Bibliography for PUBLG057: Parliaments, Political Parties and Policy Making

[1]
Loewenberg, Gerhard and Patterson, Samuel Charles, Comparing legislatures. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1979.

[2]
Olson, David M., Democratic legislative institutions: a comparative view, vol. Comparative politics series. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1994.

[3]
Norton, Philip, Legislatures and legislators, vol. The international library of politics and comparative government. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998.

[4]
Norton, Philip, Legislatures, vol. Oxford readings in politics and government. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.

[5]
Norton, Philip, Parliaments in Western Europe. London: Cass, 1990.

[6]
Patterson, Samuel Charles and Copeland, Gary W., Parliaments in the modern world: changing institutions. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994.

[7]
G. Loewenberg, On legislatures: the puzzle of representation, vol. On politics. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers, 2011.

[8]
Fish, M. Steven and Kroenig, Matthew, The handbook of national legislatures: a global survey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

[9]
S. Martin, T. Saalfeld, and K. Strøm, Eds, The Oxford handbook of legislative studies, vol. Oxford handbooks in politics&international relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.

[10]
Davidson, Roger H., The postreform Congress. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992.

[11]
McCubbins, Mathew D. and Sullivan, Terry, Congress: structure and policy, vol. Political economy of institutions and decisions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

[12]
Dodd, Lawrence C., Thinking about Congress: essays on Congressional change. London: Routledge, 2012.

[13]
Power, Timothy J. and Rae, Nicol C., Exporting Congress?: the influence of the U.S. Congress on world legislatures. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2006.

[14]
P. Norton, Parliament in British politics, 2nd ed., vol. Contemporary political studies series. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Available: https://read.kortext.com/reader/pdf/616520/Cover

[15]
Rush, Michael, Parliament today, vol. Politics today. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2005.

[16]
Kopecky, Petr, Parliaments in the Czech and Slovak republics: party competition and parliamentary institutionalization. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001.

[17]
Olson, David M. and Norton, Philip, The new parliaments of Central and Eastern Europe. London: Frank Cass, 1996.

[18]
Ostrow, Joel M., Comparing post-Soviet legislatures: a theory of institutional design and political conflict, vol. Parliaments and legislatures series. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 2000.

[19]
Uhr, John, Deliberative democracy in Australia: the changing place of Parliament, vol. Reshaping Australian institutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

[20]
S. Bach, Platypus and Parliament: The Australian Senate in Theory and Practice. Department of the Senate, Canberra, 2003. Available: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Powers_practice_n_procedures/platparl

[21]
Patapan, Haig, Wanna, John, and Weller, Patrick Moray, Westminster legacies: democracy and responsible government in Asia and the Pacific, vol. ANZOG program on government, politics and public management. Sydney: UNSW Press, 2005.

[22]
Norton, Philip and Ahmed, Nizam U., Parliaments in Asia, vol. The library of legislative studies. London: Frank Cass, 1999.

[23]
B. L. Shankar and Valerian Rodrigues, The Indian Parliament : a democracy at work. 2011. Available: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198067726.001.0001

[24]
Rahman, Taiabur, Parliamentary control and government accountability in South Asia: a comparative analysis of Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka, vol. Routledge advances in South Asian studies series. London: Routledge, 2008.

[25]
Ruland, Jurgen and Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Parliaments and political change in Asia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2005.

[26]
Shankar, B. L. and Rodrigues, Valerian, The Indian Parliament: a democracy at work. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2011.

[27]
Barkan, Joel D., Legislative power in emerging African democracies. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2009.

[28]
Salih, Mohamed Abdel Rahim M., African parliaments: between governance and government. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.

[29]
Close, David, Legislatures and the new democracies in Latin America. Boulder: L. Rienner Publishers, 1995.

[30]
Morgenstern, Scott and Nacif, Benito, Legislative politics in Latin America, vol. Cambridge studies in comparative politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

[31]
Esaiasson, Peter and Heidar, Knut, Beyond Westminster and Congress: the Nordic experience, vol. Parliaments and legislatures series. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 2000.

[32]
Matthews, Donald R. and Valen, Henry, Parliamentary representation: the case of the Norwegian Storting, vol. Parliaments and legislatures series. Columbus [Ohio]: Ohio State University Press, 1999.

[33]
Arter, David, The Nordic parliaments: a comparative analysis. London: Hurst, 1984.

[34]
Damgaard, Erik, Parliamentary change in the Nordic countries, vol. Scandinavian library. New York: Scandinavian University Press, 1992.

[35]
T. Landman, ‘Comparing Many Countries’, in Issues and methods in comparative politics: an introduction, 2nd ed.London: Routledge, 2003, pp. 51–65.

[36]
T. Landman, Issues and methods in comparative politics: an introduction, Fourth edition. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2017. Available: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ucl/detail.action?docID=4756274

[37]
Dogan, Mattei and Pelassy, Dominique, How to compare nations: strategies in comparative politics, 2nd ed. Chatham, N.J: Chatham House, 1990.

[38]
P. Burnham, K. Gilland, W. Grant, and Z. Layton-Henry, ‘Comparative Methodology’, in Research methods in politics, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2004, pp. 58–79.

[39]
G. Sartori, ‘Compare why and how’, in Comparing nations: concepts, strategies, substance, Oxford: Blackwell, 1994, pp. 14–34. Available: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=2938f567-5e36-e711-80c9-005056af4099

[40]
G. Sartori, ‘Compare why and how’, in Comparing nations: concepts, strategies, substance, Oxford: Blackwell, 1994.

[41]
Sartori, Giovanni, ‘Concept Misformation in Comparative Politics’, The American Political Science Review, vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 1033–1053, 1970.

[42]
Lijphart, Arendt, ‘The Comparable-Cases Strategy in Comparative Research’, Comparative political studies, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 158–177, 1975, Available: http://cps.sagepub.com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/content/8/2/158.full.pdf html

[43]
Lijphart, Arend, ‘Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method’, The American Political Science Review, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 682–693, 1971.

[44]
H. Nassmacher, ‘The Dilemma of Depth Versus Breadth in Comparing Political Systems Empirically...and How to Overcome It’, European Political Science, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 113–125, 2008, doi: 10.1057/palgrave.eps.2210179

[45]
‘Legislative Studies Quarterly ’.

[46]
‘The Journal of Legislative Studies’.

[47]
‘Parliamentary Affairs ’.

[48]
‘Party Politics’.

[49]
‘The Parliamentarian - The Journal of Commonwealth Parliamentarians and Legislatures’, Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, Available: https://www.cpahq.org/knowledge-centre/the-parliamentarian/

[50]
‘Constitutional and parliamentary information | ASGP’. Available: http://asgp.co/constitutional-and-parliamentary-information

[51]
‘Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU)’.

[52]
‘International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA)’.

[53]
‘Research and Education – Parliament of Australia’. Available: http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Research_and_Education

[54]
‘Legislative Studies Section | The American Political Science Association’. Available: http://legislativestudies.org/

[55]
‘Parliaments specialist group | The Political Studies Association (PSA)’. Available: https://psaparliaments.org/

[56]
‘Commonwealth Parliamentary Association’. Available: https://www.cpahq.org/

[57]
‘UK Parliament’. Available: http://www.parliament.uk/

[58]
Mezey, M., ‘Defining the Legislature’, in Comparative legislatures, Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1979, pp. 3–20.

[59]
M. Mezey, ‘Classifying legislatures’, in Legislatures, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979, pp. 149–176. Available: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=2cdbbe02-4d36-e711-80c9-005056af4099

[60]
Mezey, M., ‘Classifying Legislatures’, in Comparative legislatures, Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1979, pp. 149–176.

[61]
P. Norton, ‘Introduction: The institution of parliaments’, in Parliaments and governments in Western Europe, London: Frank Cass, 1998, pp. 1–15.

[62]
Loewenberg, Gerhard and Patterson, Samuel Charles, ‘Functions of Legislatures’, in Comparing legislatures, Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1979.

[63]
D. Olson, ‘Legislatures in Today’s Democracies’, in Democratic legislative institutions: a comparative view, Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1994.

[64]
R. Hague and M. Harrop, ‘Legislatures’, in Comparative government and politics: an introduction, 6th ed.Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004, pp. 247–267.

[65]
J. Blondel, ‘Representation: legislatures and parliaments’, in Comparative government: an introduction, 2nd ed.Harlow: Pearson Education, 1995, pp. 248–266.

[66]
‘Paper 2. How Parliaments Work: Parliamentary processes and procedures. | Global Partners Governance’. Available: https://gpgovernance.net/publications/guide-to-parliaments-paper-2-how-parliaments-work-parliamentary-processes-and-procedures/

[67]
A. Kreppel, ‘Legislatures’, in Comparative politics, 3rd ed.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014, pp. 113–130. Available: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=595f1cd2-4d36-e711-80c9-005056af4099

[68]
S. Martin, T. Saalfeld, and K. W. Strøm, ‘Introduction’, in The Oxford Handbook of Legislative Studies, S. Martin, T. Saalfeld, and K. W. StrÃ¸m, Eds, Oxford University Press, 2014. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.013.0001. Available: http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199653010-e-001

[69]
A. Kreppel, ‘Typologies and Classifications’, in The Oxford Handbook of Legislative Studies, S. Martin, T. Saalfeld, and K. W. Strøm, Eds, Oxford University Press, 2014. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.013.0032. Available: http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199653010-e-032

[70]
G. Copeland and S. C. Patterson, ‘Parliaments and Legislatures’, in World encyclopedia of parliaments and legislatures, Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 1998.

[71]
D. Judge, ‘Legislative Institutionalization: A Bent Analytical Arrow?’, Government and Opposition, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 497–516, 2003, doi: 10.1111/1477-7053.t01-1-00026

[72]
R. A. W. Rhodes, S. A. Binder, and B. A. Rockman, The Oxford handbook of political institutions, vol. The Oxford handbooks of political science. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199548460.001.0001

[73]
M. Laver, ‘Legislatures and Parliaments in Comparative Context’, in The Oxford handbook of political institutions, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.

[74]
Mezey, M. L., ‘Legislatures: Individual Purpose and Institutional Performance’, in Political science: the state of the discipline, Centennial ed.London: W.W. Norton, 2002.

[75]
N. Polsby, ‘Legislatures’, in Handbook of Political Science, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975.

[76]
G. Power, ‘Annex to the IPU’s Global Parliamentary Report’. United Nations Development Programme. Available: http://www.ipu.org/pdf/publications/gpr2012-full-e.pdf

[77]
Hibbing, John R., ‘Legislative Institutionalization with Illustrations from the British House of Commons’, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 681–712, 1988.

[78]
J. E. Owens and B. A. Loomis, ‘Qualified exceptionalism: The US Congress in comparative perspective’, The Journal of Legislative Studies, vol. 12, no. 3–4, pp. 258–290, 2006, doi: 10.1080/13572330600875464

[79]
Polsby, N., ‘The Institutionalization of the US House of Representatives’, in Legislatures and legislators, Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998, pp. 76–101.

[80]
P. Norton, ‘Parliaments: A Framework for Analysis’, in Parliaments in Western Europe, London: Cass, 1990.

