Bibliography for PUBLG057: Parliaments, Political Parties and Policy Making BETA

Africa All Party Parliamentary Group. (2008a). Strengthening Parliaments in Africa: Improving Support. Africa All Party Parliamentary Group.

Akirav, O. (2010). Candidate Selection and a Crowded Parliament: The Israeli Knesset, 1988–2006. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 16(1), 96–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/13572330903542142

Allern, E. H., & Pedersen, K. (2007). The impact of party organisational changes on democracy. West European Politics, 30(1), 68–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402380601019688

Alvarez, R. M., & Sinclair, B. (2012). Electoral Institutions and Legislative Behavior: The Effects of Primary Processes. Political Research Quarterly, 65(3), 544–557. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912911411098

Andeweg, R. B. (2014). Roles in Legislatures. In S. Martin, T. Saalfeld, & K. W. Strøm (Eds), The Oxford Handbook of Legislative Studies. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.013.0025

Andre, A., Depauw, S., & Martin, S. (2015). Electoral Systems and Legislators’ Constituency Effort: The Mediating Effect of Electoral Vulnerability. Comparative Political Studies, 48(4), 464–496. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414014545512

Andrews, J. T. (2014). Legislatures in Central and Eastern Europe. In S. Martin, T. Saalfeld, & K. W. Strøm (Eds), The Oxford Handbook of Legislative Studies. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.013.0018

Ansolabehere, S., & Jones, P. E. (2010). Constituents’ Responses to Congressional Roll-Call Voting. American Journal of Political Science, 54(3), 583–597. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00448.x

Arter, D. (2003). Committee cohesion and the ‘corporate dimension’ of parliamentary committees: A comparative analysis. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 9(4), 73–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000306263

Arter, D. (2008). From ‘Parliamentary Control’ to ‘Accountable Government’? The Role of Public Committee Hearings in the Swedish Riksdag. Parliamentary Affairs, 61(1), 122–143. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsm058

Arter, David. (1984). The Nordic parliaments: a comparative analysis. Hurst.

Azevedo-Harman, E. (2011). Parliaments in Africa: Representative Institutions in the Land of the ‘Big Man’. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 17(1), 65–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/13572334.2011.545180

B. L. Shankar & Valerian Rodrigues. (2011). The Indian Parliament : a democracy at work. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198067726.001.0001

Bacchi, C. (2006). Arguing for and against quotas: theoretical issues. In D. Dahlerup (Ed.), Women, quotas and politics (pp. 32–51). https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=3b18dcc9-5436-e711-80c9-005056af4099

Bach, S. (2003). Platypus and Parliament: The Australian Senate in Theory and Practice. In Parliament of Australia. Department of the Senate, Canberra. https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Powers_practice_n_procedures/platparl

Barkan, J. D. (2008). Legislatures on the Rise? Journal of Democracy, 19(2), 124–137. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2008.0020

Barkan, J. D. (2009). African Legislatures and the ‘third wave’ of democratization. In Legislative power in emerging African democracies (pp. 1–31). Lynne Rienner. https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=e330302f-7f36-e711-80c9-005056af4099

Barkan, Joel D. (2009). Legislative power in emerging African democracies. Lynne Rienner.

Barnea, S., & Rahat, G. (2007). Reforming Candidate Selection Methods: A Three-Level Approach. Party Politics, 13(3), 375–394. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068807075942

Barnes, T. D., & Burchard, S. M. (2013). ‘Engendering’ Politics: The Impact of Descriptive Representation on Women’s Political Engagement in Sub-Saharan Africa. Comparative Political Studies, 46(7), 767–790. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414012463884

Bates, S. R., Kerr, P., Byrne, C., & Stanley, L. (2014). Questions to the Prime Minister: A Comparative Study of PMQs from Thatcher to Cameron. Parliamentary Affairs, 67(2), 253–280. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gss044

Bauer, G. (2012). ‘Let there be a Balance’: Women in African Parliaments. Political Studies Review, 10(3), 370–384. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-9302.2012.00272.x

Bean, C., & Wattenberg, M. (1998). Attitudes Towards Divided Government and Ticket-splitting in Australia and the United States. Australian Journal of Political Science, 33(1), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/10361149850705

Bengtsson, A., & Wass, H. (2010). Styles of Political Representation: What Do Voters Expect? Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties, 20(1), 55–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457280903450724

Benton, M., & Russell, M. (2012). Assessing the Impact of Parliamentary Oversight Committees: The Select Committees in the British House of Commons. Parliamentary Affairs. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gss009

Bergman, Torbjorn, Muller, Wolfgang C., & Strom, Kaare. (2003a). Challenges to Parliamentary Democracy. In Delegation and accountability in parliamentary democracies: Vol. Comparative politics. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/019829784X.001.0001

Bergman, Torbjorn, Muller, Wolfgang C., & Strom, Kaare. (2003). Delegation and accountability in parliamentary democracies: Vol. Comparative politics. Oxford University Press.

Best, H., & Vogel, L. (2014). The Sociology of Legislators and Legislatures. In S. Martin, T. Saalfeld, & K. W. Strøm (Eds), The Oxford Handbook of Legislative Studies. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.013.0003

Bevan, S., & John, P. (2015). Policy Representation by Party Leaders and Followers: What Drives UK Prime Minister’s Questions. Government and Opposition, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2015.16

Blidook, K. (2010). Exploring the Role of ‘Legislators’ in Canada: Do Members of Parliament Influence Policy? The Journal of Legislative Studies, 16(1), 32–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/13572330903541979

Bloemraad, I., & Schonwalder, K. (2013). Immigrant and Ethnic Minority Representation in Europe: Conceptual Challenges and Theoretical Approaches. West European Politics, 36(3), 564–579. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2013.773724

Blomgren, M. and Rozenberg, O. (2012a). Legislative Roles and Legislative Studies. In Parliamentary roles in modern legislatures: Vol. Routledge/ECPR studies in European political science (pp. 8–36). Routledge. https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=6735baae-5536-e711-80c9-005056af4099

Blondel, J. (1995). Representation: legislatures and parliaments. In Comparative government: an introduction (2nd ed, pp. 248–266). Pearson Education.

Blondel, J., & Nousianen, J. (2000). Governments, Supporting Parties and Policy-making. In The nature of party government: a comparative European perspective (pp. 161–195). Palgrave.

Blondel, Jean & Cotta, Maurizio. (2000). The nature of party government: a comparative European perspective. Palgrave.

Bochel, J., & Denver, D. (1983). Candidate Selection in the Labour Party: What the Selectors Seek. British Journal of Political Science, 13(01). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123400003136

Bogdanor, V. (1985). Introduction. In Representatives of the people? Parliamentarians and constituents in Western democracies (pp. 1–12). Gower. https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=4fa6d32d-5d36-e711-80c9-005056af4099

Bolton, A., & Thrower, S. (2015). Legislative Capacity and Executive Unilateralism. American Journal of Political Science, n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12190

Bowen, D. C., & Clark, C. J. (2014). Revisiting Descriptive Representation in Congress: Assessing the Effect of Race on the Constituent-Legislator Relationship. Political Research Quarterly, 67(3), 695–707. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912914531658

Bowler, S. (2010). Private Members’ Bills in the UK Parliament: Is there an ‘Electoral Connection’? The Journal of Legislative Studies, 16(4), 476–494. https://doi.org/10.1080/13572334.2010.519457

Brauninger, T., & Debus, M. (2009). Legislative agenda-setting in parliamentary democracies. European Journal of Political Research, 48(6), 804–839. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2009.00850.x

Broockman, D. E. (2013). Black Politicians Are More Intrinsically Motivated to Advance Blacks’ Interests: A Field Experiment Manipulating Political Incentives. American Journal of Political Science, 57(3), 521–536. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12018

Bruhn, K. (2013). Electing Extremists? Party Primaries and Legislative Candidates in Mexico. Comparative Politics, 45(4), 398–417. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/cuny/cp/2013/00000045/00000004/art00003

Buckley, F. (2013). How Ireland legislated for candidate sex quotas to increase women’s representation. Democratic Audit UK. http://www.democraticaudit.com/?p=1848

Burnham, P., Gilland, K., Grant, W., & Layton-Henry, Z. (2004). Comparative Methodology. In Research methods in politics: Vol. Political analysis (pp. 58–79). Palgrave.

Cain, Bruce E., Ferejohn, John A., & Fiorina, Morris P. (1987). The personal vote: constituency service and electoral independence. Harvard University Press.

Cairney, P. (2006). The analysis of Scottish Parliament committee influence: Beyond capacity and structure in comparing West European legislatures. European Journal of Political Research, 45(2), 181–208. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2006.00295.x

Canon, David T. (1999a). Electoral Systems and the Representation of Minority Interests in Legislatures . Legislative Studies Quarterly , 24(3), 331–385.

Carey, J. M. (2007). Competing Principals, Political Institutions, and Party Unity in Legislative Voting. American Journal of Political Science, 51(1), 92–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00239.x

Carey, J., & Reynolds, A. (2007). Parties and Accountable Government in New Democracies. Party Politics, 13(2), 255–274. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068807073866

Carey, J., & Shugart, M. (1995). Incentives to cultivate a personal vote: A rank ordering of electoral formulas. Electoral Studies, 14(4), 417–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-3794(94)00035-2

Carey, John M. (2003b). Discipline, Accountability, and Legislative Voting in Latin America. Comparative Politics, 35(2), 191–211.

Carey, John M. (2009). Legislative voting and accountability: Vol. Cambridge studies in comparative politics. Cambridge University Press.

Carey, John M., Formanek, Frantisek, & Karpowicz, Ewa. (1999b). Legislative Autonomy in New Regimes: The Czech and Polish Cases. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 24(4), 569–603.

