Cooke M. Five Arguments for Deliberative Democracy. Political Studies. 48(5):947-969. doi:10.1111/1467-9248.00289
191.
Dryzek JS. Deliberative Democracy in Divided Societies: Alternatives to Agonism and Analgesia. Political Theory. 33(2):218-242. doi:10.1177/0090591704268372
192.
Smith G. Democratic Innovations. Cambridge University Press; 2009. http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ref/id/CBO9780511609848
193.
Smith G, Wales C. ‘Citizens’ Juries and Deliberative Democracy’. Political Studies. 48(1):51-65. doi:10.1111/1467-9248.00250
194.
Warren ME, Pearse H, eds. Designing Deliberative Democracy. Cambridge University Press; 2008. http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ref/id/CBO9780511491177
195.
Niemeyer S. ‘The Emancipatory Effect of Deliberation: Empirical Lessons from Mini-Publics’. Politics & Society. 39(1):103-140. doi:10.1177/0032329210395000
196.
Caluwaerts D, Jacquet V, Reuchamps M. ‘Deliberative Democracy and the So What Question: The Effects of Belgium’s G1000’ - paper delivered at the American Political Science Association Annual Meeting, 2016. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314120251_Deliberative_Democracy_and_the_So_What_Question_The_Effects_of_Belgium’s_G1000
197.
Renwick A. After the Referendum: Options for a Constitutional Convention. http://www.consoc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/J1847_Constitution_Society_Report_Cover_WEB.pdf
198.
Böker M. ‘Justification, critique and deliberative legitimacy: The limits of mini-publics’. Contemporary Political Theory. Published online 22AD. doi:10.1057/cpt.2016.11
199.
Lafont C. ‘Deliberation, Participation, and Democratic Legitimacy: Should Deliberative Mini-publics Shape Public Policy?’ Journal of Political Philosophy. 23(1):40-63. doi:10.1111/jopp.12031
200.
Fung, Archon. ‘Deliberation day’ (book review). Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. 24(2):472-476. http://search.proquest.com/docview/222367006/fulltextPDF/9E3348BF81A74879PQ/1?accountid=14511
201.
Chad Flanders. ‘Deliberative Dilemmas: A Critique of Deliberation Day from the Perspective of Election Law’. Journal of Law & Politics. 23(2):147-170. http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?public=false&handle=hein.journals/jlp23&id=155
202.
David Schkade, Cass R. Sunstein and Reid Hastie. What Happened on Deliberation Day? California Law Review. 95(3):915-940. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20439113?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
203.
Parkinson J, Mansbridge J, eds. Deliberative Systems: Deliberative Democracy at the Large Scale. Cambridge University Press; 2012. http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ref/id/CBO9781139178914