[81]
G. Gamm and J. Huber, ‘Legislatures as Political Institutions: Beyond the Contemporary Congress’, in Political science: the state of the discipline, Centennial ed.London: W.W. Norton, 2002.

[82]
A. Przeworski, T. Asadurian, and A. Thomas Bohlken, ‘The origins of parliamentary responsibility’, in Comparative constitutional design, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Available: https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/comparative-constitutional-design/origins-of-parliamentary-responsibility/6E5F94D8066519887516B9F5E1B075F3

[83]
Lijphart, Arend, ‘Introduction ’, in Parliamentary versus presidential government, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992, pp. 1–27.

[84]
R. Elgie, ‘From Linz to Tsebelis: three waves of presidential/parliamentary studies?’, Democratization, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 106–122, 2005, doi: 10.1080/1351034042000317989

[85]
King, Anthony, ‘Modes of Executive-Legislative Relations: Great Britain, France, and West Germany’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, vol. 1, no. 1, 1976.

[86]
S. M. S., ‘Comparative Executive-Legislative Relations’, in The Oxford handbook of political institutions, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.

[87]
G. Sartori , ‘Presidentialism’, in Comparative constitutional engineering: an inquiry into structures, incentives and outcomes, 2nd ed.Basingstoke: Macmillan Press, 1997, pp. 83–100.

[88]
A. Lijphart, ‘Presidentialism and majoritarian democracy’, in The failure of presidential democracy: Vol. 1: Comparative perspectives, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994.

[89]
Linz, J. J., ‘The Virtues of Parliamentarism’, Journal of Democracy, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 84–91, 1990.

[90]
Linz, J.J., ‘The Perils of Presidentialism’, Journal of Democracy, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 51–69, 1990.

[91]
A. Stepan and C. Skach, ‘Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation: Parliamentarianism versus Presidentialism’, World Politics, vol. 46, no. 1, 1993, doi: 10.2307/2950664

[92]
M. S. Shugart and J. M. Carey, Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173988

[93]
T. Hiroi and S. Omori, ‘Perils of parliamentarism? Political systems and the stability of democracy revisited’, Democratization, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 485–507, 2009, doi: 10.1080/13510340902884598

[94]
Bergman, Torbjorn, Muller, Wolfgang C., and Strom, Kaare, Delegation and accountability in parliamentary democracies, vol. Comparative politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

[95]
R. Elgie, ‘What is divided government?’, in Divided government in comparative perspective, [Oxford]: Oxford Scholarship Online, 2001.

[96]
Mezey, M. L., ‘Executive-legislative relations’, in World encyclopedia of parliaments and legislatures, Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 1998.

[97]
J. A. Cheibub, Z. Elkins, and T. Ginsburg, ‘Beyond Presidentialism and Parliamentarism’, British Journal of Political Science, vol. 44, no. 03, pp. 515–544, 2014, doi: 10.1017/S000712341300032X

[98]
David Samuels and Matthew Shugart, Presidents, parties, and prime ministers: how the separation of powers affects party organization and behavior. 2010. Available: https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/presidents-parties-and-prime-ministers/2CB12EF33F51236B06BC1B4E0485BD8B

[99]
S. Ganghof, ‘Is the “Constitution of Equality” Parliamentary, Presidential or Hybrid?’, Political Studies, p. n/a-n/a, 2014, doi: 10.1111/1467-9248.12124

[100]
‘The Journal of Legislative Studies - Special Issue on Legislatures and executives: an investigation into the relationship at the heart of government’, vol. 10, no. 2–3, 2004.

[101]
A. Lijphart, ‘Executive-legislative relations’, in Patterns of democracy: government forms and performance in thirty-six countries, London: Yale University Press, 1999.

[102]
Tsebelis, George and Russell Sage Foundation, Veto players: how political institutions work. New York: Princeton University Press, 2002.

[103]
Fiorina, Morris P. and Mayhew, David R., Divided government, 2nd ed., vol. Longman classics in political science. London: Longman, 2003.

[104]
Riggs, Fred W., ‘Presidentialism versus Parliamentarism: Implications for Representativeness and Legitimacy ’, International Political Science Review / Revue internationale de science politique, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 253–278, 1997.

[105]
S. Mainwaring, ‘Presidentialism, Multipartism, and Democracy: The Difficult Combination’, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 198–228, 1993, doi: 10.1177/0010414093026002003

[106]
J. A. Cheibub and F. Limongi, ‘Democratic Institutions and Regime Survival: Parliamentary and Presidental Democracies Reconsidered’, Annual Review of Political Science, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 151–179, 2002, doi: 10.1146/annurev.polisci.5.102301.084508

[107]
Cheibub, Jose Antonio, Presidentialism, parliamentarism, and democracy, vol. Cambridge studies in comparative politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

[108]
Mainwaring, Scott, ‘Presidentialism in Latin America’, Latin American Research Review, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 157–179, 1995.

[109]
S. Mainwaring and M. S. Shugart, Eds, Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America, vol. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139174800

[110]
S. Mainwaring, ‘Presidentialism and democracy in Latin America : rethinking the terms of the debate’, in Presidentialism and democracy in Latin America, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp. 12–54.

[111]
A. Siaroff, ‘Varieties of Parliamentarianism in the Advanced Industrial Democracies’, International Political Science Review, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 445–464, 2003, doi: 10.1177/01925121030244003

[112]
R. Elgie, ‘The Perils of Semi-Presidentialism. Are They Exaggerated?’, Democratization, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 49–66, 2008, doi: 10.1080/13510340701768125

[113]
P. Schleiter and E. Morgan-Jones, ‘Review Article: Citizens, Presidents and Assemblies: The Study of Semi-Presidentialism beyond Duverger and Linz’, British Journal of Political Science, vol. 39, no. 04, 2009, doi: 10.1017/S0007123409990159

[114]
Fukuyama, Francis, Dressel, Bjorn, and Chang, Boo-Seung, ‘Facing the Perils of Presidentialism?’, Journal of Democracy, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 102–116, 2005, doi: 10.1353/jod.2005.0026

[115]
Huber, John D., ‘The Vote of Confidence in Parliamentary Democracies’, The American Political Science Review, vol. 90, no. 2, pp. 269–282, 1996.

[116]
K. Strom, ‘Minority Governments in Parliamentary Democracies: The Rationality of Nonwinning Cabinet Solutions’, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 199–227, 1984, doi: 10.1177/0010414084017002004

[117]
Laver, Michael and Shepsle, Kenneth A., Making and breaking governments: cabinets and legislatures in parliamentary democracies, vol. Political economy of institutions and decisions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

[118]
A. Lijphart, Patterns of democracy: government forms and performance in thirty-six countries, 2nd ed. New Haven [Conn.]: Yale University Press, 2012. Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/j.ctt32bg23

[119]
M. Russell, Bicameralism in Theory & Comparative Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199671564.001.0001

[120]
M. Russell, ‘What are Second Chambers for?’, Parliamentary Affairs, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 442–458, 2001, Available: https://academic.oup.com/pa/article-abstract/54/3/442/1461945?redirectedFrom=PDF

[121]
Mughan, Anthony and Patterson, Samuel Charles, Senates: bicameralism in the contemporary world, vol. Parliaments and legislatures series. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1999.

[122]
G. Tsebelis and J. Money, Bicameralism, vol. Political Economy of Institutions and Decisions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511609350

[123]
‘The Journal of Legislative Studies - Special Issue on Second Chambers’, 2001.

[124]
M. Russell and M. Sandford, ‘Why are Second Chambers so Difficult to Reform?’, The Journal of Legislative Studies, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 79–89, 2002, doi: 10.1080/714003926. Available: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/714003926

[125]
S. Levmore, ‘Bicameralism: When are two decisions better than one?’, International Review of Law and Economics, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 145–162, 1992, doi: 10.1016/0144-8188(92)90031-L

[126]
G. Tsebelis, ‘Decision Making in Political Systems: Veto Players in Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, Multicameralism and Multipartyism’, British Journal of Political Science, vol. 25, no. 03, 1995, doi: 10.1017/S0007123400007225

[127]
J. N. Druckman and M. F. Thies, ‘The Importance of Concurrence: The Impact of Bicameralism on Government Formation and Duration’, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 46, no. 4, 2002, doi: 10.2307/3088432

[128]
Shell, D., ‘Second chambers’, in World encyclopedia of parliaments and legislatures, Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 1998.

[129]
P. Norton, ‘How many bicameral legislatures are there?’, The Journal of Legislative Studies, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 1–9, 2004, doi: 10.1080/1357233042000322436

[130]
Mughan, Anthony and Patterson, Samuel Charles, Senates: bicameralism in the contemporary world, vol. Parliaments and legislatures series. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1999.

[131]
M. Russell, ‘Rethinking Bicameral Strength: A Three-Dimensional Approach’, The Journal of Legislative Studies, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 370–391, 2013, doi: 10.1080/13572334.2013.773639

[132]
M. Russell, ‘Elected Second Chambers and Their Powers: An International Survey’, The Political Quarterly, vol. 83, no. 1, pp. 117–129, 2012, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-923X.2012.02275.x

[133]
J. Coakley, ‘The Strange Revival of Bicameralism’, The Journal of Legislative Studies, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 542–572, 2014, doi: 10.1080/13572334.2014.926168

[134]
‘The Journal of Legislative Studies ’, vol. 8, no. 3, 2002.

[135]
M. Llanos and D. Nolte, ‘Bicameralism in the Americas: around the extremes of symmetry and incongruence’, The Journal of Legislative Studies, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 54–86, 2003, doi: 10.1080/1357233042000246864

[136]
E. Roller, ‘Reforming the Spanish Senate: Mission Impossible?’, West European Politics, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 69–92, 2002, doi: 10.1080/713601643

[137]
T. Hiroi, ‘The Dynamics of Lawmaking in a Bicameral Legislature: The Case of Brazil’, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 41, no. 12, pp. 1583–1606, 2008, doi: 10.1177/0010414007308536

[138]
C. Bean and M. Wattenberg, ‘Attitudes Towards Divided Government and Ticket-splitting in Australia and the United States’, Australian Journal of Political Science, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 25–36, 1998, doi: 10.1080/10361149850705

[139]
M. Goot, ‘Whose Mandate? Policy Promises, Strong Bicameralism and Polled Opinion’, Australian Journal of Political Science, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 327–352, 1999, doi: 10.1080/10361149950263

[140]
Sartori, Giovanni, ‘Problems with Parliamentary Systems’, in Comparative constitutional engineering: an inquiry into structures, incentives and outcomes, 2nd ed.Washington Square, N.Y.: New York University Press, 1997.

[141]
Swenden, Wilfried, Federalism and second chambers: regional representation in parliamentary federations : the Australian Senate and German Bundesrat compared, vol. Regionalism&federalism. Brussels: P.I.E.-Peter Lang, 2004.

[142]
D. M. Olson and L. D. Longley, Two into One: The Politics and Processes of National Legislative Cameral Change. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1991.

[143]
R. D. Congleton, ‘On the merits of bicameral legislatures: intragovernmental bargaining and policy stability’, in Democratic constitutional design and public policy: analysis and evidence, Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2006.

[144]
Riker, William H., ‘The Justification of Bicameralism’, International Political Science Review / Revue internationale de science politique, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 101–116, 1992.