Carman, C. J. (2006). Public Preferences for Parliamentary Representation in the UK: An Overlooked Link? Political Studies, 54(1), 103–122. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2006.00568.x

Carnes, N. (2012). Does the Numerical Underrepresentation of the Working Class in Congress Matter? Legislative Studies Quarterly, 37(1), 5–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-9162.2011.00033.x

Carroll, R., & Poole, K. T. (2014). Roll-Call Analysis and the Study of Legislatures. In S. Martin, T. Saalfeld, & K. W. Strøm (Eds), The Oxford Handbook of Legislative Studies. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.013.0026

Carson, J. L., Koger, G., Lebo, M. J., & Young, E. (2010). The Electoral Costs of Party Loyalty in Congress. American Journal of Political Science, 54(3), 598–616. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00449.x

Carty, R. K., & Cross, W. (2006). Can Stratarchically Organized Parties be Democratic? The Canadian Case. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties, 16(2), 93–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/13689880600715912

Caul, M. (1999). Women’s Representation in Parliament: The Role of Political Parties. Party Politics, 5(1), 79–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068899005001005

Caul, M. (2008). Political Parties and the Adoption of Candidate Gender Quotas: A Cross-National Analysis. The Journal of Politics, 63(04). https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-3816.00107

Celis, K., & Childs, S. (2012). The Substantive Representation of Women: What to Do with Conservative Claims? Political Studies, 60(1), 213–225. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2011.00904.x

Ceron, A. (2015). Brave rebels stay home: Assessing the effect of intra-party ideological heterogeneity and party whip on roll-call votes. Party Politics, 21(2), 246–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068812472581

Cheibub, J. A., Elkins, Z., & Ginsburg, T. (2014). Beyond Presidentialism and Parliamentarism. British Journal of Political Science, 44(03), 515–544. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000712341300032X

Cheibub, J. A., & Limongi, F. (2002). Democratic Institutions and Regime Survival: Parliamentary and Presidental Democracies Reconsidered. Annual Review of Political Science, 5(1), 151–179. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.5.102301.084508

Cheibub, Jose Antonio. (2007). Presidentialism, parliamentarism, and democracy: Vol. Cambridge studies in comparative politics. Cambridge University Press.

Childs, S. (2004). A Feminised Style of Politics? Women MPs in the House of Commons. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 6(1), 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-856X.2004.00124.x

Childs, S., & Krook, M. L. (2009). Analysing Women’s Substantive Representation: From Critical Mass to Critical Actors. Government and Opposition, 44(2), 125–145. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2009.01279.x

Chiou, F.-Y., & Rothenberg, L. S. (2014). The Elusive Search for Presidential Power. American Journal of Political Science, 58(3), 653–668. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12057

Chiva, C. (2007). The Institutionalisation of Post-Communist Parliaments: Hungary and Romania in Comparative Perspective. Parliamentary Affairs, 60(2), 187–211. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsm012

Clark Wilson, W., & Curtis Ellis, W. (2014). Surrogates Beyond Borders: Black Members of the United States Congress and the Representation of African Interests on the Congressional Foreign-Policy Agenda. Polity, 46(2), 255–273. https://doi.org/10.1057/pol.2014.3

Clinton, J. D. (2012). Using Roll Call Estimates to Test Models of Politics. Annual Review of Political Science, 15(1), 79–99. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-043010-095836

Clinton, J. D., Lewis, D. E., & Selin, J. L. (2014). Influencing the Bureaucracy: The Irony of Congressional Oversight. American Journal of Political Science, 58(2), 387–401. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12066

Close, David. (1995a). Legislatures and the new democracies in Latin America. L. Rienner Publishers.

Close, David. (1995b). Legislatures and the new democracies in Latin America. L. Rienner Publishers.

Coakley, J. (2014). The Strange Revival of Bicameralism. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 20(4), 542–572. https://doi.org/10.1080/13572334.2014.926168

Coman, E. E. (2015). Institutions and Vote Unity in Parliaments: Evidence from 33 National Chambers. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 21(3), 360–389. https://doi.org/10.1080/13572334.2015.1040246

Commonwealth Parliamentary Association. (n.d.). https://www.cpahq.org/

Congleton, R. D. (2006). On the merits of bicameral legislatures: intragovernmental bargaining and policy stability. In Democratic constitutional design and public policy: analysis and evidence. MIT Press.

Constitutional and parliamentary information | ASGP. (n.d.). http://asgp.co/constitutional-and-parliamentary-information

Copeland, G., & Patterson, S. C. (1998). Parliaments and Legislatures. In World encyclopedia of parliaments and legislatures. Congressional Quarterly.

Cowley , P. (2005). It’s a bit more complicated than that. In The rebels: how Blair mislaid his majority (pp. 21–48). Politico’s.

Cowley, P. (2013). Why not ask the audience? Understanding the public’s representational priorities. British Politics, 8(2), 138–163. https://doi.org/10.1057/bp.2012.28

Cowley, Philip. (1998). Conscience and parliament: Vol. The library of legislative studies. F. Cass.

Cowley, Philip. (2002). Revolts and rebellions: parliamentary voting under Blair. Politico’s.

Cross, W. (2008). Democratic Norms and Party Candidate Selection: Taking Contextual Factors into Account. Party Politics, 14(5), 596–619. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068808093392

Cross, W. P., Katz, R. S., & European Consortium for Political Research. (2013). The challenges of intra-party democracy: Vol. Comparative politics. Oxford University Press.

Curini, L., & Zucchini, F. (2013). The institutional foundations of committee cohesion in a (changing) parliamentary democracy. European Political Science Review, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755773913000222

Dahlerup, D. (1988). From a Small to a Large Minority: Women in Scandinavian Politics. Scandinavian Political Studies, 11(4), 275–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9477.1988.tb00372.x

Damgaard, Erik. (1992). Parliamentary change in the Nordic countries: Vol. Scandinavian library. Scandinavian University Press.

David Samuels & Matthew Shugart. (2010). Presidents, parties, and prime ministers: how the separation of powers affects party organization and behavior. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/presidents-parties-and-prime-ministers/2CB12EF33F51236B06BC1B4E0485BD8B

Davidson, Roger H. (1992). The postreform Congress. St. Martin’s Press.

Davidson, Roger H. & Longley, Lawrence D. (1998). The new roles of parliamentary committees: Vol. The library of legislative studies. Frank Cass.

De Giorgi, E., & Marangoni, F. (2015). Government laws and the opposition parties’ behaviour in parliament. Acta Politica, 50(1), 64–81. https://doi.org/10.1057/ap.2013.34

Devlin, C., & Elgie, R. (2008). The Effect of Increased Women’s Representation in Parliament: The Case of Rwanda. Parliamentary Affairs, 61(2), 237–254. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsn007

Dodd, Lawrence C. (2012). Thinking about Congress: essays on Congressional change. Routledge.

Dogan, Mattei & Pelassy, Dominique. (1990). How to compare nations: strategies in comparative politics (2nd ed). Chatham House.

Doring, H. (1995). Time as a Scarce Resource: Government Control of the Agenda. In Parliaments and Majority Rule in Western Europe. St. Martin’s Press. https://www.uni-potsdam.de/fileadmin01/projects/vergleichende-politikwissenschaft/D%C3%B6ring/PMR-W-Europe.pdf

Dovi, S. (2003). Preferable Descriptive Representatives: Will Just Any Woman, Black, or Latino Do? American Political Science Review, 96(04). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055402000412

Druckman, J., Martin, L., & Thies, M. (2005). Influence without Confidence: Upper Chambers and Government Formation. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 30(4), 529–548. https://doi.org/10.3162/036298005X201662

Druckman, J. N., & Thies, M. F. (2002). The Importance of Concurrence: The Impact of Bicameralism on Government Formation and Duration. American Journal of Political Science, 46(4). https://doi.org/10.2307/3088432

Elgie, R. (2001). What is divided government? In Divided government in comparative perspective: Vol. Oxford scholarship online. Oxford Scholarship Online.

Elgie, R. (2005). From Linz to Tsebelis: three waves of presidential/parliamentary studies? Democratization, 12(1), 106–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/1351034042000317989

Elgie, R. (2008). The Perils of Semi-Presidentialism. Are They Exaggerated? Democratization, 15(1), 49–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510340701768125

Elling, Richard C. (1979a). The Utility of State Legislative Casework as a Means of Oversight. Legislative Studies Quarterly , 4(3), 353–379.

Engaging and Supporting Parliaments Worldwide: Strategies and Methodologies for EC Action in Support to Parliaments. (n.d.). https://www.agora-parl.org/resources/library/engaging-and-supporting-parliaments-worldwide-strategies-and-methodologies-ec

Esaiasson, Peter & Heidar, Knut. (2000). Beyond Westminster and Congress: the Nordic experience: Vol. Parliaments and legislatures series. Ohio State University Press.

Fenno, Richard F. (1978). Home style: House members in their districts. Scott, Foresman and Co.

Fenno, Richard F. (2003). Going home: Black representatives and their constituents. University of Chicago Press.

Fenno, Richard F. & University of California, Berkeley. (1973). Congressmen in committees: Vol. The Study of Congress series. Little, Brown and Company.

Field, B. N., & Siavelis, P. M. (2008). Candidate Selection Procedures in Transitional Polities: A Research Note. Party Politics, 14(5), 620–639. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068808093393

Fiorina, Morris P. & Mayhew, David R. (2003). Divided government: Vol. Longman classics in political science (2nd ed). Longman.

Fish, M. S. (2006). Stronger Legislatures, Stronger Democracies. Journal of Democracy, 17(1), 5–20. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2006.0008

Fish, M. Steven & Kroenig, Matthew. (2009). The handbook of national legislatures: a global survey. Cambridge University Press.

Fortin-Rittberger, J., & Rittberger, B. (2014). Do electoral rules matter? Explaining national differences in women’s representation in the European Parliament. European Union Politics, 15(4), 496–520. https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116514527179

Fujimura, N. (2015). The influence of electoral institutions on legislative representation: Evidence from Japan’s single non-transferable vote and single-member district systems. Party Politics, 21(2), 209–221. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068812472578

Fukuyama, Francis, Dressel, Bjorn, & Chang, Boo-Seung. (2005a). Facing the Perils of Presidentialism? Journal of Democracy, 16(2), 102–116. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2005.0026

Gallagher, M. (1988). Conclusion. In Candidate selection in comparative perspective: the secret garden of politics: Vol. Sage modern politics series (pp. 236–283). Sage.

Gallagher, Michael & Marsh, Michael. (1988). Candidate selection in comparative perspective: the secret garden of politics: Vol. Sage modern politics series. Sage.

Gamm, G., & Huber, J. (2002). Legislatures as Political Institutions: Beyond the Contemporary Congress. In Political science: the state of the discipline (Centennial ed). W.W. Norton.

Ganghof, S. (2014). Is the ‘Constitution of Equality’ Parliamentary, Presidential or Hybrid? Political Studies, n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.12124

Garner, Christopher, & Letki, Natalia. (2005b). Party Structure and Backbench Dissent in the Canadian and British Parliaments. Canadian Journal of Political Science , 38(2), 463–482.

Gauja, A. (2014). The Individualisation of Party Politics: The Impact of Changing Internal Decision-Making Processes on Policy Development and Citizen Engagement. The British Journal of Politics & International Relations, n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-856X.12035

Gauja, A. (2015). The construction of party membership. European Journal of Political Research, 54(2), 232–248. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12078

Gay, O. (2005). MPs Go Back to Their Constituencies. The Political Quarterly, 76(1), 57–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-923X.2005.00656.x

Gherghina, S. (2013). One-Shot Party Primaries: The Case of the Romanian Social Democrats. Politics, 33(3), 185–195. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9256.12007

Goot, M. (1999). Whose Mandate? Policy Promises, Strong Bicameralism and Polled Opinion. Australian Journal of Political Science, 34(3), 327–352. https://doi.org/10.1080/10361149950263

Grey, S. (2002). Does Size Matter? Critical Mass and New Zealand’s Women MPs. Parliamentary Affairs, 55(1), 19–29. https://doi.org/10.1093/parlij/55.1.19

Griffin, J. D. (2014). When and Why Minority Legislators Matter. Annual Review of Political Science, 17(1), 327–336. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-033011-205028

Griffith, J. A. G., Political and Economic Planning, & Study of Parliament Group. (1974). Parliamentary scrutiny of Government bills. Allen and Unwin [for] PEP and the Study of Parliament Group.

Gunther, Richard, Montero, José R., & Linz, Juan J. (2002). Political parties: old concepts and new challenges: Vol. Comparative politics. Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/0199246742.001.0001

Hage, F. M., & Kaeding, M. (2007). Reconsidering the European Parliament’s Legislative Influence: Formal vs. Informal Procedures. Journal of European Integration, 29(3), 341–361. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036330701442356

Hagopian, F., Gervasoni, C., & Moraes, J. A. (2008). From Patronage to Program: The Emergence of Party-Oriented Legislators in Brazil. Comparative Political Studies, 42(3), 360–391. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414008325572

Hague, R., & Harrop, M. (2004). Legislatures. In Comparative government and politics: an introduction: Vol. Comparative government and politics (6th ed, pp. 247–267). Palgrave Macmillan.

Haider-Markel, D. (2007). Representation and Backlash: The Positive and Negative Influence of Descriptive Representation. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 32(1), 107–133. https://doi.org/10.3162/036298007X202001

Hazan, R. Y. (2014). Candidate Selection: Implications and Challenges for Legislative Behaviour. In The Oxford Handbook of Legislative Studies. http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199653010-e-005

Hazan, R. Y., & Rahaṭ, G. (2010). Democracy within parties: candidate selection methods and their political consequences: Vol. Comparative politics. Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572540.001.0001

Heller, William B. (1997a). Bicameralism and Budget Deficits: The Effect of Parliamentary Structure on Government Spending. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 22(4), 485–516.

Hellmann, O. (2014). Outsourcing candidate selection: The fight against clientelism in East Asian parties. Party Politics, 20(1), 52–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068811436039

Hibbing, John R. (1988). Legislative Institutionalization with Illustrations from the British House of Commons. American Journal of Political Science, 32(3), 681–712.

Hindmoor, A., Larkin, P., & Kennon, A. (2009). Assessing the Influence of Select Committees in the UK: The Education and Skills Committee, 1997-2005. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 15(1), 71–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/13572330802666844

Hiroi, T. (2008). The Dynamics of Lawmaking in a Bicameral Legislature: The Case of Brazil. Comparative Political Studies, 41(12), 1583–1606. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414007308536

Hiroi, T., & Omori, S. (2009). Perils of parliamentarism? Political systems and the stability of democracy revisited. Democratization, 16(3), 485–507. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510340902884598

Hofnung, M. (2008). Unaccounted Competition: The Finance of Intra-Party Elections. Party Politics, 14(6), 726–744. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068808093408

Holliday, Ian, Webb, Paul, & Farrell, David M. (2002). Political parties in advanced industrial democracies: Vol. Comparative politics. Oxford University Press.

Huber, John D. (1996). The Vote of Confidence in Parliamentary Democracies. The American Political Science Review, 90(2), 269–282.

Hug, S. (2009). Selection Effects in Roll Call Votes. British Journal of Political Science, 40(01). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123409990160

Hughes, M. (2011). Intersectionality, Quotas, and Minority Women’s Political Representation Worldwide. American Political Science Review, 105(03), 604–620. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055411000293

Ichino, N., & Nathan, N. L. (2013). Do Primaries Improve Electoral Performance? Clientelism and Intra-Party Conflict in Ghana. American Journal of Political Science, 57(2), 428–441. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2012.00624.x

Indrithason, I. H., & Kristinsson, G. H. (2015). Primary consequences: The effects of candidate selection through party primaries in Iceland. Party Politics, 21(4), 565–576. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068813487117

Ingall, Rachael E., & Crisp, Brian F. (2001). Determinants of Home Style: The Many Incentives for Going Home in Colombia. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 26(3), 487–512.

International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA). (n.d.).

Inter-Parliamentary Union. (2003c). Ten Years of Strengthening Parliaments in Africa 1991-2000: Lessons Learnt and the Way Forward. Inter-Parliamentary Union.

Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU). (n.d.).

Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) materials on women in parliament. (n.d.).

Jenkins, J. A., & Monroe, N. W. (2015). On Measuring Legislative Agenda-Setting Power. American Journal of Political Science, n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12191

Johannes, J. (1979). Casework as a Technique of U. S. Congressional Oversight of the Executive. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 4(3), 325–351.

Johnson, J. K. (2005). The Role of Parliament in Government. World Bank.

Johnson, J., & Nakamura, R. (1999). A Concept Paper on Legislatures and Good Governance. UNDP.

Judge, D. (1999). Trustee theory and practice. In Representation: theory and practice in Britain: Vol. Theory and practice in British politics (pp. 47–69). Routledge.

Judge, D. (2003). Legislative Institutionalization: A Bent Analytical Arrow? Government and Opposition, 38(4), 497–516. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-7053.t01-1-00026

Juenke, E. G., & Preuhs, R. R. (2012). Irreplaceable Legislators? Rethinking Minority Representatives in the New Century. American Journal of Political Science, 56(3), 705–715. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2012.00584.x

Kalitowski, S. (2008). Rubber Stamp or Cockpit? The Impact of Parliament on Government Legislation. Parliamentary Affairs, 61(4), 694–708. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsn030

Kam, C. (2001). Do Ideological Preferences Explain Parliamentary Behaviour? Evidence from Great Britain and Canada. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 7(4), 89–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/714003894

Kam, C. (2014). Party Discipline. In S. Martin, T. Saalfeld, & K. W. Strøm (Eds), The Oxford Handbook of Legislative Studies. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.013.0020

Kam, Christopher J. (2009). Party discipline and parliamentary politics. Cambridge University Press.

Katz, R. S. (1987). Party Government and its Alternatives. In Party governments: European and American experiences: Vol. European University Institute = Institut Universitaire Europeen = Europaisches Hochschulinstitut = Istituto Universitario Europeo : Series C--Political and social sciences = Sciences politiques et sociales = Politik-und Sozialwissenschaften = Scienze politiche e sociali. W. de Gruyter.

Katz, R. S., & Mair, P. (1995). Changing Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy: The Emergence of the Cartel Party. Party Politics, 1(1), 5–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068895001001001

Katz, R. S., & Mair, P. (2009). The Cartel Party Thesis: A Restatement. Perspectives on Politics, 7(04). https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592709991782

Katz, Richard S. (1997a). Democracy and elections. Oxford University Press.

Katz, Richard S. (1997b). Democracy and elections. Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195044294.001.0001

Katz, Richard S., Bowler, Shaun, Farrell, David M., & European Consortium for Political Research. (1999). Party discipline and parliamentary government: Vol. Parliaments and legislatures series. Ohio State University Press.

Kennedy, F., Lyons, P., & Fitzgerald, P. (2006). Pragmatists, Ideologues and the General Law of Curvilinear Disparity: The Case of the Irish Labour Party. Political Studies, 54(4), 786–805. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2006.00630.x

Kenworthy , Lane, & Malami, Melissa. (1999c). Gender Inequality in Political Representation: A Worldwide Comparative Analysis . Social Forces, 78(1), 235–268.

Khmelko, I. S., Pigenko And, V. A., & Wise, C. R. (2007). Assessing Committee Roles in a Developing Legislature: The Case of the Ukrainian Parliament. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 13(2), 210–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/13572330701334312

Kim, D. H., & Loewenberg, G. (2005). The Role of Parliamentary Committees in Coalition Governments: Keeping Tabs on Coalition Partners in the German Bundestag. Comparative Political Studies, 38(9), 1104–1129. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414005276307

King, Anthony. (1976). Modes of Executive-Legislative Relations: Great Britain, France, and West Germany. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 1(1).

King JR., Marvin P. (2011a). Bill Preference: The Continued Relevance of the Congressional Black Caucus. Politics & Policy, 39(3), 421–439. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2011.00297.x

Kinyondo, A., & Pelizzo, R. (2013). Strengthening Legislatures: Some Lessons from the Pacific Region. Politics & Policy, 41(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12020

Kitschelt, H. (2000). Linkages between Citizens and Politicians in Democratic Polities. Comparative Political Studies, 33(6–7), 845–879. https://doi.org/10.1177/001041400003300607

Kittilson, Miki Caul. (2006). Challenging parties, changing parliaments: women and elected office in contemporary Western Europe: Vol. Parliaments and legislatures. Ohio State University Press.