[145]
Money, Jeannette and Tsebelis, George, ‘Cicero’s Puzzle: Upper House Power in Comparative Perspective ’, International Political Science Review / Revue internationale de science politique, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 25–43, 1992.

[146]
J. R. Rogers, ‘An Informational Rationale for Congruent Bicameralism’, Journal of Theoretical Politics, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 123–151, 2001, doi: 10.1177/0951692801013002001

[147]
J. Druckman, L. Martin, and M. Thies, ‘Influence without Confidence: Upper Chambers and Government Formation’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 529–548, 2005, doi: 10.3162/036298005X201662

[148]
A. Vatter, ‘Bicameralism and policy performance: The effects of cameral structure in Comparative Perspective’, The Journal of Legislative Studies, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 194–215, 2005, doi: 10.1080/13572330500158607

[149]
Heller, William B., ‘Bicameralism and Budget Deficits: The Effect of Parliamentary Structure on Government Spending’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 485–516, 1997.

[150]
P. Norris , ‘Legislative recruitment’, in Comparing democracies: elections and voting in global perspectives, London: Sage Publications, 1996, pp. 184–215.

[151]
R. Y. Hazan and G. Rahaṭ, Democracy within parties: candidate selection methods and their political consequences, vol. Comparative politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572540.001.0001

[152]
W. Cross, ‘Democratic Norms and Party Candidate Selection: Taking Contextual Factors into Account’, Party Politics, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 596–619, 2008, doi: 10.1177/1354068808093392

[153]
‘Party Politics - Special Issue on Candidate Selection’, vol. 7, no. 3, 2001.

[154]
M. Gallagher, ‘Conclusion’, in Candidate selection in comparative perspective: the secret garden of politics, London: Sage, 1988, pp. 236–283.

[155]
B. N. Field and P. M. Siavelis, ‘Candidate Selection Procedures in Transitional Polities: A Research Note’, Party Politics, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 620–639, 2008, doi: 10.1177/1354068808093393

[156]
P. Norris and J. Lovenduski, Political Recruitment: Gender, Race and Class in the British Parliament. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511598609

[157]
P. Norris and J. Lovenduski, ‘Comparative candidate recruitment’, in Political recruitment: gender, race, and class in the British parliament, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995, pp. 183–205. Available: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=cfbd0a7c-5b36-e711-80c9-005056af4099

[158]
Y. Shomer, ‘What affects candidate selection processes? A cross-national examination’, Party Politics, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 533–546, 2014, doi: 10.1177/1354068811436060

[159]
P. Norris , ‘Introduction: theories of recruitment’, in Passages to power: legislative recruitment in advanced democracies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp. 1–14.

[160]
Scarrow, S. E., Webb, P., and Farrell, D. M., ‘From Social Integration to Electoral Contestation: The Changing Distribution of Power within Political Parties’, in Parties without partisans: political change in advanced industrial democracies, [Oxford]: Oxford Scholarship Online, 2002.

[161]
I. H. Indrithason and G. H. Kristinsson, ‘Primary consequences: The effects of candidate selection through party primaries in Iceland’, Party Politics, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 565–576, 2015, doi: 10.1177/1354068813487117

[162]
A. Ware, ‘The Selection of Candidates and Leaders’, in Political parties and party systems, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

[163]
R. M. Alvarez and B. Sinclair, ‘Electoral Institutions and Legislative Behavior: The Effects of Primary Processes’, Political Research Quarterly, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 544–557, 2012, doi: 10.1177/1065912911411098

[164]
E. McGhee, S. Masket, B. Shor, S. Rogers, and N. McCarty, ‘A Primary Cause of Partisanship? Nomination Systems and Legislator Ideology’, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 337–351, 2014, doi: 10.1111/ajps.12070

[165]
Gallagher, Michael and Marsh, Michael, Candidate selection in comparative perspective: the secret garden of politics, vol. Sage modern politics series. London: Sage, 1988.

[166]
K. Lundell, ‘Determinants of Candidate Selection: The Degree of Centralization in Comparative Perspective’, Party Politics, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 25–47, 2004, doi: 10.1177/1354068804039119

[167]
O. Akirav, ‘Candidate Selection and a Crowded Parliament: The Israeli Knesset, 1988–2006’, The Journal of Legislative Studies, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 96–120, 2010, doi: 10.1080/13572330903542142

[168]
S. Barnea and G. Rahat, ‘Reforming Candidate Selection Methods: A Three-Level Approach’, Party Politics, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 375–394, 2007, doi: 10.1177/1354068807075942

[169]
G. Rahat, ‘Which Candidate Selection Method is the Most Democratic?’, Government and Opposition, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 68–90, 2009, doi: 10.1111/j.1477-7053.2008.01276.x

[170]
R. Y. Hazan, ‘Candidate Selection: Implications and Challenges for Legislative Behaviour’, in The Oxford Handbook of Legislative Studies, 2014. Available: http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199653010-e-005

[171]
Y. Shomer, ‘Candidate Selection Procedures, Seniority, and Vote-Seeking Behavior’, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 42, no. 7, pp. 945–970, 2009, doi: 10.1177/0010414008330600

[172]
M. Hofnung, ‘Unaccounted Competition: The Finance of Intra-Party Elections’, Party Politics, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 726–744, 2008, doi: 10.1177/1354068808093408

[173]
J. Bochel and D. Denver, ‘Candidate Selection in the Labour Party: What the Selectors Seek’, British Journal of Political Science, vol. 13, no. 01, 1983, doi: 10.1017/S0007123400003136

[174]
E. Shaw, ‘New Labour: new pathways to parliament’, Parliamentary Affairs, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 35–53, 2001, doi: 10.1093/pa/54.1.35

[175]
M. Russell, ‘Selection under Blair’, in Building new Labour: the politics of party organisation, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005, pp. 67–95.

[176]
A. B. Mikulska and S. E. Scarrow, ‘Assessing the Political Impact of Candidate Selection Rules: Britain in the 1990s’, Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 311–333, 2010, doi: 10.1080/17457289.2010.490712

[177]
Narud, Hanne Marthe, Pedersen, Mogens N., and Valen, Henry, Party sovereignty and citizen control: selecting candidates for parliamentary elections in Denmark, Finland, Iceland and Norway, vol. University of Southern Denmark studies in history and social sciences. Odense: University Press of Southern Denmark, 2002.

[178]
K. Bruhn, ‘Electing Extremists? Party Primaries and Legislative Candidates in Mexico’, Comparative Politics, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 398–417, 2013, Available: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/cuny/cp/2013/00000045/00000004/art00003

[179]
S. Gherghina, ‘One-Shot Party Primaries: The Case of the Romanian Social Democrats’, Politics, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 185–195, 2013, doi: 10.1111/1467-9256.12007

[180]
O. Hellmann, ‘Outsourcing candidate selection: The fight against clientelism in East Asian parties’, Party Politics, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 52–62, 2014, doi: 10.1177/1354068811436039

[181]
D. C. Spies and A. Kaiser, ‘Does the mode of candidate selection affect the representativeness of parties?’, Party Politics, 2012, doi: 10.1177/1354068811436066

[182]
Katz, Richard S., Democracy and elections. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

[183]
Patzelt, Werner J., ‘Recruitment and Retention in Western European Parliaments’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 239–279, 1999.

[184]
E. Lawrence, T. Donovan, and S. Bowler, ‘The adoption of direct primaries in the United States’, Party Politics, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 3–18, 2013, doi: 10.1177/1354068810393264

[185]
N. Ichino and N. L. Nathan, ‘Do Primaries Improve Electoral Performance? Clientelism and Intra-Party Conflict in Ghana’, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 428–441, 2013, doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2012.00624.x

[186]
J. Mansbridge, ‘Should Blacks Represent Blacks and Women Represent Women? A Contingent “Yes”’, The Journal of Politics, vol. 61, no. 03, 1999, Available: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2647821

[187]
L. Wangnerud, ‘Women in Parliaments: Descriptive and Substantive Representation’, Annual Review of Political Science, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 51–69, 2009, Available: https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.053106.123839

[188]
Pitkin, Hanna Fenichel, The concept of representation. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.

[189]
A. Phillips, The Politics of Presence. Oxford University Press, 1998. doi: 10.1093/0198294158.001.0001. Available: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/0198294158.001.0001/acprof-9780198294153

[190]
M. Brito Vieira and D. Runciman, ‘Representing Individuals’, in Representation, Cambridge: Polity Press, 2008, pp. 66–83. Available: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=c5a29a2f-6836-e711-80c9-005056af4099

[191]
K. Celis and S. Childs, ‘The Substantive Representation of Women: What to Do with Conservative Claims?’, Political Studies, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 213–225, 2012, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9248.2011.00904.x

[192]
S. Childs, ‘A Feminised Style of Politics? Women MPs in the House of Commons’, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 3–19, 2004, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-856X.2004.00124.x

[193]
L. Wangnerud, ‘Testing the Politics of Presence: Women’s Representation in the Swedish Riksdag’, Scandinavian Political Studies, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 67–91, 2000, doi: 10.1111/1467-9477.00031

[194]
Swers, Michele L., ‘Are Women More Likely to Vote for Women’s Issue Bills than Their Male Colleagues?’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, vol. 23, no. 3, 1998.

[195]
L. Schwindt-Bayer, ‘Making Quotas Work: The Effect of Gender Quota Laws On the Election of Women’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 5–28, 2009, doi: 10.3162/036298009787500330

[196]
A. Reynolds, ‘Reserved Seats in National Legislatures: A Research Note’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 301–310, 2005, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3598674

[197]
K. Tate, ‘The Political Representation of Blacks in Congress: Does Race Matter?’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, vol. 26, no. 4, 2001.

[198]
D. E. Broockman, ‘Black Politicians Are More Intrinsically Motivated to Advance Blacks’ Interests: A Field Experiment Manipulating Political Incentives’, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 521–536, 2013, doi: 10.1111/ajps.12018

[199]
D. Ruedin, Why aren’t they there?: the political representation of women, ethnic groups and issue positions in legislatures, vol. ECPR monographs. Colchester: Ecpr Press, 2013.

[200]
A. Phillips , ‘Democracy and Representation: Or, Why Should it Matter Who our Representatives Are?’, in Feminism and politics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998, pp. 224–240.

[201]
Young, Iris Marion, Inclusion and democracy. 2000.

[202]
Norris, Pippa, Electoral engineering: voting rules and political behaviour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.

[203]
Williams, Melissa S., Voice, trust, and memory: marginalized groups and the failings of liberal representation. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1998.

[204]
Urbinati, Nadia, Representative democracy: principles and genealogy. Chicago, Ill: University of Chicago Press, 2006.