Knut Heidar, & R. A Koole. (2000a). Approaches to the study of parliamentary party groups. In Parliamentary party groups in European democracies: political parties behind closed doors: Vol. Routledge/ECPR studies in European political science (pp. 4–22). Routledge. https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=62059f7c-5336-e711-80c9-005056af4099

Kölln, A.-K. (2014). The value of political parties to representative democracy. European Political Science Review, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755773914000344

Kopecky, P. (2001). Introduction: transition, consolidation and parliamentary institutionalisation. In Parliaments in the Czech and Slovak republics: party competition and parliamentary institutionalization (pp. 1–21). Ashgate.

Kopecky, Petr. (2001). Parliaments in the Czech and Slovak republics: party competition and parliamentary institutionalization. Ashgate.

Krehbiel, Keith. (1999d). Paradoxes of Parties in Congress. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 24(1), 31–64.

Kreppel, A. (2002). Moving Beyond Procedure: An Empirical Analysis of European Parliament Legislative Influence. Comparative Political Studies, 35(7), 784–813. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414002035007002

Kreppel, A. (2014a). Legislatures. In Comparative politics (3rd ed, pp. 113–130). Oxford University Press. https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=595f1cd2-4d36-e711-80c9-005056af4099

Kreppel, A. (2014b). Typologies and Classifications. In S. Martin, T. Saalfeld, & K. W. Strøm (Eds), The Oxford Handbook of Legislative Studies. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.013.0032

Krook, M. L. (2007). Candidate gender quotas: A framework for analysis. European Journal of Political Research, 46(3), 367–394. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2007.00704.x

Krook, M. L. (2014). Electoral Gender Quotas: A Conceptual Analysis. Comparative Political Studies, 47(9), 1268–1293. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414013495359

Krook, M. L., & Norris, P. (2014). Beyond Quotas: Strategies to Promote Gender Equality in Elected Office. Political Studies, 62(1), 2–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.12116

Kunicova, J., & Remington, T. F. (2008). Mandates, Parties and Dissent: Effect of Electoral Rules on Parliamentary Party Cohesion in the Russian State Duma, 1994-2003. Party Politics, 14(5), 555–574. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068808093390

Landman, T. (2003). Comparing Many Countries. In Issues and methods in comparative politics: an introduction (2nd ed, pp. 51–65). Routledge.

Landman, T. (2017). Issues and methods in comparative politics: an introduction (Fourth edition). Routledge. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ucl/detail.action?docID=4756274

Laver, M. (2006). Legislatures and Parliaments in Comparative Context. In The Oxford handbook of political institutions: Vol. The Oxford handbooks of political science. Oxford University Press.

Laver, Michael. (1999e). Divided Parties, Divided Government. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 24(1), 5–29.

Laver, Michael & Shepsle, Kenneth A. (1999). Making and breaking governments: cabinets and legislatures in parliamentary democracies: Vol. Political economy of institutions and decisions. Cambridge University Press.

Lawrence, E., Donovan, T., & Bowler, S. (2013). The adoption of direct primaries in the United States. Party Politics, 19(1), 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068810393264

Legislative Studies Quarterly . (n.d.).

Legislative Studies Quarterly - Special Issue on Representative Roles. (n.d.). 4(4), 485–655.

Legislative Studies Section | The American Political Science Association. (n.d.). http://legislativestudies.org/

Leston-Bandeira, C. (2001). The Portuguese parliament during the first two decades of democracy. West European Politics, 24(1), 137–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402380108425421

Leston-Bandeira, C. (2009). Dissent in a Party-Based Parliament: The Portuguese Case. Party Politics, 15(6), 695–713. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068809334556

Levmore, S. (1992). Bicameralism: When are two decisions better than one? International Review of Law and Economics, 12(2), 145–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/0144-8188(92)90031-L

Liebert, U., & Cotta, M. (1990). Parliament as a central site in democratic consolidation. In Parliament and democratic consolidation in Southern Europe: Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain and Turkey (pp. 3–30). Pinter.

Lijphart, A. (1994). Presidentialism and majoritarian democracy. In The failure of presidential democracy: Vol. 1: Comparative perspectives. Johns Hopkins University Press.

Lijphart, A. (1999). Executive-legislative relations. In Patterns of democracy: government forms and performance in thirty-six countries. Yale University Press.

Lijphart, A. (2012). Patterns of democracy: government forms and performance in thirty-six countries (2nd ed). Yale University Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/j.ctt32bg23

Lijphart, Arend. (1971). Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method. The American Political Science Review, 65(3), 682–693.

Lijphart, Arend. (1992a). Introduction . In Parliamentary versus presidential government (pp. 1–27). Oxford University Press.

Lijphart, Arendt. (1975). The Comparable-Cases Strategy in Comparative Research. Comparative Political Studies, 8(2), 158–177. http://cps.sagepub.com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/content/8/2/158.full.pdf html

Linz, J. J. (1990a). The Virtues of Parliamentarism. Journal of Democracy, 1(4), 84–91.

Linz, J.J. (1990b). The Perils of Presidentialism. Journal of Democracy, 1(1), 51–69.

Llanos, M., & Nolte, D. (2003). Bicameralism in the Americas: around the extremes of symmetry and incongruence. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 9(3), 54–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000246864

Loewenberg, G. (2003). Agenda-setting in the German Bundestag: origins and consequences of party dominance. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 9(3), 17–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000246846

Loewenberg, G. (2011). On legislatures: the puzzle of representation: Vol. On politics. Paradigm Publishers.

Loewenberg, G., & Patterson, S. C. (1979). Linkage. In Comparing legislatures. University Press of America.

Loewenberg, Gerhard & Patterson, Samuel Charles. (1979a). Comparing legislatures. University Press of America.

Loewenberg, Gerhard & Patterson, Samuel Charles. (1979b). Comparing legislatures. University Press of America.

Loewenberg, Gerhard & Patterson, Samuel Charles. (1979c). Functions of Legislatures. In Comparing legislatures. University Press of America.

Lovenduski, Joni. (2005). Feminizing politics. Polity Press.

Loxbo, K. (2013). The fate of intra-party democracy: Leadership autonomy and activist influence in the mass party and the cartel party. Party Politics, 19(4), 537–554. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068811407583

Luciano Bardi. (n.d.). Special issue of Party Politics on political party change. 20, 151–159. http://ppq.sagepub.com/content/20/2.toc

Lukes, S. (2005). Power: a radical view (2nd ed). Palgrave Macmillan. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=nlebk&AN=197447&site=ehost-live&scope=site&custid=s8454451

Lundell, K. (2004). Determinants of Candidate Selection: The Degree of Centralization in Comparative Perspective. Party Politics, 10(1), 25–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068804039119

Luther, Kurt Richard & Muller-Rommel, Ferdinand. (2002). Political parties in the new Europe: political and analytical challenges: Vol. Comparative politics. Oxford University Press.

Lyne, M. M. (2008). Proffering Pork: How Party Leaders Build Party Reputations in Brazil. American Journal of Political Science, 52(2), 290–303. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2008.00313.x

M. Brito Vieira, & D. Runciman. (2008b). Representing Individuals. In Representation: Vol. Key concepts (pp. 66–83). Polity Press. https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=c5a29a2f-6836-e711-80c9-005056af4099

M. S., S. (2006). Comparative Executive-Legislative Relations. In The Oxford handbook of political institutions: Vol. The Oxford handbooks of political science. Oxford University Press.

Maddison, S. (2010). White Parliament, Black Politics: The Dilemmas of Indigenous Parliamentary Representation. Australian Journal of Political Science, 45(4), 663–680. https://doi.org/10.1080/10361146.2010.517180

Mainwaring, S. (1993). Presidentialism, Multipartism, and Democracy: The Difficult Combination. Comparative Political Studies, 26(2), 198–228. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414093026002003

Mainwaring, S. (1997). Presidentialism and democracy in Latin America : rethinking the terms of the debate. In Presidentialism and democracy in Latin America: Vol. Cambridge studies in comparative politics (pp. 12–54). Cambridge University Press.

Mainwaring, S., & Shugart, M. S. (Eds). (1997). Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America: Vol. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics. Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139174800

Mainwaring, Scott. (1995a). Presidentialism in Latin America. Latin American Research Review, 25(1), 157–179.

Mair, P. (2008). The Challenge to Party Government. West European Politics, 31(1–2), 211–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402380701835033

Mair, P., & Katz, R. (1994). Party organizations: from civil society to the state. In How parties organize: change and adaptation in party organizations in Western democracies (pp. 1–22). Sage Publications.

Mair, Peter. (1990). The West European party system: Vol. Oxford readings in politics and government. Oxford University Press.

Making an Impact: Effective Parliamentary Committees | Global Partners Governance. (2014). http://www.gpgovernance.net/publication/making-an-impact-effective-parliamentary-committees/

Manning, N., & Stapenhurst, R. (2002). Strengthening Oversight by Legislatures. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/11336/267480premnote74.pdf?sequence=1

Manow, P., & Burkhart, S. (2007). Legislative Self-Restraint Under Divided Government In Germany, 1976-2002. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 32(2), 167–191. https://doi.org/10.3162/036298007780907941

Mansbridge, J. (1999). Should Blacks Represent Blacks and Women Represent Women? A Contingent ‘Yes’. The Journal of Politics, 61(03). https://www.jstor.org/stable/2647821

Martin, L. W., & Vanberg, G. (2011). Parliaments and Coalitions: The Role of Legislative Institutions in Multiparty Governance. In Oxford Scholarship Online. Oxford Scholarship. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199607884.001.0001

Martin, S. (2014). Committees. In S. Martin, T. Saalfeld, & K. W. Strøm (Eds), The Oxford Handbook of Legislative Studies. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.013.0006

Martin, S., Saalfeld, T., & Strøm, K. (Eds). (2014a). The Oxford handbook of legislative studies: Vol. Oxford handbooks in politics&international relations. Oxford University Press.