[205]
Mona Lena Krook, ‘International Political Science Review’, vol. 35, pp. 3–11, Available: http://ips.sagepub.com/content/35/1.toc

[206]
S. Dovi, ‘Preferable Descriptive Representatives: Will Just Any Woman, Black, or Latino Do?’, American Political Science Review, vol. 96, no. 04, 2003, doi: 10.1017/S0003055402000412

[207]
P. Cowley, ‘Why not ask the audience? Understanding the public’s representational priorities’, British Politics, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 138–163, 2013, doi: 10.1057/bp.2012.28

[208]
M. M. Taylor-Robinson, ‘Gender and Legislatures’, in The Oxford Handbook of Legislative Studies, S. Martin, T. Saalfeld, and K. W. StrÃ¸m, Eds, Oxford University Press, 2014. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.013.0009. Available: http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199653010-e-009

[209]
S. Childs and M. L. Krook, ‘Analysing Women’s Substantive Representation: From Critical Mass to Critical Actors’, Government and Opposition, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 125–145, 2009, doi: 10.1111/j.1477-7053.2009.01279.x

[210]
Lovenduski, Joni, Feminizing politics. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2005.

[211]
Tremblay, Manon, Trimble, Linda J., and Sawer, Marian, Representing women in parliament: a comparative study, vol. Routledge research in comparative politics. London: Routledge, 2006.

[212]
S. L. Weldon, ‘Beyond Bodies: Institutional Sources of Representation for Women in Democratic Policymaking’, The Journal of Politics, vol. 64, no. 04, 2008, doi: 10.1111/1468-2508.00167

[213]
D. Dahlerup, ‘From a Small to a Large Minority: Women in Scandinavian Politics’, Scandinavian Political Studies, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 275–298, Dec. 1988, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9477.1988.tb00372.x

[214]
M. Caul, ‘Women’s Representation in Parliament: The Role of Political Parties’, Party Politics, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 79–98, 1999, doi: 10.1177/1354068899005001005

[215]
R. Salmond, ‘Proportional Representation and Female Parliamentarians’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 175–204, 2006, doi: 10.3162/036298006X201779

[216]
J. Fortin-Rittberger and B. Rittberger, ‘Do electoral rules matter? Explaining national differences in women’s representation in the European Parliament’, European Union Politics, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 496–520, Dec. 2014, doi: 10.1177/1465116514527179

[217]
Matland, Richard E., ‘Women’s Representation in National Legislatures: Developed and Developing Countries’, Legislative Studies Quarterly , vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 109–125, 1998.

[218]
M. Tremblay, ‘Democracy, Representation, and Women: A Comparative Analysis’, Democratization, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 533–553, 2007, doi: 10.1080/13510340701398261

[219]
Kenworthy , Lane and Malami, Melissa, ‘Gender Inequality in Political Representation: A Worldwide Comparative Analysis ’, Social Forces, vol. 78, no. 1, pp. 235–268, 1999.

[220]
Kittilson, Miki Caul, Challenging parties, changing parliaments: women and elected office in contemporary Western Europe, vol. Parliaments and legislatures. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2006.

[221]
A. Roberts, J. Seawright, and J. Cyr, ‘Do Electoral Laws Affect Women’s Representation?’, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 46, no. 12, pp. 1555–1581, 2013, doi: 10.1177/0010414012463906

[222]
M. C. Schneider and A. L. Bos, ‘Measuring Stereotypes of Female Politicians’, Political Psychology, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 245–266, 2014, doi: 10.1111/pops.12040

[223]
T. Mendelberg, C. F. Karpowitz, and N. Goedert, ‘Does Descriptive Representation Facilitate Women’s Distinctive Voice? How Gender Composition and Decision Rules Affect Deliberation’, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 291–306, 2014, doi: 10.1111/ajps.12077

[224]
S. M. Rai, ‘Political representation, democratic institutions and women’s empowerment: the quota’, in Rethinking empowerment: gender and development in a global/local world, London: Routledge, 2002, pp. 133–146.

[225]
Mateo Diaz, Mercedes, Representing women?: female legislators in West European parliaments, vol. ECPR monographs. Colchester: ECPR Press, 2005.

[226]
Swers, Michele L., The difference women make: the policy impact of women in Congress. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.

[227]
K. Pearson and L. Dancey, ‘Speaking for the Underrepresented in the House of Representatives: Voicing Women’s Interests in a Partisan Era’, Politics & Gender, vol. 7, no. 04, pp. 493–519, 2011, doi: 10.1017/S1743923X1100033X. Available: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/politics-and-gender/article/speaking-for-the-underrepresented-in-the-house-of-representatives-voicing-womens-interests-in-a-partisan-era/C4DFA00F057A8DCEBDE3579147132CD7

[228]
S. Grey, ‘Does Size Matter? Critical Mass and New Zealand’s Women MPs’, Parliamentary Affairs, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 19–29, 2002, doi: 10.1093/parlij/55.1.19

[229]
Matland, Richard E. and Montgomery, Kathleen A., Women’s access to political power in post-communist Europe, vol. Gender and politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

[230]
L. A. Schwindt-Bayer, ‘Still Supermadres? Gender and the Policy Priorities of Latin American Legislators’, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 570–585, 2006, doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00202.x

[231]
J. M. Piscopo, ‘Rethinking Descriptive Representation: Rendering Women in Legislative Debates’, Parliamentary Affairs, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 448–472, 2011, doi: 10.1093/pa/gsq061

[232]
G. Bauer, ‘“Let there be a Balance”: Women in African Parliaments’, Political Studies Review, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 370–384, 2012, doi: 10.1111/j.1478-9302.2012.00272.x

[233]
C. Devlin and R. Elgie, ‘The Effect of Increased Women’s Representation in Parliament: The Case of Rwanda’, Parliamentary Affairs, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 237–254, 2008, doi: 10.1093/pa/gsn007

[234]
T. D. Barnes and S. M. Burchard, ‘“Engendering” Politics: The Impact of Descriptive Representation on Women’s Political Engagement in Sub-Saharan Africa’, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 46, no. 7, pp. 767–790, 2013, doi: 10.1177/0010414012463884

[235]
D. Stockemer, ‘Women’s Parliamentary Representation in Africa: The Impact of Democracy and Corruption on the Number of Female Deputies in National Parliaments’, Political Studies, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 693–712, 2011, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9248.2011.00897.x

[236]
J. N. Sater, ‘Changing Politics from Below? Women Parliamentarians in Morocco’, Democratization, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 723–742, 2007, doi: 10.1080/13510340701398352

[237]
J. D. Griffin, ‘When and Why Minority Legislators Matter’, Annual Review of Political Science, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 327–336, 2014, doi: 10.1146/annurev-polisci-033011-205028. Available: http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-polisci-033011-205028

[238]
Canon, David T., ‘Electoral Systems and the Representation of Minority Interests in Legislatures ’, Legislative Studies Quarterly , vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 331–385, 1999.

[239]
S. Maddison, ‘White Parliament, Black Politics: The Dilemmas of Indigenous Parliamentary Representation’, Australian Journal of Political Science, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 663–680, 2010, doi: 10.1080/10361146.2010.517180

[240]
I. Bloemraad and K. Schonwalder, ‘Immigrant and Ethnic Minority Representation in Europe: Conceptual Challenges and Theoretical Approaches’, West European Politics, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 564–579, 2013, doi: 10.1080/01402382.2013.773724

[241]
A. M. Wüst, ‘A Lasting Impact? On the Legislative Activities of Immigrant-origin Parliamentarians in Germany’, The Journal of Legislative Studies, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 495–515, 2014, doi: 10.1080/13572334.2014.907601

[242]
King JR., Marvin P., ‘Bill Preference: The Continued Relevance of the Congressional Black Caucus’, Politics & Policy, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 421–439, 2011, doi: 10.1111/j.1747-1346.2011.00297.x

[243]
M. Minta, ‘Legislative Oversight and the Substantive Representation of Black and Latino Interests in Congress’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 193–218, 2009, doi: 10.3162/036298009788314336

[244]
Fenno, Richard F., Going home: Black representatives and their constituents. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.

[245]
D. C. Bowen and C. J. Clark, ‘Revisiting Descriptive Representation in Congress: Assessing the Effect of Race on the Constituent-Legislator Relationship’, Political Research Quarterly, vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 695–707, Sept. 2014, doi: 10.1177/1065912914531658

[246]
W. Clark Wilson and W. Curtis Ellis, ‘Surrogates Beyond Borders: Black Members of the United States Congress and the Representation of African Interests on the Congressional Foreign-Policy Agenda’, Polity, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 255–273, 2014, doi: 10.1057/pol.2014.3

[247]
E. G. Juenke and R. R. Preuhs, ‘Irreplaceable Legislators? Rethinking Minority Representatives in the New Century’, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 705–715, 2012, doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2012.00584.x

[248]
A. REYNOLDS, ‘Representation and Rights: The Impact of LGBT Legislators in Comparative Perspective’, American Political Science Review, vol. 107, no. 02, pp. 259–274, 2013, doi: 10.1017/S0003055413000051

[249]
D. Haider-Markel, ‘Representation and Backlash: The Positive and Negative Influence of Descriptive Representation’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 107–133, 2007, doi: 10.3162/036298007X202001

[250]
N. Carnes, ‘Does the Numerical Underrepresentation of the Working Class in Congress Matter?’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 5–34, 2012, doi: 10.1111/j.1939-9162.2011.00033.x

[251]
R. Murray, ‘Quotas for Men: Reframing Gender Quotas as a Means of Improving Representation for All’, American Political Science Review, vol. 108, no. 03, pp. 520–532, 2014, doi: 10.1017/S0003055414000239

[252]
P. Paxton and M. M. Hughes, ‘The Increasing Effectiveness of National Gender Quotas, 1990-2010’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 331–362, 2015, doi: 10.1111/lsq.12079

[253]
C. Bacchi, ‘Arguing for and against quotas: theoretical issues’, in Women, quotas and politics, D. Dahlerup, Ed., 2006, pp. 32–51. Available: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=3b18dcc9-5436-e711-80c9-005056af4099

[254]
M. L. Krook, ‘Candidate gender quotas: A framework for analysis’, European Journal of Political Research, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 367–394, 2007, doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6765.2007.00704.x

[255]
M. Hughes, ‘Intersectionality, Quotas, and Minority Women’s Political Representation Worldwide’, American Political Science Review, vol. 105, no. 03, pp. 604–620, 2011, doi: 10.1017/S0003055411000293

[256]
M. L. Krook, ‘Electoral Gender Quotas: A Conceptual Analysis’, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 47, no. 9, pp. 1268–1293, 2014, doi: 10.1177/0010414013495359

[257]
M. L. Krook and P. Norris, ‘Beyond Quotas: Strategies to Promote Gender Equality in Elected Office’, Political Studies, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 2–20, 2014, doi: 10.1111/1467-9248.12116

[258]
R. Murray, ‘How Parties Evaluate Compulsory Quotas: A Study of the Implementation of the “Parity” Law in France’, Parliamentary Affairs, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 568–584, 2007, doi: 10.1093/pa/gsm039

[259]
M. Caul, ‘Political Parties and the Adoption of Candidate Gender Quotas: A Cross-National Analysis’, The Journal of Politics, vol. 63, no. 04, 2008, doi: 10.1111/0022-3816.00107

[260]
F. Buckley, ‘How Ireland legislated for candidate sex quotas to increase women’s representation’, Democratic Audit UK, Nov. 2013, Available: http://www.democraticaudit.com/?p=1848

[261]
‘Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) materials on women in parliament’.