Martin, S., Saalfeld, T., & Strøm, K. W. (2014b). Introduction. In S. Martin, T. Saalfeld, & K. W. Strøm (Eds), The Oxford Handbook of Legislative Studies. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.013.0001

Martin, Shane. (2011b). Using Parliamentary Questions to Measure Constituency Focus: An Application to the Irish Case. Political Studies, 59(2), 472–488. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2011.00885.x

Mateo Diaz, Mercedes. (2005). Representing women?: female legislators in West European parliaments: Vol. ECPR monographs. ECPR Press.

Matland, Richard E. (1998a). Women’s Representation in National Legislatures: Developed and Developing Countries. Legislative Studies Quarterly , 23(1), 109–125.

Matland, Richard E. & Montgomery, Kathleen A. (2003). Women’s access to political power in post-communist Europe: Vol. Gender and politics. Oxford University Press.

Matthews, Donald R. & Valen, Henry. (1999). Parliamentary representation: the case of the Norwegian Storting: Vol. Parliaments and legislatures series. Ohio State University Press.

Mattson, I., & Strom, K. (2004). Committee effects on legislation. In Patterns of parliamentary behavior: passage of legislation across Western Europe (pp. 91–111). Ashgate.

May, J. D. (1973). Opinion structure of political parties: the special law of curvilinear disparity. Political Studies, 21(2), 135–151. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1973.tb01423.x

Mayhew, David R. (1974). Congress: the electoral connection: Vol. Yale studies in political science. Yale University Press.

McCubbins, Mathew D. & Sullivan, Terry. (1987). Congress: structure and policy: Vol. Political economy of institutions and decisions. Cambridge University Press.

McGhee, E., Masket, S., Shor, B., Rogers, S., & McCarty, N. (2014). A Primary Cause of Partisanship? Nomination Systems and Legislator Ideology. American Journal of Political Science, 58(2), 337–351. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12070

McKenzie, R. (1982). Power in the Labour Party: The Issue of Intra-Party Democracy. In The politics of the Labour Party (pp. 191–201). Allen & Unwin.

Mendelberg, T., Karpowitz, C. F., & Goedert, N. (2014). Does Descriptive Representation Facilitate Women’s Distinctive Voice? How Gender Composition and Decision Rules Affect Deliberation. American Journal of Political Science, 58(2), 291–306. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12077

Messick, R. (2002). Strengthening Legislatures: Implications from Industrial Countries. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/11354/multi0page.pdf?sequence=1

Mezey, M. (1979). Classifying legislatures. In Legislatures: Vol. Oxford readings in politics and government (pp. 149–176). Oxford University Press. https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=2cdbbe02-4d36-e711-80c9-005056af4099

Mezey, M. (1979b). Classifying Legislatures. In Comparative legislatures: Vol. Publications of the Consortium for Comparative Legislative Studies (pp. 149–176). Duke University Press.

Mezey, M. (1979c). Defining the Legislature. In Comparative legislatures: Vol. Publications of the Consortium for Comparative Legislative Studies (pp. 3–20). Duke University Press.

Mezey, M. L. (1998b). Executive-legislative relations. In World encyclopedia of parliaments and legislatures. Congressional Quarterly.

Mezey, M. L. (2002a). Legislatures: Individual Purpose and Institutional Performance. In Political science: the state of the discipline (Centennial ed). W.W. Norton.

Michels, Robert. (1962). Political parties: a sociological study of the oligarchical tendencies of modern democracy. Free Press.

Mikulska, A. B., & Scarrow, S. E. (2010). Assessing the Political Impact of Candidate Selection Rules: Britain in the 1990s. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties, 20(3), 311–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2010.490712

Minta, M. (2009). Legislative Oversight and the Substantive Representation of Black and Latino Interests in Congress. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 34(2), 193–218. https://doi.org/10.3162/036298009788314336

Mishler, William, & Rose, Richard. (1994a). Support for Parliaments and Regimes in the Transition toward Democracy in Eastern Europe. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 19(1), 5–32.

Mona Lena Krook. (n.d.). International Political Science Review. 35, 3–11. http://ips.sagepub.com/content/35/1.toc

Money, Jeannette, & Tsebelis, George. (1992b). Cicero’s Puzzle: Upper House Power in Comparative Perspective . International Political Science Review / Revue Internationale de Science Politique, 13(1), 25–43.

Monk, D. (2010). A Framework for Evaluating the Performance of Committees in Westminster Parliaments. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 16(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/13572330903541904

Morgenstern, Scott & Nacif, Benito. (2002). Legislative politics in Latin America: Vol. Cambridge studies in comparative politics. Cambridge University Press.

Mughan, Anthony & Patterson, Samuel Charles. (1999a). Senates: bicameralism in the contemporary world: Vol. Parliaments and legislatures series. Ohio State University Press.

Mughan, Anthony & Patterson, Samuel Charles. (1999b). Senates: bicameralism in the contemporary world: Vol. Parliaments and legislatures series. Ohio State University Press.

Müller, W. C., & Sieberer, U. (2014). Procedure and Rules in Legislatures. In S. Martin, T. Saalfeld, & K. W. Strøm (Eds), The Oxford Handbook of Legislative Studies. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.013.0023

Muller, Wolfgang C. & Saalfeld, Thomas. (1997). Members of parliament in Western Europe: roles and behaviour: Vol. Library of legislative studies. F. Cass.

Murray, R. (2007). How Parties Evaluate Compulsory Quotas: A Study of the Implementation of the ‘Parity’ Law in France. Parliamentary Affairs, 60(4), 568–584. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsm039

Murray, R. (2014). Quotas for Men: Reframing Gender Quotas as a Means of Improving Representation for All. American Political Science Review, 108(03), 520–532. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055414000239

Musolf, Lloyd D., Kornberg, Allan, & American Society for Public Administration. (1970). Legislatures in developmental perspective: Vol. Comparative Administration Group series. Duke University Press.

Narud, Hanne Marthe, Pedersen, Mogens N., & Valen, Henry. (2002). Party sovereignty and citizen control: selecting candidates for parliamentary elections in Denmark, Finland, Iceland and Norway: Vol. University of Southern Denmark studies in history and social sciences. University Press of Southern Denmark.

Nassmacher, H. (2008). The Dilemma of Depth Versus Breadth in Comparing Political Systems Empirically...and How to Overcome It. European Political Science, 7(1), 113–125. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.eps.2210179

Nijzink, L., Mozaffar, S., & Azevedo, E. (2006). Parliaments and the enhancement of democracy on the African continent: An analysis of institutional capacity and public perceptions. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 12(3–4), 311–335. https://doi.org/10.1080/13572330600875563

Norris , P. (1996). Legislative recruitment. In Comparing democracies: elections and voting in global perspectives (pp. 184–215). Sage Publications.

Norris , P. (1997). Introduction: theories of recruitment. In Passages to power: legislative recruitment in advanced democracies (pp. 1–14). Cambridge University Press.

Norris, P. (1995). May’s Law of Curvilinear Disparity Revisited: Leaders, Officers, Members and Voters in British Political Parties. Party Politics, 1(1), 29–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068895001001002

Norris, P. (1997). The puzzle of constituency service. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 3(2), 29–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/13572339708420508

Norris, P. (2004). Constituency Service. In Electoral engineering: voting rules and political behaviour (pp. 230–246). Cambridge University Press. http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=UCL&isbn=9780511313615

Norris, P., & Lovenduski, J. (1994). Political Recruitment: Gender, Race and Class in the British Parliament. Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511598609

Norris, P., & Lovenduski, J. (1995). Comparative candidate recruitment. In Political recruitment: gender, race, and class in the British parliament (pp. 183–205). Cambridge University Press. https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=cfbd0a7c-5b36-e711-80c9-005056af4099

Norris, Pippa. (2004). Electoral engineering: voting rules and political behaviour. Cambridge University Press.

Norton, P. (1990). Parliaments: A Framework for Analysis. In Parliaments in Western Europe. Cass.

Norton, P. (1998). Introduction: The institution of parliaments. In Parliaments and governments in Western Europe: Vol. Parliaments in contemporary Western Europe (pp. 1–15). Frank Cass.

Norton, P. (2001). Playing by the Rules: The Constraining Hand of Parliamentary Procedure. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 7(3), 13–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/714003882

Norton, P. (2002). Introduction: Linking Parliaments and Citizens. In Parliaments and citizens in Western Europe: Vol. Parliaments in contemporary Western Europe (pp. 1–18). Frank Cass.

Norton, P. (2004). How many bicameral legislatures are there? The Journal of Legislative Studies, 10(4), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000322436

Norton, P. (2013). Parliament in British politics: Vol. Contemporary political studies series (2nd ed). Palgrave Macmillan. https://read.kortext.com/reader/pdf/616520/Cover

Norton, P., & Leston-Bandeira, C. (2003). The impact of democratic practice on the parliaments of Southern Europe. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 9(2), 177–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233032000250680

Norton, P., & Olson, D. M. (2007). Post-Communist and Post-Soviet Legislatures: Beyond Transition. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 13(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/13572330601165154

Norton, Philip. (1990a). Legislatures: Vol. Oxford readings in politics and government. Oxford University Press.

Norton, Philip. (1990b). Parliaments in Western Europe. Cass.

Norton, Philip. (1998). Legislatures and legislators: Vol. The international library of politics and comparative government. Ashgate.

Norton, Philip. (2002). Parliaments and citizens in Western Europe: Vol. Parliaments in contemporary Western Europe. Frank Cass.

Norton, Philip & Ahmed, Nizam U. (1999). Parliaments in Asia: Vol. The library of legislative studies. Frank Cass.

Olivella, S., & Tavits, M. (2014). Legislative Effects of Electoral Mandates. British Journal of Political Science, 44(02), 301–321. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123412000828

Olson, D. (1994a). Legislatures in the Policy Process. In Democratic legislative institutions: a comparative view: Vol. Comparative politics series. M.E. Sharpe.

Olson, D. (1994b). Legislatures in Today’s Democracies. In Democratic legislative institutions: a comparative view: Vol. Comparative politics series. M.E. Sharpe.

Olson, D. M. (1998). The Parliaments of New Democracies: The Experience of Central Europe. In World encyclopedia of parliaments and legislatures. Congressional Quarterly.

Olson, D. M., & Longley, L. D. (1991). Two into One: The Politics and Processes of National Legislative Cameral Change. Westview Press.

Olson, D. M., & Mezey, M. L. (Eds). (1991). Legislatures in the Policy Process: The Dilemmas of Economic Policy: Vol. Advances in Political Science. Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511521621

Olson, David M. (1994). Democratic legislative institutions: a comparative view: Vol. Comparative politics series. M.E. Sharpe.

Olson, David M. & Crowther, William E. (2002). Committees in post-Communist democratic parliaments: comparative institutionalization: Vol. Parliaments and legislatures series. The Ohio State University Press.

Olson, David M. & Norton, Philip. (1996). The new parliaments of Central and Eastern Europe. Frank Cass.

Ostrow, Joel M. (2000a). Comparing post-Soviet legislatures: a theory of institutional design and political conflict: Vol. Parliaments and legislatures series. Ohio State University Press.

Ostrow, Joel M. (2000b). Comparing post-Soviet legislatures: a theory of institutional design and political conflict: Vol. Parliaments and legislatures series. Ohio State University Press.

Overseas Development Institute - Parliamentary Strengthening and the Paris Principles. (2007).

Owens, J. E., & Loomis, B. A. (2006). Qualified exceptionalism: The US Congress in comparative perspective. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 12(3–4), 258–290. https://doi.org/10.1080/13572330600875464

Ozbudun, Ergun. (1970). Party cohesion in western democracies: a causal analysis: Vol. Sage professional papers in comparative politics. Sage Publications.

Pakenham, R. A. (1970a). Legislatures and political development. In Legislatures: Vol. Oxford readings in politics and government. Oxford University Press.

Panebianco, Angelo. (1988). Political parties: organization and power: Vol. Cambridge studies in modern political economies. Cambridge University Press.

Paper 1. Why Engage With Parliaments? International assistance and parliamentary strengthening - an overview. | Global Partners Governance. (2013). https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CDgQw7AJahcKEwjw2uOtmdKAAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fgpgovernance.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F02%2FGuide-to-Parliaments.-Paper-1.pdf&psig=AOvVaw3qh0yqgQDD4CcEMTpN4yDy&ust=1691760564108513&opi=89978449

Paper 2. How Parliaments Work: Parliamentary processes and procedures. | Global Partners Governance. (n.d.). https://gpgovernance.net/publications/guide-to-parliaments-paper-2-how-parliaments-work-parliamentary-processes-and-procedures/

Paper 4. Show Me the Money. Improving financial oversight. | Global Partners Governance. (2014). http://www.gpgovernance.net/publication/paper-4-show-me-the-money/

Parliamentary Affairs . (n.d.).

Parliamentary Questions. (2011). The Journal of Legislative Studies, 17(3), 259–270. https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/fjls20/17/3?nav=tocList

Parliamentary Strengthening: Government Response to the International Development Committee’s Ninth Report of Session 2014-15. (2015). http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201415/cmselect/cmintdev/1125/112504.htm#a2

Parliaments specialist group | The Political Studies Association (PSA). (n.d.). The Political Studies Association (PSA). https://psaparliaments.org/

Party Politics. (n.d.).

Party Politics - Special Issue on Candidate Selection. (2001). 7(3).

Patapan, Haig, Wanna, John, & Weller, Patrick Moray. (2005). Westminster legacies: democracy and responsible government in Asia and the Pacific: Vol. ANZOG program on government, politics and public management. UNSW Press.

Patterson, Samuel Charles & Copeland, Gary W. (1994). Parliaments in the modern world: changing institutions. University of Michigan Press.

Patzelt, Werner J. (1999f). Recruitment and Retention in Western European Parliaments. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 24(2), 239–279.

Paxton, P., & Hughes, M. M. (2015). The Increasing Effectiveness of National Gender Quotas, 1990-2010. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 40(3), 331–362. https://doi.org/10.1111/lsq.12079

Pearson, K., & Dancey, L. (2011). Speaking for the Underrepresented in the House of Representatives: Voicing Women’s Interests in a Partisan Era. Politics & Gender, 7(04), 493–519. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X1100033X

Pedersen, H. H. (2010). Differences and Changes in Danish Party Organisations: Central Party Organisation versus Parliamentary Party Group Power. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 16(2), 233–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/13572331003740131

Pelizzo, R., & Kinyondo, A. (2014). Public Accounts Committees in Eastern and Southern Africa: A Comparative Analysis. Politics & Policy, 42(1), 77–102. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12062

Pelizzo, Riccardo and Stapenhurst, Frederick. (2012b). Legislative oversight tools. In Parliamentary oversight tools: a comparative analysis: Vol. Routledge research in comparative politics (pp. 28-56-157–159). Routledge. https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=78bb01cd-5536-e711-80c9-005056af4099

Pettitt, R. T. (2014). Contemporary party politics. Palgrave Macmillan.

Phillips , A. (1998). Democracy and Representation: Or, Why Should it Matter Who our Representatives Are? In Feminism and politics: Vol. Oxford readings in feminism (pp. 224–240). Oxford University Press.

Phillips, A. (1998). The Politics of Presence. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/0198294158.001.0001

Piscopo, J. M. (2011). Rethinking Descriptive Representation: Rendering Women in Legislative Debates. Parliamentary Affairs, 64(3), 448–472. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsq061

Pitkin, H. (1972). The Mandate-Independence Controversy. In The concept of representation. University of California Press.

Pitkin, Hanna Fenichel. (1972). The concept of representation. University of California Press.

Polsby, N. (1975). Legislatures. In Handbook of Political Science: Vol. Oxford readings in politics and government. Oxford University Press.

Polsby, N. (1998c). The Institutionalization of the US House of Representatives. In Legislatures and legislators: Vol. The international library of politics and comparative government (pp. 76–101). Ashgate.

Power, G. (n.d.). Annex to the IPU’s Global Parliamentary Report. United Nations Development Programme. http://www.ipu.org/pdf/publications/gpr2012-full-e.pdf

Power, G. (2011). The Politics of Parliamentary Strengthening: Understanding political incentives and institutional behaviour in parliamentary support strategies. http://www.gpgovernance.net/publication/the-politics-of-parliamentary-strengthening/

Power, G. (2012). Global Parliamentary Report: The changing nature of parliamentary representation. http://www.ipu.org/pdf/publications/gpr2012-full-e.pdf

Power, Timothy J. & Rae, Nicol C. (2006). Exporting Congress?: the influence of the U.S. Congress on world legislatures. University of Pittsburgh Press.

Przeworski, A., Asadurian, T., & Thomas Bohlken, A. (2012). The origins of parliamentary responsibility. In Comparative constitutional design. Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/comparative-constitutional-design/origins-of-parliamentary-responsibility/6E5F94D8066519887516B9F5E1B075F3

R. Dalton, D. Farrell, & I. McAllister. (2011c). Party policies and policy outputs. In Political parties and democratic linkage: how parties organize democracy (pp. 193–212). Oxford University Press. http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199599356.001.0001/acprof-9780199599356

Rahat, G. (2007). Determinants of Party Cohesion: Evidence from the Case of the Israeli Parliament. Parliamentary Affairs, 60(2), 279–296. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsm003

Rahat, G. (2009). Which Candidate Selection Method is the Most Democratic? Government and Opposition, 44(1), 68–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2008.01276.x

Rahman, Taiabur. (2008a). Parliamentary control and government accountability in South Asia: a comparative analysis of Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka: Vol. Routledge advances in South Asian studies series. Routledge.

Rahman, Taiabur. (2008b). Parliamentary control and government accountability in South Asia: a comparative analysis of Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka: Vol. Routledge advances in South Asian studies series. Routledge.

Rai, S. M. (2002). Political representation, democratic institutions and women’s empowerment: the quota. In Rethinking empowerment: gender and development in a global/local world: Vol. Routledge/Warwick studies in globalisation (pp. 133–146). Routledge.

Rasch, B. E. (2014). Institutional Foundations of Legislative Agenda-Setting. In S. Martin, T. Saalfeld, & K. W. Strøm (Eds), The Oxford Handbook of Legislative Studies. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.013.0010

Rasch, Bjorn Erik. (2000b). Parliamentary Floor Voting Procedures and Agenda Setting in Europe. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 25(1), 3–23.

Regional & Federal Studies (Special Issue: Constituency Representation, Devolution and MMP Electoral Systems: Comparative and UK Perspectives). (2007). 17(1).

Remington, Thomas F. (1994). Parliaments in transition: the new legislative politics in the former USSR and Eastern Europe. Westview Press.

Report from the UK House of Commons International Development committee on parliamentary strengthening. (2015). http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201415/cmselect/cmintdev/704/704.pdf#

Research and Education – Parliament of Australia. (n.d.). http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Research_and_Education

Reynolds, A. (2005). Reserved Seats in National Legislatures: A Research Note. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 30(2), 301–310. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3598674

REYNOLDS, A. (2013). Representation and Rights: The Impact of LGBT Legislators in Comparative Perspective. American Political Science Review, 107(02), 259–274. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055413000051

Rhodes, R. A. W., Binder, S. A., & Rockman, B. A. (2008). The Oxford handbook of political institutions: Vol. The Oxford handbooks of political science. Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199548460.001.0001

Rich, T. S. (2014). Party Voting Cohesion in Mixed Member Legislative Systems: Evidence from Korea and Taiwan. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 39(1), 113–135. https://doi.org/10.1111/lsq.12035

Richard L. Hall. (1992). Measuring Legislative Influence. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 17(2), 205–231. http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/440058

Riggs, Fred W. (1997b). Presidentialism versus Parliamentarism: Implications for Representativeness and Legitimacy . International Political Science Review / Revue Internationale de Science Politique, 18(3), 253–278.