[262]
K. Strom, ‘Rules, reasons and routines: Legislative roles in parliamentary democracies’, The Journal of Legislative Studies, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 155–174, 1997, doi: 10.1080/13572339708420504

[263]
P. Norris, ‘Constituency Service’, in Electoral engineering: voting rules and political behaviour, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 230–246. Available: http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=UCL&isbn=9780511313615

[264]
R. B. Andeweg, ‘Roles in Legislatures’, in The Oxford Handbook of Legislative Studies, S. Martin, T. Saalfeld, and K. W. StrÃ¸m, Eds, Oxford University Press, 2014. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.013.0025. Available: http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199653010-e-025

[265]
G. Loewenberg and S. C. Patterson, ‘Linkage’, in Comparing legislatures, Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1979.

[266]
P. Norris, ‘The puzzle of constituency service’, The Journal of Legislative Studies, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 29–49, 1997, doi: 10.1080/13572339708420508

[267]
J. Carey and M. Shugart, ‘Incentives to cultivate a personal vote: A rank ordering of electoral formulas’, Electoral Studies, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 417–439, 1995, doi: 10.1016/0261-3794(94)00035-2

[268]
P. Norton, ‘Introduction: Linking Parliaments and Citizens’, in Parliaments and citizens in Western Europe, London: Frank Cass, 2002, pp. 1–18.

[269]
D. D. Searing, ‘Introduction: Roles, Rules and Rationality’, in Westminster’s world: understanding political roles, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1994, pp. 1–30.

[270]
J. Thomassen and P. Esaiasson, ‘Role Orientations of Members of Parliament’, Acta Politica, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 217–231, 2006, doi: 10.1057/palgrave.ap.5500157

[271]
J. Johannes, ‘Casework as a Technique of U. S. Congressional Oversight of the Executive’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 325–351, 1979.

[272]
G. Power, ‘Global Parliamentary Report: The changing nature of parliamentary representation’. 2012. Available: http://www.ipu.org/pdf/publications/gpr2012-full-e.pdf

[273]
S. H. Rolef, ‘Defining the Job of the Member of the Knesset’, The Journal of Legislative Studies, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 588–607, 2014, doi: 10.1080/17411912.2014.910338

[274]
H. Best and L. Vogel, ‘The Sociology of Legislators and Legislatures’, in The Oxford Handbook of Legislative Studies, S. Martin, T. Saalfeld, and K. W. StrÃ¸m, Eds, Oxford University Press, 2014. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.013.0003. Available: http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199653010-e-003

[275]
T. Saalfeld, ‘Rational-choice theory in legislative studies: Models of politics without romanticism’, The Journal of Legislative Studies, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 32–64, 1995, doi: 10.1080/13572339508420414

[276]
Blomgren, M. and Rozenberg, O., ‘Legislative Roles and Legislative Studies’, in Parliamentary roles in modern legislatures, London: Routledge, 2012, pp. 8–36. Available: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=6735baae-5536-e711-80c9-005056af4099

[277]
H. Ward, ‘Rational Choice’, in Theory and methods in political science, 3rd ed.Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.

[278]
H. Pitkin, ‘The Mandate-Independence Controversy’, in The concept of representation, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.

[279]
D. Judge, ‘Trustee theory and practice’, in Representation: theory and practice in Britain, London: Routledge, 1999, pp. 47–69.

[280]
D. M. Wood, ‘Legislators and Constituents’, in World encyclopedia of parliaments and legislatures, Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 1998.

[281]
Norton, Philip, Parliaments and citizens in Western Europe, vol. Parliaments in contemporary Western Europe. London: Frank Cass, 2002.

[282]
Muller, Wolfgang C. and Saalfeld, Thomas, Members of parliament in Western Europe: roles and behaviour, vol. Library of legislative studies. London: F. Cass, 1997.

[283]
H. Kitschelt, ‘Linkages between Citizens and Politicians in Democratic Polities’, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 33, no. 6–7, pp. 845–879, Sept. 2000, doi: 10.1177/001041400003300607

[284]
A. Andre, S. Depauw, and S. Martin, ‘Electoral Systems and Legislators’ Constituency Effort: The Mediating Effect of Electoral Vulnerability’, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 464–496, 2015, doi: 10.1177/0010414014545512

[285]
‘Regional & Federal Studies (Special Issue: Constituency Representation, Devolution and MMP Electoral Systems: Comparative and UK Perspectives)’, vol. 17, no. 1, 2007.

[286]
J. Tobin Grant and T. J. Rudolph, ‘The Job of Representation in Congress: Public Expectations and Representative Approval’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 431–445, 2004, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3598561

[287]
‘Legislative Studies Quarterly - Special Issue on Representative Roles’, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 485–655.

[288]
V. Bogdanor, ‘Introduction’, in Representatives of the people? Parliamentarians and constituents in Western democracies, Aldershot: Gower, 1985, pp. 1–12. Available: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=4fa6d32d-5d36-e711-80c9-005056af4099

[289]
Mayhew, David R., Congress: the electoral connection, vol. Yale studies in political science. London: Yale University Press, 1974.

[290]
Cain, Bruce E., Ferejohn, John A., and Fiorina, Morris P., The personal vote: constituency service and electoral independence. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1987.

[291]
Elling, Richard C., ‘The Utility of State Legislative Casework as a Means of Oversight’, Legislative Studies Quarterly , vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 353–379, 1979.

[292]
Fenno, Richard F., Home style: House members in their districts. Glenview, Ill: Scott, Foresman and Co, 1978.

[293]
Searing, D., ‘Backbench and Leadership Roles in The House of Commons’, Parliamentary Affairs, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 418–437, 1995.

[294]
O. Gay, ‘MPs Go Back to Their Constituencies’, The Political Quarterly, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 57–66, 2005, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-923X.2005.00656.x

[295]
C. J. Carman, ‘Public Preferences for Parliamentary Representation in the UK: An Overlooked Link?’, Political Studies, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 103–122, 2006, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9248.2006.00568.x

[296]
A. Bengtsson and H. Wass, ‘Styles of Political Representation: What Do Voters Expect?’, Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 55–81, 2010, doi: 10.1080/17457280903450724

[297]
M. Tavits, ‘Effect of Local Ties On Electoral Success and Parliamentary Behaviour: The Case of Estonia’, Party Politics, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 215–235, 2009, doi: 10.1177/1354068809341053

[298]
Stratmann , Thomas and Baur , Martin, ‘Plurality Rule, Proportional Representation, and the German Bundestag: How Incentives to Pork-Barrel Differ across Electoral Systems’, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 506–514, 2002.

[299]
N. Fujimura, ‘The influence of electoral institutions on legislative representation: Evidence from Japan’s single non-transferable vote and single-member district systems’, Party Politics, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 209–221, 2015, doi: 10.1177/1354068812472578

[300]
Ingall, Rachael E. and Crisp, Brian F., ‘Determinants of Home Style: The Many Incentives for Going Home in Colombia’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 487–512, 2001.

[301]
S. Soroka, E. Penner, and K. Blidook, ‘Constituency Influence in Parliament’, Canadian Journal of Political Science, vol. 42, no. 03, 2009, doi: 10.1017/S0008423909990059

[302]
Martin, Shane, ‘Using Parliamentary Questions to Measure Constituency Focus: An Application to the Irish Case’, Political Studies, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 472–488, 2011, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9248.2011.00885.x

[303]
S. Bowler, ‘Private Members’ Bills in the UK Parliament: Is there an “Electoral Connection”?’, The Journal of Legislative Studies, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 476–494, 2010, doi: 10.1080/13572334.2010.519457

[304]
‘The Journal of Legislative Studies (Special Issue: Cohesion and Discipline in Legislatures: Political Parties, Party Leadership, Parliamentary Committees and Governance)’, vol. 9, no. 4, 2003.

[305]
P. Cowley , ‘It’s a bit more complicated than that’, in The rebels: how Blair mislaid his majority, London: Politico’s, 2005, pp. 21–48.

[306]
Gunther, Richard, Montero, José R., and Linz, Juan J., Political parties: old concepts and new challenges, vol. Comparative politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/0199246742.001.0001

[307]
U. Sieberer, ‘Party unity in parliamentary democracies: A comparative analysis’, The Journal of Legislative Studies, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 150–178, 2006, doi: 10.1080/13572330600739413

[308]
T. Saalfeld and K. W. Strøm, ‘Political Parties and Legislators’, in The Oxford Handbook of Legislative Studies, S. Martin, T. Saalfeld, and K. W. Strøm, Eds, Oxford University Press, 2014. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.013.0022. Available: http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199653010-e-022

[309]
M. Russell, ‘Parliamentary party cohesion: Some explanations from psychology’, Party Politics, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 712–723, 2014, doi: 10.1177/1354068812453367

[310]
J. Carey and A. Reynolds, ‘Parties and Accountable Government in New Democracies’, Party Politics, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 255–274, 2007, doi: 10.1177/1354068807073866

[311]
A.-K. Kölln, ‘The value of political parties to representative democracy’, European Political Science Review, pp. 1–21, 2014, doi: 10.1017/S1755773914000344

[312]
S. C. Stokes, ‘Political parties and democracy’, Annual Review of Political Science, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 243–267, 1999, doi: 10.1146/annurev.polisci.2.1.243

[313]
W. P. Cross, R. S. Katz, and European Consortium for Political Research, The challenges of intra-party democracy, vol. Comparative politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.

[314]
K. Loxbo, ‘The fate of intra-party democracy: Leadership autonomy and activist influence in the mass party and the cartel party’, Party Politics, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 537–554, 2013, doi: 10.1177/1354068811407583

[315]
I. van Biezen, ‘On the Internal Balance of Party Power: Party Organizations in New Democracies’, Party Politics, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 395–417, 2000, doi: 10.1177/1354068800006004001

[316]
J. Blondel and J. Nousianen, ‘Governments, Supporting Parties and Policy-making’, in The nature of party government: a comparative European perspective, New York: Palgrave, 2000, pp. 161–195.

[317]
R. McKenzie, ‘Power in the Labour Party: The Issue of Intra-Party Democracy’, in The politics of the Labour Party, London: Allen & Unwin, 1982, pp. 191–201.

[318]
J. D. May, ‘Opinion structure of political parties: the special law of curvilinear disparity’, Political Studies, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 135–151, 1973, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9248.1973.tb01423.x

[319]
Luciano Bardi, ‘Special issue of Party Politics on political party change’, vol. 20, pp. 151–159, Available: http://ppq.sagepub.com/content/20/2.toc

[320]
Knut Heidar and R. A Koole, ‘Approaches to the study of parliamentary party groups’, in Parliamentary party groups in European democracies: political parties behind closed doors, London: Routledge, 2000, pp. 4–22. Available: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=62059f7c-5336-e711-80c9-005056af4099

[321]
‘The Journal of Legislative Studies - Special Issue on The Uneasy Relationship Between Parliamentary Members and Leaders’, vol. 5, no. 3/4, pp. 1–332, 1999.

[322]
Blondel, Jean and Cotta, Maurizio, The nature of party government: a comparative European perspective. New York: Palgrave, 2000.

[323]
Krehbiel, Keith, ‘Paradoxes of Parties in Congress’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 31–64, 1999.

[324]
Laver, Michael, ‘Divided Parties, Divided Government’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 5–29, 1999.