Riker, William H. (1992c). The Justification of Bicameralism. International Political Science Review / Revue Internationale de Science Politique, 13(1), 101–116.

Roberts, A., Seawright, J., & Cyr, J. (2013). Do Electoral Laws Affect Women’s Representation? Comparative Political Studies, 46(12), 1555–1581. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414012463906

Roberts, J. (2007). The Statistical Analysis Of Roll-Call Data: A Cautionary Tale. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 32(3), 341–360. https://doi.org/10.3162/036298007781699636

Rogers, J. R. (2001). An Informational Rationale for Congruent Bicameralism. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 13(2), 123–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/0951692801013002001

Rolef, S. H. (2014). Defining the Job of the Member of the Knesset. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 20(4), 588–607. https://doi.org/10.1080/17411912.2014.910338

Roller, E. (2002). Reforming the Spanish Senate: Mission Impossible? West European Politics, 25(4), 69–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/713601643

Rose, Richard. (1984). Do parties make a difference? (Expanded 2nd ed). Macmillan.

Rosenblum, Nancy L. (2008). On the side of the angels: an appreciation of parties and partisanship. Princeton University Press.

Ruedin, D. (2013). Why aren’t they there?: the political representation of women, ethnic groups and issue positions in legislatures: Vol. ECPR monographs. Ecpr Press.

Ruland, Jurgen & Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. (2005). Parliaments and political change in Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

Rush, Michael. (2005). Parliament today: Vol. Politics today. Manchester University Press.

Russell, M. (2001). What are Second Chambers for? Parliamentary Affairs, 54(3), 442–458. https://academic.oup.com/pa/article-abstract/54/3/442/1461945?redirectedFrom=PDF

Russell, M. (2005). Selection under Blair. In Building new Labour: the politics of party organisation (pp. 67–95). Palgrave Macmillan.

Russell, M. (2012). Elected Second Chambers and Their Powers: An International Survey. The Political Quarterly, 83(1), 117–129. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-923X.2012.02275.x

Russell, M. (2013a). Bicameralism in Theory & Comparative Perspective. Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199671564.001.0001

Russell, M. (2013b). Rethinking Bicameral Strength: A Three-Dimensional Approach. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 19(3), 370–391. https://doi.org/10.1080/13572334.2013.773639

Russell, M. (2014). Parliamentary party cohesion: Some explanations from psychology. Party Politics, 20(5), 712–723. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068812453367

Russell, M., & Benton, M. (2009). Assessing the Policy Impact of Parliament: Methodological Challenges and Possible Future Approaches. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b191/3bce50cbc3ed8780ac51a8f13b9d1b89d585.pdf

Russell, M., & Benton, M. (2010). (Re)assessing Parliamentary Policy Impact: The Case of the Australian Senate. Australian Journal of Political Science, 45(2), 159–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/10361141003736117

Russell, M., Gover, D., & Wollter, K. (2015). Does the Executive Dominate the Westminster Legislative Process?: Six Reasons for Doubt. Parliamentary Affairs. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsv016

Russell, M., & Sandford, M. (2002). Why are Second Chambers so Difficult to Reform? The Journal of Legislative Studies, 8(3), 79–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/714003926

Russell, Meg, Paun, Akash, & University College, London. (2007). The House rules? International lessons for enhancing the autonomy of the House of Commons. Constitution Unit, Department of Political Science, UCL. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/spp/publications/unit-publications/142.pdf

Russo, F., & Wiberg, M. (2010). Parliamentary Questioning in 17 European Parliaments: Some Steps towards Comparison. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 16(2), 215–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/13572331003740115

Saalfeld, T. (1995). Rational-choice theory in legislative studies: Models of politics without romanticism. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 1(1), 32–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/13572339508420414

Saalfeld, T. (1998). Legislative Voting Behaviour. In World encyclopedia of parliaments and legislatures. Congressional Quarterly.

Saalfeld, T., & Strøm, K. W. (2014). Political Parties and Legislators. In S. Martin, T. Saalfeld, & K. W. Strøm (Eds), The Oxford Handbook of Legislative Studies. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.013.0022

Saiegh, S. M. (2014). LawMaking. In S. Martin, T. Saalfeld, & K. W. Strøm (Eds), The Oxford Handbook of Legislative Studies. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.013.0012

Salih, Mohamed Abdel Rahim M. (2005a). African parliaments: between governance and government. Palgrave Macmillan.

Salih, Mohamed Abdel Rahim M. (2005b). African parliaments: between governance and government. Palgrave Macmillan.

Salmond, R. (2006). Proportional Representation and Female Parliamentarians. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 31(2), 175–204. https://doi.org/10.3162/036298006X201779

Salmond, R. (2014). Parliamentary Question Times: How Legislative Accountability Mechanisms Affect Mass Political Engagement. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 20(3), 321–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/13572334.2014.895121

Santiso, C. (2004). Legislatures and Budget Oversight in Latin America: Strengthening Public Finance Accountability in Emerging Economies. Journal on Budgeting, 4(2). http://www.oecd.org/gov/budgeting/43488676.pdf

Sartori , G. (1997). Presidentialism. In Comparative constitutional engineering: an inquiry into structures, incentives and outcomes (2nd ed, pp. 83–100). Macmillan Press.

Sartori, G. (1994a). Compare why and how. In Comparing nations: concepts, strategies, substance (pp. 14–34). Blackwell. https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=2938f567-5e36-e711-80c9-005056af4099

Sartori, G. (1994b). Compare why and how. In Comparing nations: concepts, strategies, substance. Blackwell.

Sartori, Giovanni. (1970b). Concept Misformation in Comparative Politics. The American Political Science Review, 64(4), 1033–1053.

Sartori, Giovanni. (1997c). Problems with Parliamentary Systems. In Comparative constitutional engineering: an inquiry into structures, incentives and outcomes (2nd ed). New York University Press.

Sater, J. N. (2007). Changing Politics from Below? Women Parliamentarians in Morocco. Democratization, 14(4), 723–742. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510340701398352

Scarrow, S. E. (2003). Parties and Their Members : Organising for Victory in Britain and Germany. Oxford University Press.

Scarrow, S. E. (2015). Beyond party members: changing approaches to partisan mobilization: Vol. Comparative politics. Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199661862.001.0001

Scarrow, S. E., Webb, P., & Farrell, D. M. (2002b). From Social Integration to Electoral Contestation: The Changing Distribution of Power within Political Parties. In Parties without partisans: political change in advanced industrial democracies: Vol. Oxford scholarship online. Oxford Scholarship Online.

Schick, A. (2002). Can National Legislatures Regain an Effective Voice in Budget Policy? Journal on Budgeting, 1(3). http://www.oecd.org/gov/budgeting/43514045.pdf

Schleiter, P., & Morgan-Jones, E. (2009). Review Article: Citizens, Presidents and Assemblies: The Study of Semi-Presidentialism beyond Duverger and Linz. British Journal of Political Science, 39(04). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123409990159

Schneider, M. C., & Bos, A. L. (2014). Measuring Stereotypes of Female Politicians. Political Psychology, 35(2), 245–266. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12040

Schuler, P., & Malesky, E. (2014). Authoritarian Legislatures. In The Oxford Handbook of Legislative Studies. http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199653010-e-004

Schwindt-Bayer, L. (2009). Making Quotas Work: The Effect of Gender Quota Laws On the Election of Women. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 34(1), 5–28. https://doi.org/10.3162/036298009787500330

Schwindt-Bayer, L. A. (2006). Still Supermadres? Gender and the Policy Priorities of Latin American Legislators. American Journal of Political Science, 50(3), 570–585. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00202.x

Searing, D. (1995b). Backbench and Leadership Roles in The House of Commons. Parliamentary Affairs, 48(3), 418–437.

Searing, D. D. (1994). Introduction: Roles, Rules and Rationality. In Westminster’s world: understanding political roles (pp. 1–30). Harvard University Press.

Shankar, B. L. & Rodrigues, Valerian. (2011). The Indian Parliament: a democracy at work. Oxford University Press.

Shaw, E. (2001). New Labour: new pathways to parliament. Parliamentary Affairs, 54(1), 35–53. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/54.1.35

Shaw, M. (1998a). Legislative Committees. In World encyclopedia of parliaments and legislatures. Congressional Quarterly.

Shaw, M. (1998b). Parliamentary committees: a global perspective. In The new roles of parliamentary committees: Vol. The library of legislative studies (pp. 225–251). Frank Cass.

Shaw, Malcolm N., & Lees, J. D. (1979). Committees in Legislatures.

Shaw, Malcolm N. & Lees, John D. (1979). Committees in legislatures: a comparative analysis. Duke University Press.

Shell, D. (1998d). Second chambers. In World encyclopedia of parliaments and legislatures. Congressional Quarterly.

Shephard, M., & Cairney, P. (2005). The Impact of the Scottish Parliament in Amending Executive Legislation. Political Studies, 53(2), 303–319. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2005.00530.x

Shepsle, Kenneth A., & Weingast, Barry R. (1994b). Positive Theories of Congressional Institutions. Legislative Studies Quarterly , 19(2), 149–179.