[325]
Katz, Richard S., Bowler, Shaun, Farrell, David M., and European Consortium for Political Research, Party discipline and parliamentary government, vol. Parliaments and legislatures series. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1999.

[326]
T. Saalfeld, ‘Legislative Voting Behaviour’, in World encyclopedia of parliaments and legislatures, Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 1998.

[327]
C. Kam, ‘Party Discipline’, in The Oxford Handbook of Legislative Studies, S. Martin, T. Saalfeld, and K. W. StrÃ¸m, Eds, Oxford University Press, 2014. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.013.0020. Available: http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199653010-e-020

[328]
Katz, Richard S., Democracy and elections. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195044294.001.0001

[329]
Ozbudun, Ergun, Party cohesion in western democracies: a causal analysis, vol. Sage professional papers in comparative politics. Beverly Hills, Calif: Sage Publications, 1970.

[330]
Kam, Christopher J., Party discipline and parliamentary politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

[331]
E. E. Coman, ‘Institutions and Vote Unity in Parliaments: Evidence from 33 National Chambers’, The Journal of Legislative Studies, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 360–389, 2015, doi: 10.1080/13572334.2015.1040246

[332]
C. Kam, ‘Do Ideological Preferences Explain Parliamentary Behaviour? Evidence from Great Britain and Canada’, The Journal of Legislative Studies, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 89–126, 2001, doi: 10.1080/714003894

[333]
J. M. Carey, ‘Competing Principals, Political Institutions, and Party Unity in Legislative Voting’, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 92–107, 2007, doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00239.x

[334]
Carey, John M., Legislative voting and accountability, vol. Cambridge studies in comparative politics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

[335]
C. Leston-Bandeira, ‘Dissent in a Party-Based Parliament: The Portuguese Case’, Party Politics, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 695–713, 2009, doi: 10.1177/1354068809334556

[336]
J. Kunicova and T. F. Remington, ‘Mandates, Parties and Dissent: Effect of Electoral Rules on Parliamentary Party Cohesion in the Russian State Duma, 1994-2003’, Party Politics, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 555–574, 2008, doi: 10.1177/1354068808093390

[337]
T. S. Rich, ‘Party Voting Cohesion in Mixed Member Legislative Systems: Evidence from Korea and Taiwan’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 113–135, 2014, doi: 10.1111/lsq.12035

[338]
S. Olivella and M. Tavits, ‘Legislative Effects of Electoral Mandates’, British Journal of Political Science, vol. 44, no. 02, pp. 301–321, Apr. 2014, doi: 10.1017/S0007123412000828

[339]
M. Tavits, ‘The Making of Mavericks: Local Loyalties and Party Defection’, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 793–815, 2009, doi: 10.1177/0010414008329900

[340]
Cowley, Philip, Revolts and rebellions: parliamentary voting under Blair. London: Politico’s, 2002.

[341]
Cowley, Philip, Conscience and parliament, vol. The library of legislative studies. London: F. Cass, 1998.

[342]
N. Vivyan and M. Wagner, ‘Do voters reward rebellion? The electoral accountability of MPs in Britain’, European Journal of Political Research, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 235–264, 2012, doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6765.2011.01998.x

[343]
U. Sieberer, ‘Using MP statements to explain voting behaviour in the German Bundestag: An individual level test of the Competing Principals Theory’, Party Politics, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 284–294, 2015, doi: 10.1177/1354068812472584

[344]
A. Ceron, ‘Brave rebels stay home: Assessing the effect of intra-party ideological heterogeneity and party whip on roll-call votes’, Party Politics, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 246–258, 2015, doi: 10.1177/1354068812472581

[345]
S. Ansolabehere and P. E. Jones, ‘Constituents’ Responses to Congressional Roll-Call Voting’, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 583–597, 2010, doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00448.x

[346]
J. L. Carson, G. Koger, M. J. Lebo, and E. Young, ‘The Electoral Costs of Party Loyalty in Congress’, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 598–616, 2010, doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00449.x

[347]
Garner, Christopher and Letki, Natalia, ‘Party Structure and Backbench Dissent in the Canadian and British Parliaments’, Canadian Journal of Political Science , vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 463–482, 2005.

[348]
A. Skjaeveland, ‘Party Cohesion in the Danish Parliament’, The Journal of Legislative Studies, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 35–56, 2001, doi: 10.1080/714003872

[349]
A. Skjaeveland, ‘A Danish Party Cohesion Cycle’, Scandinavian Political Studies, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 121–136, 1999, doi: 10.1111/1467-9477.00008

[350]
Carey, John M., ‘Discipline, Accountability, and Legislative Voting in Latin America’, Comparative Politics, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 191–211, 2003.

[351]
F. Hagopian, C. Gervasoni, and J. A. Moraes, ‘From Patronage to Program: The Emergence of Party-Oriented Legislators in Brazil’, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 360–391, 2008, doi: 10.1177/0010414008325572

[352]
M. M. Lyne, ‘Proffering Pork: How Party Leaders Build Party Reputations in Brazil’, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 290–303, 2008, doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2008.00313.x

[353]
G. Rahat, ‘Determinants of Party Cohesion: Evidence from the Case of the Israeli Parliament’, Parliamentary Affairs, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 279–296, 2007, doi: 10.1093/pa/gsm003

[354]
J. D. Clinton, ‘Using Roll Call Estimates to Test Models of Politics’, Annual Review of Political Science, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 79–99, 2012, doi: 10.1146/annurev-polisci-043010-095836

[355]
S. Hug, ‘Selection Effects in Roll Call Votes’, British Journal of Political Science, vol. 40, no. 01, 2009, doi: 10.1017/S0007123409990160

[356]
J. Roberts, ‘The Statistical Analysis Of Roll-Call Data: A Cautionary Tale’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 341–360, 2007, doi: 10.3162/036298007781699636

[357]
R. Carroll and K. T. Poole, ‘Roll-Call Analysis and the Study of Legislatures’, in The Oxford Handbook of Legislative Studies, S. Martin, T. Saalfeld, and K. W. StrÃ¸m, Eds, Oxford University Press, 2014. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.013.0026. Available: http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199653010-e-026

[358]
S. E. Scarrow, Beyond party members: changing approaches to partisan mobilization, vol. Comparative politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199661862.001.0001

[359]
Rosenblum, Nancy L., On the side of the angels: an appreciation of parties and partisanship. Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2008.

[360]
R. T. Pettitt, Contemporary party politics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.

[361]
P. Mair, ‘The Challenge to Party Government’, West European Politics, vol. 31, no. 1–2, pp. 211–234, 2008, doi: 10.1080/01402380701835033

[362]
P. Mair and R. Katz, ‘Party organizations: from civil society to the state’, in How parties organize: change and adaptation in party organizations in Western democracies, London: Sage Publications, 1994, pp. 1–22.

[363]
A. Ware, ‘Party organizations’, in Political parties and party systems, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996, pp. 93–123. Available: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=9ffbe153-4d36-e711-80c9-005056af4099

[364]
R. Dalton, D. Farrell, and I. McAllister, ‘Party policies and policy outputs’, in Political parties and democratic linkage: how parties organize democracy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011, pp. 193–212. Available: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199599356.001.0001/acprof-9780199599356

[365]
P. F. Whiteley, ‘Is the party over? The decline of party activism and membership across the democratic world’, Party Politics, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 21–44, 2010, doi: 10.1177/1354068810365505

[366]
E. H. Allern and K. Pedersen, ‘The impact of party organisational changes on democracy’, West European Politics, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 68–92, 2007, doi: 10.1080/01402380601019688

[367]
R. S. Katz, ‘Party Government and its Alternatives’, in Party governments: European and American experiences, Berlin: W. de Gruyter, 1987.

[368]
R. S. Katz and P. Mair, ‘Changing Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy: The Emergence of the Cartel Party’, Party Politics, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 5–28, 1995, doi: 10.1177/1354068895001001001

[369]
R. S. Katz and P. Mair, ‘The Cartel Party Thesis: A Restatement’, Perspectives on Politics, vol. 7, no. 04, 2009, doi: 10.1017/S1537592709991782

[370]
S. E. Scarrow, Parties and Their Members : Organising for Victory in Britain and Germany. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

[371]
Panebianco, Angelo, Political parties: organization and power, vol. Cambridge studies in modern political economies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

[372]
Michels, Robert, Political parties: a sociological study of the oligarchical tendencies of modern democracy. New York: Free Press, 1962.

[373]
Mair, Peter, The West European party system, vol. Oxford readings in politics and government. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.

[374]
P. Norris, ‘May’s Law of Curvilinear Disparity Revisited: Leaders, Officers, Members and Voters in British Political Parties’, Party Politics, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 29–47, 1995, doi: 10.1177/1354068895001001002

[375]
F. Kennedy, P. Lyons, and P. Fitzgerald, ‘Pragmatists, Ideologues and the General Law of Curvilinear Disparity: The Case of the Irish Labour Party’, Political Studies, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 786–805, 2006, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9248.2006.00630.x

[376]
R. K. Carty and W. Cross, ‘Can Stratarchically Organized Parties be Democratic? The Canadian Case’, Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 93–114, 2006, doi: 10.1080/13689880600715912

[377]
Luther, Kurt Richard and Muller-Rommel, Ferdinand, Political parties in the new Europe: political and analytical challenges, vol. Comparative politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

[378]
M. Tavits, ‘Power within Parties: The Strength of the Local Party and MP Independence in Postcommunist Europe’, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 923–936, 2011, doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00520.x

[379]
A. Gauja, ‘The construction of party membership’, European Journal of Political Research, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 232–248, 2015, doi: 10.1111/1475-6765.12078

[380]
A. Gauja, ‘The Individualisation of Party Politics: The Impact of Changing Internal Decision-Making Processes on Policy Development and Citizen Engagement’, The British Journal of Politics & International Relations, p. n/a-n/a, 2014, doi: 10.1111/1467-856X.12035

[381]
H. H. Pedersen, ‘Differences and Changes in Danish Party Organisations: Central Party Organisation versus Parliamentary Party Group Power’, The Journal of Legislative Studies, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 233–250, 2010, doi: 10.1080/13572331003740131

[382]
Holliday, Ian, Webb, Paul, and Farrell, David M., Political parties in advanced industrial democracies, vol. Comparative politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

[383]
Rose, Richard, Do parties make a difference?, Expanded 2nd ed. London: Macmillan, 1984.

[384]
M. Shaw, ‘Parliamentary committees: a global perspective’, in The new roles of parliamentary committees, London: Frank Cass, 1998, pp. 225–251.

[385]
F. Russo and M. Wiberg, ‘Parliamentary Questioning in 17 European Parliaments: Some Steps towards Comparison’, The Journal of Legislative Studies, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 215–232, 2010, doi: 10.1080/13572331003740115

[386]
W. C. Müller and U. Sieberer, ‘Procedure and Rules in Legislatures’, in The Oxford Handbook of Legislative Studies, S. Martin, T. Saalfeld, and K. W. Strøm, Eds, Oxford University Press, 2014. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.013.0023. Available: http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199653010-e-023

[387]
J. Wehner, ‘Legislatures and Public Finance’, in The Oxford Handbook of Legislative Studies, S. Martin, T. Saalfeld, and K. W. Strøm, Eds, Oxford University Press, 2014. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.013.0017. Available: http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199653010-e-017

[388]
Shaw, Malcolm N. and Lees, J. D., Committees in Legislatures. 1979.

[389]
D. Arter, ‘Committee cohesion and the “corporate dimension” of parliamentary committees: A comparative analysis’, The Journal of Legislative Studies, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 73–87, 2003, doi: 10.1080/1357233042000306263

[390]
Pelizzo, Riccardo and Stapenhurst, Frederick, ‘Legislative oversight tools’, in Parliamentary oversight tools: a comparative analysis, Abingdon: Routledge, 2012, pp. 28-56-157–159. Available: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=78bb01cd-5536-e711-80c9-005056af4099

[391]
‘Parliamentary Questions’, The Journal of Legislative Studies, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 259–270, 2011, Available: https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/fjls20/17/3?nav=tocList

[392]
S. Martin, ‘Committees’, in The Oxford Handbook of Legislative Studies, S. Martin, T. Saalfeld, and K. W. StrÃ¸m, Eds, Oxford University Press, 2014. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.013.0006. Available: http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199653010-e-006

[393]
M. Shaw, ‘Legislative Committees’, in World encyclopedia of parliaments and legislatures, Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 1998.

[394]
I. Mattson and K. Strom, ‘Committee effects on legislation’, in Patterns of parliamentary behavior: passage of legislation across Western Europe, Aldershot, Hants: Ashgate, 2004, pp. 91–111.

[395]
‘Making an Impact: Effective Parliamentary Committees | Global Partners Governance’, 2014. Available: http://www.gpgovernance.net/publication/making-an-impact-effective-parliamentary-committees/

[396]
Davidson, Roger H. and Longley, Lawrence D., The new roles of parliamentary committees, vol. The library of legislative studies. London: Frank Cass, 1998.

[397]
Shaw, Malcolm N. and Lees, John D., Committees in legislatures: a comparative analysis. [Durham, N.C.]: Duke University Press, 1979.

[398]
Shepsle, Kenneth A. and Weingast, Barry R., ‘Positive Theories of Congressional Institutions’, Legislative Studies Quarterly , vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 149–179, 1994.

[399]
Olson, David M. and Crowther, William E., Committees in post-Communist democratic parliaments: comparative institutionalization, vol. Parliaments and legislatures series. Columbus, Ohio: The Ohio State University Press, 2002.

[400]
I. S. Khmelko, V. A. Pigenko And, and C. R. Wise, ‘Assessing Committee Roles in a Developing Legislature: The Case of the Ukrainian Parliament’, The Journal of Legislative Studies, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 210–234, 2007, doi: 10.1080/13572330701334312

[401]
D. Monk, ‘A Framework for Evaluating the Performance of Committees in Westminster Parliaments’, The Journal of Legislative Studies, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 1–13, 2010, doi: 10.1080/13572330903541904

[402]
D. Arter, ‘From “Parliamentary Control” to “Accountable Government”? The Role of Public Committee Hearings in the Swedish Riksdag’, Parliamentary Affairs, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 122–143, 2008, doi: 10.1093/pa/gsm058

[403]
P. Cairney, ‘The analysis of Scottish Parliament committee influence: Beyond capacity and structure in comparing West European legislatures’, European Journal of Political Research, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 181–208, 2006, doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6765.2006.00295.x

[404]
D. H. Kim and G. Loewenberg, ‘The Role of Parliamentary Committees in Coalition Governments: Keeping Tabs on Coalition Partners in the German Bundestag’, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 38, no. 9, pp. 1104–1129, 2005, doi: 10.1177/0010414005276307

[405]
L. Curini and F. Zucchini, ‘The institutional foundations of committee cohesion in a (changing) parliamentary democracy’, European Political Science Review, pp. 1–21, 2013, doi: 10.1017/S1755773913000222

[406]
Rahman, Taiabur, Parliamentary control and government accountability in South Asia: a comparative analysis of Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka, vol. Routledge advances in South Asian studies series. London: Routledge, 2008.

[407]
Fenno, Richard F. and University of California, Berkeley, Congressmen in committees, vol. The Study of Congress series. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1973.

[408]
‘Paper 4. Show Me the Money. Improving financial oversight. | Global Partners Governance’, 2014. Available: http://www.gpgovernance.net/publication/paper-4-show-me-the-money/

[409]
N. Manning and R. Stapenhurst, ‘Strengthening Oversight by Legislatures’. 2002. Available: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/11336/267480premnote74.pdf?sequence=1

[410]
A. Schick, ‘Can National Legislatures Regain an Effective Voice in Budget Policy?’, Journal on Budgeting, vol. 1, no. 3, 2002, Available: http://www.oecd.org/gov/budgeting/43514045.pdf

[411]
J. Wehner, ‘Back from the Sidelines? Redefining the Contribution of Legislatures to the Budget Cycle’, World Bank Institute. 2006. Available: http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/06/23/000009486_20040623161800/Rendered/PDF/286150Sidelines0WBI0WP.pdf

[412]
R. Stapenhurst, et al., Legislative Oversight and Budgeting: A World Perspective. 2008. Available: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/6547/456270PUB0Box3101OFFICIAL0USE0ONLY1.pdf?sequence=1

[413]
R. Messick, ‘Strengthening Legislatures: Implications from Industrial Countries’. 2002. Available: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/11354/multi0page.pdf?sequence=1

[414]
R. Pelizzo and A. Kinyondo, ‘Public Accounts Committees in Eastern and Southern Africa: A Comparative Analysis’, Politics & Policy, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 77–102, 2014, doi: 10.1111/polp.12062

[415]
C. Santiso, ‘Legislatures and Budget Oversight in Latin America: Strengthening Public Finance Accountability in Emerging Economies’, Journal on Budgeting, vol. 4, no. 2, 2004, Available: http://www.oecd.org/gov/budgeting/43488676.pdf

[416]
S. Soroka, E. Penner, and K. Blidook, ‘Constituency Influence in Parliament’, Canadian Journal of Political Science, vol. 42, no. 03, 2009, doi: 10.1017/S0008423909990059

[417]
R. Vliegenthart and S. Walgrave, ‘Content Matters: The Dynamics of Parliamentary Questioning in Belgium and Denmark’, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 44, no. 8, pp. 1031–1059, 2011, doi: 10.1177/0010414011405168

[418]
S. R. Bates, P. Kerr, C. Byrne, and L. Stanley, ‘Questions to the Prime Minister: A Comparative Study of PMQs from Thatcher to Cameron’, Parliamentary Affairs, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 253–280, 2014, doi: 10.1093/pa/gss044

[419]
S. Bevan and P. John, ‘Policy Representation by Party Leaders and Followers: What Drives UK Prime Minister’s Questions’, Government and Opposition, pp. 1–25, 2015, doi: 10.1017/gov.2015.16

[420]
M. Wiberg, ‘Chapter 6 Parliamentary Questioning: Control by Communication?’, in Parliaments and Majority Rule in Western Europe, H. Doring, Ed., University of Mannheim: Mannheim Centre for European Social Research (MZES), 1995. Available: https://www.uni-potsdam.de/fileadmin01/projects/vergleichende-politikwissenschaft/D%C3%B6ring/PMR-W-Europe.pdf

[421]
R. Salmond, ‘Parliamentary Question Times: How Legislative Accountability Mechanisms Affect Mass Political Engagement’, The Journal of Legislative Studies, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 321–341, 2014, doi: 10.1080/13572334.2014.895121

[422]
B. E. Rasch, ‘Institutional Foundations of Legislative Agenda-Setting’, in The Oxford Handbook of Legislative Studies, S. Martin, T. Saalfeld, and K. W. StrÃ¸m, Eds, Oxford University Press, 2014. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.013.0010. Available: http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199653010-e-010

[423]
H. Doring, ‘Time as a Scarce Resource: Government Control of the Agenda’, in Parliaments and Majority Rule in Western Europe, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995. Available: https://www.uni-potsdam.de/fileadmin01/projects/vergleichende-politikwissenschaft/D%C3%B6ring/PMR-W-Europe.pdf

[424]
Rasch, Bjorn Erik, ‘Parliamentary Floor Voting Procedures and Agenda Setting in Europe’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 3–23, 2000.

[425]
G. Loewenberg, ‘Agenda-setting in the German Bundestag: origins and consequences of party dominance’, The Journal of Legislative Studies, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 17–31, 2003, doi: 10.1080/1357233042000246846

[426]
T. Brauninger and M. Debus, ‘Legislative agenda-setting in parliamentary democracies’, European Journal of Political Research, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 804–839, 2009, doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6765.2009.00850.x

[427]
F. Zucchini, ‘Government alternation and legislative agenda setting’, European Journal of Political Research, vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 749–774, 2011, doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6765.2010.01983.x

[428]
Russell, Meg, Paun, Akash, and University College, London, ‘The House rules? International lessons for enhancing the autonomy of the House of Commons’. Constitution Unit, Department of Political Science, UCL, London, 2007. Available: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/spp/publications/unit-publications/142.pdf

[429]
Uhr, John, ‘How Democratic is Parliament?’ Democratic Audit of Australia, 2005.

[430]
P. Norton, ‘Playing by the Rules: The Constraining Hand of Parliamentary Procedure’, The Journal of Legislative Studies, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 13–33, 2001, doi: 10.1080/714003882

[431]
‘The Journal of Legislative Studies (Special Issue: Comparing and Classifying Legislatures)’, vol. 12, no. 3–4, 2006.

[432]
S. Lukes, Power: a radical view, 2nd ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. Available: https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=nlebk&AN=197447&site=ehost-live&scope=site&custid=s8454451

[433]
K. Strøm, T. Bergman, and W. C. Müller, Delegation and accountability in parliamentary democracies, vol. Comparative politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

[434]
D. M. Olson and M. L. Mezey, Eds, Legislatures in the Policy Process: The Dilemmas of Economic Policy, vol. Advances in Political Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511521621

[435]
S. M. Saiegh, ‘LawMaking’, in The Oxford Handbook of Legislative Studies, S. Martin, T. Saalfeld, and K. W. StrÃ¸m, Eds, Oxford University Press, 2014. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.013.0012. Available: http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199653010-e-012

[436]
M. Russell and M. Benton, ‘Assessing the Policy Impact of Parliament: Methodological Challenges and Possible Future Approaches’. 2009. Available: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b191/3bce50cbc3ed8780ac51a8f13b9d1b89d585.pdf

[437]
F. M. Hage and M. Kaeding, ‘Reconsidering the European Parliament’s Legislative Influence: Formal vs. Informal Procedures’, Journal of European Integration, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 341–361, 2007, doi: 10.1080/07036330701442356

[438]
M. Benton and M. Russell, ‘Assessing the Impact of Parliamentary Oversight Committees: The Select Committees in the British House of Commons’, Parliamentary Affairs, 2012, doi: 10.1093/pa/gss009

[439]
M. Russell, D. Gover, and K. Wollter, ‘Does the Executive Dominate the Westminster Legislative Process?: Six Reasons for Doubt’, Parliamentary Affairs, 2015, doi: 10.1093/pa/gsv016

[440]
M. Shephard and P. Cairney, ‘The Impact of the Scottish Parliament in Amending Executive Legislation’, Political Studies, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 303–319, 2005, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9248.2005.00530.x