Shomer, Y. (2009). Candidate Selection Procedures, Seniority, and Vote-Seeking Behavior. Comparative Political Studies, 42(7), 945–970. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414008330600

Shomer, Y. (2014). What affects candidate selection processes? A cross-national examination. Party Politics, 20(4), 533–546. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068811436060

Shugart, M. S., & Carey, J. M. (1992). Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics. Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173988

Siaroff, A. (2003). Varieties of Parliamentarianism in the Advanced Industrial Democracies. International Political Science Review, 24(4), 445–464. https://doi.org/10.1177/01925121030244003

Sieberer, U. (2006). Party unity in parliamentary democracies: A comparative analysis. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 12(2), 150–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/13572330600739413

Sieberer, U. (2015). Using MP statements to explain voting behaviour in the German Bundestag: An individual level test of the Competing Principals Theory. Party Politics, 21(2), 284–294. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068812472584

Skjaeveland, A. (1999). A Danish Party Cohesion Cycle. Scandinavian Political Studies, 22(2), 121–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9477.00008

Skjaeveland, A. (2001). Party Cohesion in the Danish Parliament. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 7(2), 35–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/714003872

Soroka, S., Penner, E., & Blidook, K. (2009a). Constituency Influence in Parliament. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 42(03). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423909990059

Soroka, S., Penner, E., & Blidook, K. (2009b). Constituency Influence in Parliament. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 42(03). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423909990059

Spies, D. C., & Kaiser, A. (2012). Does the mode of candidate selection affect the representativeness of parties? Party Politics. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068811436066

Stapenhurst, et al., R. (2008). Legislative Oversight and Budgeting: A World Perspective. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/6547/456270PUB0Box3101OFFICIAL0USE0ONLY1.pdf?sequence=1

Stepan, A., & Skach, C. (1993). Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation: Parliamentarianism versus Presidentialism. World Politics, 46(1). https://doi.org/10.2307/2950664

Stockemer, D. (2011). Women’s Parliamentary Representation in Africa: The Impact of Democracy and Corruption on the Number of Female Deputies in National Parliaments. Political Studies, 59(3), 693–712. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2011.00897.x

Stokes, S. C. (1999). Political parties and democracy. Annual Review of Political Science, 2(1), 243–267. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.2.1.243

Stratmann , Thomas, & Baur , Martin. (2002c). Plurality Rule, Proportional Representation, and the German Bundestag: How Incentives to Pork-Barrel Differ across Electoral Systems. American Journal of Political Science, 46(3), 506–514.

Strom, K. (1984). Minority Governments in Parliamentary Democracies: The Rationality of Nonwinning Cabinet Solutions. Comparative Political Studies, 17(2), 199–227. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414084017002004

Strom, K. (1997). Rules, reasons and routines: Legislative roles in parliamentary democracies. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 3(1), 155–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/13572339708420504

Strøm, K., Bergman, T., & Müller, W. C. (2003). Delegation and accountability in parliamentary democracies: Vol. Comparative politics. Oxford University Press.

Swenden, Wilfried. (2004). Federalism and second chambers: regional representation in parliamentary federations : the Australian Senate and German Bundesrat compared: Vol. Regionalism&federalism. P.I.E.-Peter Lang.

Swers, Michele L. (1998e). Are Women More Likely to Vote for Women’s Issue Bills than Their Male Colleagues? Legislative Studies Quarterly, 23(3).

Swers, Michele L. (2002). The difference women make: the policy impact of women in Congress. University of Chicago Press.

Tate, K. (2001). The Political Representation of Blacks in Congress: Does Race Matter? Legislative Studies Quarterly, 26(4).

Tavits, M. (2009a). Effect of Local Ties On Electoral Success and Parliamentary Behaviour: The Case of Estonia. Party Politics, 16(2), 215–235. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068809341053

Tavits, M. (2009b). The Making of Mavericks: Local Loyalties and Party Defection. Comparative Political Studies, 42(6), 793–815. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414008329900

Tavits, M. (2011). Power within Parties: The Strength of the Local Party and MP Independence in Postcommunist Europe. American Journal of Political Science, 55(4), 923–936. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00520.x

Taylor-Robinson, M. M. (2014). Gender and Legislatures. In S. Martin, T. Saalfeld, & K. W. Strøm (Eds), The Oxford Handbook of Legislative Studies. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.013.0009

The difficult development of parliamentary politics in the Gulf: Parliaments and the process of managed reform in Kuwait, Bahrain and Oman | Global Partners Governance. (2012). http://www.gpgovernance.net/publication/politics-in-gulf/

The Journal of Legislative Studies. (n.d.).

The Journal of Legislative Studies . (2002). 8(3).

The Journal of Legislative Studies - Special Issue on Legislatures and executives: an investigation into the relationship at the heart of government. (2004). 10(2–3).

The Journal of Legislative Studies - Special Issue on Post-Communist Parliaments: Change and Stability in the Second Decade. (2011). 17(2).

The Journal of Legislative Studies - Special Issue on Second Chambers. (2001).

The Journal of Legislative Studies - Special Issue on Southern European Parliaments in Democracy. (2003). 9(2).

The Journal of Legislative Studies - Special Issue on The Uneasy Relationship Between Parliamentary Members and Leaders. (1999). 5(3/4), 1–332.

The Journal of Legislative Studies (Special Issue: Cohesion and Discipline in Legislatures: Political Parties, Party Leadership, Parliamentary Committees and Governance). (2003). 9(4).

The Journal of Legislative Studies (Special Issue: Comparing and Classifying Legislatures). (2006). 12(3–4).

The Parliamentarian - The Journal of Commonwealth Parliamentarians and Legislatures. (n.d.). Commonwealth Parliamentary Association. https://www.cpahq.org/knowledge-centre/the-parliamentarian/

Thomassen, J., & Esaiasson, P. (2006). Role Orientations of Members of Parliament. Acta Politica, 41(3), 217–231. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ap.5500157

Thompson, L. (2013). More of the Same or a Period of Change? The Impact of Bill Committees in the Twenty-First Century House of Commons. Parliamentary Affairs, 66(3), 459–479. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gss016

Tobin Grant, J., & Rudolph, T. J. (2004). The Job of Representation in Congress: Public Expectations and Representative Approval. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 29(3), 431–445. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3598561

Tremblay, M. (2007). Democracy, Representation, and Women: A Comparative Analysis. Democratization, 14(4), 533–553. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510340701398261

Tremblay, Manon, Trimble, Linda J., & Sawer, Marian. (2006). Representing women in parliament: a comparative study: Vol. Routledge research in comparative politics. Routledge.

Tsebelis, G. (1995). Decision Making in Political Systems: Veto Players in Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, Multicameralism and Multipartyism. British Journal of Political Science, 25(03). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123400007225

Tsebelis, G. (2002). Governments and Parliaments. In Veto players: how political institutions work. Princeton University Press.

Tsebelis, G., & Money, J. (1997). Bicameralism: Vol. Political Economy of Institutions and Decisions. Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511609350

Tsebelis, George & Russell Sage Foundation. (2002). Veto players: how political institutions work. Princeton University Press.

Uhr, John. (1998). Deliberative democracy in Australia: the changing place of Parliament: Vol. Reshaping Australian institutions. Cambridge University Press.

Uhr, John. (2005c). How Democratic is Parliament? Democratic Audit of Australia.

UK Parliament. (n.d.). http://www.parliament.uk/

Urbinati, Nadia. (2006). Representative democracy: principles and genealogy. University of Chicago Press.

van Biezen, I. (2000). On the Internal Balance of Party Power: Party Organizations in New Democracies. Party Politics, 6(4), 395–417. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068800006004001

Vatter, A. (2005). Bicameralism and policy performance: The effects of cameral structure in Comparative Perspective. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 11(2), 194–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/13572330500158607

Vivyan, N., & Wagner, M. (2012). Do voters reward rebellion? The electoral accountability of MPs in Britain. European Journal of Political Research, 51(2), 235–264. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2011.01998.x

Vliegenthart, R., & Walgrave, S. (2011). Content Matters: The Dynamics of Parliamentary Questioning in Belgium and Denmark. Comparative Political Studies, 44(8), 1031–1059. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414011405168

Wangnerud, L. (2000). Testing the Politics of Presence: Women’s Representation in the Swedish Riksdag. Scandinavian Political Studies, 23(1), 67–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9477.00031

Wangnerud, L. (2009). Women in Parliaments: Descriptive and Substantive Representation. Annual Review of Political Science, 12(1), 51–69. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.053106.123839

Ward, H. (2010). Rational Choice. In Theory and methods in political science: Vol. Political analysis (3rd ed). Palgrave Macmillan.

Ware, A. (1996a). Party organizations. In Political parties and party systems (pp. 93–123). Oxford University Press. https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=9ffbe153-4d36-e711-80c9-005056af4099

Ware, A. (1996b). The Selection of Candidates and Leaders. In Political parties and party systems. Oxford University Press.

Wehner, J. (2006). Back from the Sidelines? Redefining the Contribution of Legislatures to the Budget Cycle. In World Bank Institute. http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/06/23/000009486_20040623161800/Rendered/PDF/286150Sidelines0WBI0WP.pdf

Wehner, J. (2014). Legislatures and Public Finance. In S. Martin, T. Saalfeld, & K. W. Strøm (Eds), The Oxford Handbook of Legislative Studies. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.013.0017

Weldon, S. L. (2008). Beyond Bodies: Institutional Sources of Representation for Women in Democratic Policymaking. The Journal of Politics, 64(04). https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2508.00167

Whiteley, P. F. (2010). Is the party over? The decline of party activism and membership across the democratic world. Party Politics, 17(1), 21–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068810365505

Whitmore, S. (2006). Challenges and constraints for post-Soviet committees: exploring the impact of parties on committees in Ukraine. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 12(1), 32–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/13572330500484953

Wiberg, M. (1995). Chapter 6 Parliamentary Questioning: Control by Communication? In H. Doring (Ed.), Parliaments and Majority Rule in Western Europe. Mannheim Centre for European Social Research (MZES). https://www.uni-potsdam.de/fileadmin01/projects/vergleichende-politikwissenschaft/D%C3%B6ring/PMR-W-Europe.pdf

Williams, Melissa S. (1998). Voice, trust, and memory: marginalized groups and the failings of liberal representation. Princeton University Press.

Wood, D. M. (1998). Legislators and Constituents. In World encyclopedia of parliaments and legislatures. Congressional Quarterly.

World Bank Parliamentary Strengthening Programme. (n.d.). http://siteresources.worldbank.org/PSGLP/Resources/parliament.pdf

Wüst, A. M. (2014). A Lasting Impact? On the Legislative Activities of Immigrant-origin Parliamentarians in Germany. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 20(4), 495–515. https://doi.org/10.1080/13572334.2014.907601

Young, Iris Marion. (2000c). Inclusion and democracy.

Zucchini, F. (2011). Government alternation and legislative agenda setting. European Journal of Political Research, 50(6), 749–774. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2010.01983.x