[441]
M. Russell and M. Benton, ‘(Re)assessing Parliamentary Policy Impact: The Case of the Australian Senate’, Australian Journal of Political Science, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 159–174, 2010, doi: 10.1080/10361141003736117

[442]
J. D. Clinton, D. E. Lewis, and J. L. Selin, ‘Influencing the Bureaucracy: The Irony of Congressional Oversight’, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 387–401, 2014, doi: 10.1111/ajps.12066

[443]
P. Manow and S. Burkhart, ‘Legislative Self-Restraint Under Divided Government In Germany, 1976-2002’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 167–191, 2007, doi: 10.3162/036298007780907941

[444]
L. W. Martin and G. Vanberg, Parliaments and Coalitions: The Role of Legislative Institutions in Multiparty Governance. Oxford Scholarship, 2011. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199607884.001.0001

[445]
K. Blidook, ‘Exploring the Role of “Legislators” in Canada: Do Members of Parliament Influence Policy?’, The Journal of Legislative Studies, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 32–56, 2010, doi: 10.1080/13572330903541979

[446]
A. Kreppel, ‘Moving Beyond Procedure: An Empirical Analysis of European Parliament Legislative Influence’, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 35, no. 7, pp. 784–813, 2002, doi: 10.1177/0010414002035007002

[447]
S. Kalitowski, ‘Rubber Stamp or Cockpit? The Impact of Parliament on Government Legislation’, Parliamentary Affairs, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 694–708, 2008, doi: 10.1093/pa/gsn030

[448]
Griffith, J. A. G., Political and Economic Planning, and Study of Parliament Group, Parliamentary scrutiny of Government bills. London: Allen and Unwin [for] PEP and the Study of Parliament Group, 1974.

[449]
L. Thompson, ‘More of the Same or a Period of Change? The Impact of Bill Committees in the Twenty-First Century House of Commons’, Parliamentary Affairs, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 459–479, July 2013, doi: 10.1093/pa/gss016

[450]
G. Tsebelis, ‘Governments and Parliaments’, in Veto players: how political institutions work, New York: Princeton University Press, 2002.

[451]
D. Olson, ‘Legislatures in the Policy Process’, in Democratic legislative institutions: a comparative view, Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1994.

[452]
Loewenberg, Gerhard and Patterson, Samuel Charles, Comparing legislatures. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1979.

[453]
A. Hindmoor, P. Larkin, and A. Kennon, ‘Assessing the Influence of Select Committees in the UK: The Education and Skills Committee, 1997-2005’, The Journal of Legislative Studies, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 71–89, 2009, doi: 10.1080/13572330802666844

[454]
Richard L. Hall, ‘Measuring Legislative Influence’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 205–231, 1992, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/440058

[455]
S. Whitmore, ‘Challenges and constraints for post-Soviet committees: exploring the impact of parties on committees in Ukraine’, The Journal of Legislative Studies, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 32–53, 2006, doi: 10.1080/13572330500484953

[456]
E. De Giorgi and F. Marangoni, ‘Government laws and the opposition parties’ behaviour in parliament’, Acta Politica, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 64–81, 2015, doi: 10.1057/ap.2013.34

[457]
A. Bolton and S. Thrower, ‘Legislative Capacity and Executive Unilateralism’, American Journal of Political Science, p. n/a-n/a, 2015, doi: 10.1111/ajps.12190

[458]
J. A. Jenkins and N. W. Monroe, ‘On Measuring Legislative Agenda-Setting Power’, American Journal of Political Science, p. n/a-n/a, 2015, doi: 10.1111/ajps.12191

[459]
F.-Y. Chiou and L. S. Rothenberg, ‘The Elusive Search for Presidential Power’, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 653–668, 2014, doi: 10.1111/ajps.12057

[460]
U. Liebert and M. Cotta, ‘Parliament as a central site in democratic consolidation’, in Parliament and democratic consolidation in Southern Europe: Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain and Turkey, London: Pinter, 1990, pp. 3–30.

[461]
M. S. Fish, ‘Stronger Legislatures, Stronger Democracies’, Journal of Democracy, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 5–20, 2006, doi: 10.1353/jod.2006.0008

[462]
‘Overseas Development Institute - Parliamentary Strengthening and the Paris Principles’, 2007.

[463]
‘Paper 1. Why Engage With Parliaments? International assistance and parliamentary strengthening - an overview. | Global Partners Governance’, 2013. Available: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CDgQw7AJahcKEwjw2uOtmdKAAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fgpgovernance.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F02%2FGuide-to-Parliaments.-Paper-1.pdf&psig=AOvVaw3qh0yqgQDD4CcEMTpN4yDy&ust=1691760564108513&opi=89978449

[464]
P. Kopecky, ‘Introduction: transition, consolidation and parliamentary institutionalisation’, in Parliaments in the Czech and Slovak republics: party competition and parliamentary institutionalization, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001, pp. 1–21.

[465]
P. Norton and C. Leston-Bandeira, ‘The impact of democratic practice on the parliaments of Southern Europe’, The Journal of Legislative Studies, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 177–185, 2003, doi: 10.1080/1357233032000250680

[466]
Mishler, William and Rose, Richard, ‘Support for Parliaments and Regimes in the Transition toward Democracy in Eastern Europe’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 5–32, 1994.

[467]
A. Kinyondo and R. Pelizzo, ‘Strengthening Legislatures: Some Lessons from the Pacific Region’, Politics & Policy, vol. 41, no. 3, 2013, doi: 10.1111/polp.12020. Available: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12020/abstract

[468]
P. Schuler and E. Malesky, ‘Authoritarian Legislatures’, in The Oxford Handbook of Legislative Studies, 2014. Available: http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199653010-e-004

[469]
G. Power, ‘The Politics of Parliamentary Strengthening: Understanding political incentives and institutional behaviour in parliamentary support strategies’. 2011. Available: http://www.gpgovernance.net/publication/the-politics-of-parliamentary-strengthening/

[470]
Musolf, Lloyd D., Kornberg, Allan, and American Society for Public Administration, Legislatures in developmental perspective, vol. Comparative Administration Group series. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1970.

[471]
Pakenham, R. A., ‘Legislatures and political development’, in Legislatures, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970.

[472]
‘World Bank Parliamentary Strengthening Programme’. Available: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/PSGLP/Resources/parliament.pdf

[473]
‘Engaging and Supporting Parliaments Worldwide: Strategies and Methodologies for EC Action in Support to Parliaments’. Available: https://www.agora-parl.org/resources/library/engaging-and-supporting-parliaments-worldwide-strategies-and-methodologies-ec

[474]
‘Report from the UK House of Commons International Development committee on parliamentary strengthening’, 2015. Available: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201415/cmselect/cmintdev/704/704.pdf#

[475]
‘Parliamentary Strengthening: Government Response to the International Development Committee’s Ninth Report of Session 2014-15’, 2015. Available: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201415/cmselect/cmintdev/1125/112504.htm#a2

[476]
Bergman, Torbjorn, Muller, Wolfgang C., and Strom, Kaare, ‘Challenges to Parliamentary Democracy’, in Delegation and accountability in parliamentary democracies, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. doi: 10.1093/019829784X.001.0001. Available: https://doi.org/10.1093/019829784X.001.0001

[477]
J. T. Andrews, ‘Legislatures in Central and Eastern Europe’, in The Oxford Handbook of Legislative Studies, S. Martin, T. Saalfeld, and K. W. StrÃ¸m, Eds, Oxford University Press, 2014. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.013.0018. Available: http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653010.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199653010-e-018

[478]
D. M. Olson, ‘The Parliaments of New Democracies: The Experience of Central Europe’, in World encyclopedia of parliaments and legislatures, Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 1998.

[479]
P. Norton and D. M. Olson, ‘Post-Communist and Post-Soviet Legislatures: Beyond Transition’, The Journal of Legislative Studies, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 1–11, 2007, doi: 10.1080/13572330601165154

[480]
‘The Journal of Legislative Studies - Special Issue on Post-Communist Parliaments: Change and Stability in the Second Decade’, vol. 17, no. 2, 2011.

[481]
Carey, John M., Formanek, Frantisek, and Karpowicz, Ewa, ‘Legislative Autonomy in New Regimes: The Czech and Polish Cases’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 569–603, 1999.

[482]
Remington, Thomas F., Parliaments in transition: the new legislative politics in the former USSR and Eastern Europe. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press, 1994.

[483]
Ostrow, Joel M., Comparing post-Soviet legislatures: a theory of institutional design and political conflict, vol. Parliaments and legislatures series. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 2000.

[484]
C. Chiva, ‘The Institutionalisation of Post-Communist Parliaments: Hungary and Romania in Comparative Perspective’, Parliamentary Affairs, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 187–211, 2007, doi: 10.1093/pa/gsm012

[485]
J. D. Barkan, ‘Legislatures on the Rise?’, Journal of Democracy, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 124–137, 2008, doi: 10.1353/jod.2008.0020

[486]
J. D. Barkan, ‘African Legislatures and the “third wave” of democratization’, in Legislative power in emerging African democracies, Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2009, pp. 1–31. Available: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=e330302f-7f36-e711-80c9-005056af4099

[487]
Africa All Party Parliamentary Group, ‘Strengthening Parliaments in Africa: Improving Support’. Africa All Party Parliamentary Group, London, 2008.

[488]
Inter-Parliamentary Union, ‘Ten Years of Strengthening Parliaments in Africa 1991-2000: Lessons Learnt and the Way Forward’. Inter-Parliamentary Union, Geneva, 2003.

[489]
J. Johnson and R. Nakamura, ‘A Concept Paper on Legislatures and Good Governance’. UNDP, 1999.

[490]
J. K. Johnson, ‘The Role of Parliament in Government’. World Bank, Washington, D.C., 2005.

[491]
L. Nijzink, S. Mozaffar, and E. Azevedo, ‘Parliaments and the enhancement of democracy on the African continent: An analysis of institutional capacity and public perceptions’, The Journal of Legislative Studies, vol. 12, no. 3–4, pp. 311–335, 2006, doi: 10.1080/13572330600875563

[492]
E. Azevedo-Harman, ‘Parliaments in Africa: Representative Institutions in the Land of the “Big Man”’, The Journal of Legislative Studies, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 65–85, 2011, doi: 10.1080/13572334.2011.545180

[493]
Salih, Mohamed Abdel Rahim M., African parliaments: between governance and government. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.

[494]
‘The difficult development of parliamentary politics in the Gulf: Parliaments and the process of managed reform in Kuwait, Bahrain and Oman | Global Partners Governance’, 2012. Available: http://www.gpgovernance.net/publication/politics-in-gulf/

[495]
‘The Journal of Legislative Studies - Special Issue on Southern European Parliaments in Democracy’, vol. 9, no. 2, 2003.

[496]
C. Leston-Bandeira, ‘The Portuguese parliament during the first two decades of democracy’, West European Politics, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 137–156, 2001, doi: 10.1080/01402380108425421

[497]
Close, David, Legislatures and the new democracies in Latin America. Boulder: L. Rienner Publishers, 1995.

Bibliography for PUBLG057: Parliaments, Political Parties and Policy Making BETA